Status of trace elements in mysore subjects - dr. g. nagaraj

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STATUS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN

MYSORE SUBJECTS  

 Dr. G. NAGARAJ

Lab. Asst. in Zoology  

 ZOOLOGY SECTIONREGIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION (NCERT)

MYSORE e-mail: [email protected]

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Background

• Toxic elements load create stressed environment.

• Long-term human exposure leads to somatic &

genetic defect.

• Therefore, it is needed to determine status of these

elements.

• Human exposures can be assessed by biomonitoring

(i.e. sampling and analysis of an individual’s tissues

and fluids).

• Used in clinical evaluations.

Objectives of the study

To find out the Status of 9 trace elements (excess and deficient) in subjects from Mysore (rural &urban)

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Subjects: The residents of Mysore city & surrounding villages (M:100 & F:76)

2. Samples: Teeth, blood, urine, scalp hair & fingernail3. Sampling places: Teeth: JSS dental college, Mysore Blood, scalp hair, fingernails and urine: Kamakshi,

Bassappa Memorial and Vickram Hospitals, Mysore.

4. Questionnaire: personal and sample characters were collected

5. Processing of samples:Washing: T, F - DDW, H, N, - DDW & Acetone-wit magnetic stirrerDrying: Hot air oven - 50C - 24hrDigestion: HNO3 & HClO4 (4:1), Kjeldhal apparatus – 80’C - 8 hr Make up to 10 ml with DDW and stored in refrigerator at 4’C

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Element Analysis:

Sample Element Instrument Place

TeethCr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn

AAS 6 VARIO

AAS-GBC 902

CES- Anna Univ, Chennai.

SES-JNU- New Delhi.

Blood, urine, hair,

fingernail, food

Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn

ICP-AES - JY-IYON-2002–2 DEE - SJCE,

MysoreQuality control studies: Certified Reference Material (CRM) i.e. human hair powder supplied by the National Institute of Environmental studies (NIES), Japan, (NIES-CRM) was analysed Anna University, Chennai Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi.

Statistical analysis: Mean, Standard Deviation, Student ‘t’ test. Mean elements concentration for each sample is given in tables.

SN Place/ Country Subjects

Mean elements concentration of blood (ng/ml)Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn

1 Mysore Rural 2.61 3.30 5.44 130.0 3294.8 10.78 19.67 391.8Urban 3.48 4.02 8.77 117.3 4003.9 12.69 35.50 412.8

2 Reference value/ range 0.3-7.0 2.8-45 970

432000 4.5-28.0 8-269 6500

3 Kuwait Pregnant women 2156 2020.1 656.2

4 Germani 1.0 705 Hydrabad- India Controls 17.86 16.916 Poland Children 790

7 Austria Ortho-patient

0.77-37.80

1.59-14.11

8 Sweeden Adolescent 0.31 920 16 61009 Brazil CRF-

patients 6660 7400

10 Poland Women 1030 76011 Czech 0.7 800 41 580012 Italy 0.19 0.7213 Bangaladesh 1370 47014 China 0.80-

25.215 Pakistan 1320

Table 1 Comparison of blood element levels of Mysore subjects with reported reference values

Result

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Table 2 Comparison of tooth element levels of Mysore subjects with reported reference values

SN Place/ Country Subjects

Mean element concentrations of tooth (µg/g)

Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn

1 MysoreRural 15.49 3.51 62.95 19.2

1 42.08 136.25

Urban 20.86 3.70 77.15 27.89 68.39 167.3

0

2 Davangere- India

Children 0.62 6.95 5.40 8.29 0.1 1.75Adolescents 2.67 3.54 6.65 11.2

3 0.1 0.37

3 Bombay- India

Children 3.01Adult 8.31

4 Jordan Non-smokers 24.07

5 Venezuela Children 1.08 2.85 89.276 Malaysia 0.6 123

7 China 3.03-6.40

0.18-1.53

3.24-11

74-157

8 Finland Children 0.54 1439 Japan Children 9.27 8.4110 Brazil Children 206

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Table 3 Comparison of urine element levels of Mysore subjects with reported reference values

SN

Place/ Country

Subjects

Mean elements concentration of urineCd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn

1 Mysore

Rural

0.12 (µg/l)

0.17 (µg/l)

0.17 (µg/l)

0.10 (µg/l)

0.16 (µg/l)

0.07 (µg/l)

0.33 (µg/l)

0.23 (µg/l)

0.49 (µg/l)

10.32 (µg/gcr

)

13.21 (µg/gcr

)

14.57 (µg/gcr

)

8.88 (µg/gcr

)

12.83 (µg/gcr

)

5.04 (µg/gcr

)

21.02 (µg/gc

r

16.36(µg/gcr

22.16(µg/gcr

Urban

0.11 (µg/l)

0.17 (µg/l)

0.17 (µg/l)

0.13 (µg/l)

0.17 (µg/l)

0.07(µg/l)

0.38 (µg/l)

0.23 (µg/l)

0.38 (µg/l)

5.74 (µg/gcr

)

7.08 (µg/gcr

)

7.90 (µg/gcr

)

6.00 (µg/gcr

)

8.08 (µg/gcr

)

3.06(µg/gcr)

14.26 (µg/gc

r

10.28(µg/gcr

13.90(µg/gcr

2 Reference value/ range

0.5-4.7 (µg/l)

1.20-1.35 (µg/l)

0.24-1.8

(µg/l)12-80 (µg/l)

1.2-600

(µg/l)0.5-9.8 (µg/l)

2.2-2.7

(µg/l)6.3-13 (µg/l)

361-599

(µg/l)

3 India790.0(µg/dl)

4 USA General

7.9 (µg/d)

5 Korea Children

1.33 (µg/l)

5.44 (µg/l)

6 Germany 0.8 (µg/l)

3.0 (µg/l)

7 Austria 1.5(µg/gcr)

1.1 (µg/gcr

)

0.1 (µg/gc

r

8 Spain Female4.8

(µg/gcr)

73.0(µg/gcr

9 Germany General

0.4 (µg/l)

1.0 (µg/l)

10 Rome 0.07-0.76

0.20-1.23

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Table 4 Comparison of hair element levels of Mysore subjects with reported reference values

SN Place/ Country Subjects

Mean elements concentration of hair (µg/g)

Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn

1 MysoreRural 3.89 0.35 4.63 4.32 1.14 0.46 0.74 96.12

Urban 4.02 0.51 3.88 4.78 1.83 0.74 1.10 108.43

2 Reference value/ range

0.0004- 0.5

0.06-4.10

6.6 -39

13-177

0.2-4.4

0.002-1.2 4.2-52 124-

320

3 UK Mothers 18.4 7.95 122.54 Czech Children 0.22 12 1.6 1245 Austria 0.01 0.84 0.32 1.47

6 Pakistan General 30.69 6.08 206.1

7 Poland Elderly people

11.25

17.32

176.44

8 Poland General 11.51

146.32

9 Pakistan Control 81.68 154.2

10 Germany Children 10.6 2.7 108

11 Poland Children 12.57 4.41 173.8

612 Lublin Children 12.9 6.34 110

Table 5 Comparison of nail element levels of Mysore subjects with reported reference values

SN

Place/ Country Subjects

Mean elements concentration of nail (µg/g)

Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn

1 MysoreRural 1.58 6.1

71.51 8.24 23.4

25.07

2.14

1.01

140.32

Urban 1.21 2.76

1.10 6.16 13.2

13.84

2.19

2.96

114.72

2 New Delhi- India

Normal Male 1.5 0.7 47.4 3.8 14.2 83.9

Normal female 1.0 1.1 51.0 4.4 24.

1 222.9

3 Kenya Urban children 0.73 27.

54 Copenhage

n Normal 1.19

5 Germany Children 0.45 7.5 8.5 129

6 USA Normal 0.042

2.39 4.33 42.5 110

7 Pakistan Normal 0.05

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SN

Element

Whole

blood

Urine

Scalp hair

Fingernails

Teeth Inference

1 Pb Lower status

2 Cd BDL N An With in the reference range

3 Ni With in the reference range

4 Co N An Higher status

5 Cr With in the reference range

6 Mn BDL N An With in the reference range

7 Zn With in the reference range

8 Cu Lower status

9 Fe Lower status

Table 6 Evaluation of element status of Mysore subjects in comparison with reported reference values

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FINDINGS

1. Lower Pb and normal Ni & Cd indicates their low pollution status.

2. Lower Cu & Fe may be due to low nutritional intake & interaction of high Co level.

3. Higher Co from occupation, smoking and chewing betel and nut.

4. Cr, Mn and Zn levels within the ranges of reference values.

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THANK YOU