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Status of Bioenergy in Serbia
Dragoljub Daki PhD*, Prof. Milan Martinov PhD **
* Innovation Center, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
University of Belgrade, Serbia** Faculty of technical science
University of Novi Sad, Serbia,
Speaker: Dragoljub Daki PhD Scientific Counselor
Workshop on International Cooperation in the field of
bioenergyMoscow 22 to 14 October 2013
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SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
Introductory notes
Serbian Energy Indicators
Structure of energy consumption in Serbia
Serbias commitments regarding the renewable energy sources
Conclusions
Biomass in Serbia- Structure of potential - Technologies for
biomass utilization- Governmental measures for increasing and
enhancement of biomass utilization for energy purposes
- Industrial capacity- Main application potential- Comparative
economic parameters of thermal facilities of 4 MW power-
Comparative economic parameters of CHP facilities of 4 MW power-
Obstacles to wider use of biomass as a RES - Good example of a
development project in field of biomass utilization
Why is RES important for Serbia
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Serbia EU
Final energy consumption (toe/c) 0.86 2.39
Electricity consumption (MWh/c) 3.20 6.20
Final energy intensity (kg.oe/$) 0.67 0.19
Electricity intensity (kWh/$) 2.45 0.50
energy consumption per cap. 2-3 x less than in EU 3-5 x less
efficient use of energy than EU
Serbian Energy indicators:
lignite is main domestic energy source (but reserves for
onlynext 40 years, even if there is no new units)
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Structure of energy consumption in Serbia
Natural gas Oil Hydro coal geother. Biomass TotalDom. Import
Dom. Import Dom. Dom. Import Dom. Dom.
Mtoe (Million tones of oil equivalent)
0.45 1.66 1.11 3.10 0.8 7.82 0.93 0.001 0.31 15,75
Domestic sources 10,49 Mtoe 66,6% of TotalImport sources 5,26
Mtoe 33.4% of Total
Thermal power plants production 2,46 Mtoe (2,46x(3) 7.38 Mtoe
from coal)
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Serbias obligations regarding the renewable energy sources
Serbias significant RES potential is still not sufficiently
exploited due to a number of reason that cause a lack of investment
activity in renewable energy sector.
The Government of the Republic of Serbia has recently accepted
the Decision of the Ministerial Council of Energy Community on the
promotion of the use of renewable energy by means of transposition
of the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy.
This decision sets consumption to 27% by 2020, with respect to
baseline of 21% in 2009, which will lead to intensive activities in
sector in the forthcoming period
Biomass will have an important role in increasing of RES in
Serbia in forthcoming period
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Why biomass in particular ?
Biomass
62%
Hydro
14%
Solar
15%
Geothermal
5%
Wind
4%
Source Biomass Hydro Solar Geoth. Wind
% 62 14 15 5 4 100
t 3.7 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.2 6,0
RES Potential in Serbia
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Biomass in Serbia
~2.0 million ha of forest area
~2.5 million m3/y yearly cutting rate
~ 5.1 million ha of agricultural Land~2/3 arable land
~2/3 of arable land - crops
Areas under forests Agricultural land
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Structure of biomass sources in Serbia ?
Type StructureEnergy pot.
[TJ/year]Total [TJ/year]
Woody biomass
Heating wood 10 000
approx. 43 000
Wood waste after cutting
23 000
Wood waste from industry
2 800
Unofficial (illegal) cutting
6 700
Agricultural biomass
Farming 40 000approx. 65 000Orchards and
vineyards25 000
TOTAL: approx. 108 000
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B I O M A S S
preparation storehousing transportation
combustion pyrolisysgasification alcoholic fermentati
on
anaerobic fermentati
on
pressing,extraction
esterification
Gaseous fuel
Liquid fuel
Electric power Work Heat
thermo-chemical conversion
physico- chemicalconv.
bio- chemical conv.
(pyrolitical oil, methanol)
(ethanol) (biogass)(vegetable oil)
(methanol estar)
Technologies for Biomass utilization in Serbia
Existing industrial units Existing industrial capacities, with
no production 2 CHP units under construction
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Governmental measures for increasing and enhancement of
biomass utilization for energy purposes
2011 National Action Plan for RES
2012 Decree on Incentives for Privileged Power Producers
(feed-in tariffs)
2012 Energy Law adopted
2012. Construction of Plants and Electricity/Heat Generation
from Biomassin Republic of Serbia (guide for Investors), with UNDP
help.
2011 Decree on the Emission Limits of the Air Pollutants
adopted
Od 2006-2010 Ministry of Science and Technology Development
financed 22 RES projects, 13 from the biomass field. In period
2010-2014 18 RES projects have been financed, 9 from the biomass
field. The projects are classified into: technology development
projects and multidisciplinary projects
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Energy Law (main specifications relating to biomass)
What are: biomass, bio-fuel, bio-liquid (definitions) Balance of
RES and biomass Conditions for construction of new energy
facilities RES energy and incentives Warranty of biomass origin
Privileged producers and incentives Price formation
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National Action Plan for RES of Republic of Serbia (main
specifications relating to biomass)
The terms defined in detail: Biomass (of plant and animal
origin), bio-liquids, bio-gas, facilities for bio-gas production,
etc
An overview of measures for achieving the projected increase of
RES share in the total consumption
Concrete measures for promotion of use of biomass energy Biomass
energy is classified into:
Forestry biomass (from cutting, remains from the industry,
recycled) Agricultural and fishery (primary products, remains from
the primary production) Waste biomass (biodegradable waste, paper
waste, etc)
Yearly predictions are given, up to 2020, of the increase of the
RES share in total consumption, as well as share of individual
RES
Year 2013 2016 2018 2020
Heating and
Cooling1.24 1.178 1.178 1.167
Power
Production 0.951 0.992 1.059 1.151
Transport / 0.074 0.159 0.246
2.191 2.344 2.396 2.564
Projected use of RES in Republic of Serbia until 2020 (Mtoe)
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Decree on Incentives for Privileged Power Producers (feed-in
tariffs for the electric energy from biomass)
Plant type Installed capacity Incentivized price P (MW)
(c/kWh)
up to 1 13,26
Biomass plants 1 10 13.82-0.56*Pabove 10 8,22
up to 0,2 15,66
Bio-gas plants 0,2-1 16,498-4,188*Pabove 1 12,31
Bio-gas of animal origin 12,31
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Decree on the Emission Limits of the Air Pollutants
(main specifications related to biomass)
Measurement of the emissions and recalculation of the
results
Emission limits Monitoring of the emissions Defining of the
measuring points Emission limits (defined only for wood)
Power ref O2 (%) SO2 (mg/m3) NO2 (mg/m3) POWDER (mg/m3) CO
(mg/m3) Flue gas no.
1
50- 150 kW 13 4000
150-500 kW 13 250 2000
500-1000 kW 13 250 1000
organic meter
1-2,5 MW 11 1000 250 100 150 10 (mg/m3) like C
2,5-50 MW 11 1000 250 50 150 10 (mg/m3) like C
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Construction of Plants and Power/Heat generation from
Biomass
in the Republic of Serbia (Guide for investors),
with UNDP help.
The language English and Serbian The Guide accompanying the
Action Plan, with detailed
description of procedures for construction of an energy
facility burning biomass of any type or origin.
Administrative path is quite complicated, with a number of
application forms. It is described in the Guide.
Administrative procedures so far were one of the main obstacles
in the investors decisions
The further simplifying of the procedure is in the process
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Installed industrial capacity of biomass RES in Serbia
Type of
plantPower (Capacity)
Number
of units Technology applied Note
Heat< 5 MWth >20 Grate combustion, in BFB and cigar
burning
>5 MWth 5 Great and pulverized combustion
CHP < 3 MWel 2 ORC and steam turbine In construction
Bio-gas < 1 MWel 3 Bio-gas from manure
Bio-diesel 300.000t/Y
2 250.000 t/y Lurgi, 50.000 nn Producing eatable oil
Pelet
producers
? 2 big
Many
smal
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Capacity and capability of local industry
Over 20 factories producing boilers and furnaces, 3 of them
(with references) capable to construct biomass boilers power to 20
MWth. Some of those
companies are exporting biomass boilers to EU countries.
The available combustion technologies owned by local companies:
on grate, pulverized fuel, in the bubbling fluidized bed and cigar
burning.
Licensed technologies: combustion on grate There are no turbine
producers None of the local companies own the technology for biogas
facilities construction,
but a lot of them could participate in projects as a
subcontractors or license users
There are no companies producing OTO engines, suitable for
biogas burning There is one company producing power generators
(SIEMENS) Most of the local companies would cooperate with
reputable foreign companies,
in using licenses, as well as mutual development and knowledge
transfer in
certain technologies, especially in agricultural biomass
utilization.
There are no local bio-fuel producing equipment
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Main potential for utilizing biomass in Serbia
Serbia has many urban villages, and towns suitable for central
heating systems:
10 towns (one of them being capitol Belgrade) 52 urban entities
(small towns) 550 villages Being urbanized, the district heating
could be introduced relatively simple. Partly,
the district heating system can apply the biomass, in small
plants on the border of
the towns or villages. The district heating plants in Serbia are
operating with
average heating load of 45%, 18 h/day, 6 moth/year. It would be
desirable that
the facilities are operating at load at least of 70-80% in 300
days in a year, 24
h/day. There is a possibility to build a small industrial zones,
primarily engaged in
growing and processing of agricultural products. In that way,
the agriculture would
be able to change its structure from the low intensity to high
intensity, making a
greater profit, which increases chances for sustainability,
consequently survival of
the rural areas. The dying out of rural areas is one of the
greatest problems in
Serbia.
Some of the facilities could operate as CHP.
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* Pay-back period is going to be somewhat longer in case the
investment is realized through a bank loan.
Comparison Parameter
FuelBiomass Light fuel oil Heavy fuel oil Gas
Fuel price 45 /t 1100 /t 550 /t 0,4 /m3
Investment 1.200.000 280.000 350.000 250.000Overall efficiency
0.84 0.90 0.88 0.92
Average load 70% 70% 70% 70%Working days per year
360 360 360 360
Fuel consumption 8.100 t/year 2.300 t/ year 2.400 t/ year
2.450.000
Total fuel costs 364.500 / year 2.530.000 / year 1.320.000 /
year 980.000 / yearEnergy produced 24.200.000 kWh/ year 24.200.000
kWh/
year24.200.000 kWh/ year 24.200.000 kWh year
Other productioncosts
121.000 60.500 70.500 32.000
Price of 1 kWh 2 c/kWh 10.66 c/kWh 5.74 c/kWh 4.18 c/kWhPrice
ratio 1kWh/1kWhBM *
1 5,33 2,87 2,09
Difference in costs in comparison with biomass facility per year
2.205.000 1.005.000 627.000
** Simple pay-back period in comparison with the biomass
facility 0.42 year 0.85 year 1.5 year
25 year return (during the lifetime of the facility) in
comparison with the referent fuel 55.125.000 24.125.000
14.475.000
Comparative economic parameters of thermal facilities of 4 MW
power
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* Pay-back period is going to be somewhat longer in case the
investment is realized through a bank loan.** The calculation is
was carried out for guaranteed feed-in electricity tariffs for12
years.
*** Data for thermal unit
Comparison Parameter
FuelBiomass Light fuel oil Heavy fuel oil Gas
Investment 3.000.0001.200.000***
2.000.000280.000***
2.150.000350.000***
1.900.000250.000***
Overall efficiency 0.78 0.85 0.82 0.87
Heat produced 20.000.000kWh/year
20.000.000 kWh/ year
20.000.000 kWh/ year
20.000.000 kWh/year
Electricity produced 4.350.000 kWh/ year 4.350.000 kWh/ year
4.350.000 kWh/ year 4.350.000 kWh/ year
Price of kWh el. 13.6 C/kWh 5 C/kWh 5 C/kWh 8.89 C/kWhOther
production costs 146.000 86.000 95.000 75.000
Price of 1kWh produced 2.2 c/kWh 11 c/kWh 6 c/kWh 4.4 c/kWh
Profit from electricity (/Y) 590.000 220.000 220.000 387.000
Difference in costs in comparison with biomass facility per year
2.475.000 1.275.000 728.000
* Simple pay-back period in comparison with the biomass facility
0.40 god 0.66 god 1.51 god
25 year return (during facility lifetime) in comparison with the
referent fuel **
57.000.00055.125.000***
27.000.00024.125.000***
15.000.00014.475.000***
Comparative economic parameters of CHP facilities of 4 MWth (0.6
MWe power)
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Barriers to wider use of biomass as a RES in Serbia
The greatest use of biomass as a RES is expected in the field of
growing and processing of agricultural products, in frame of
sustainable development of the
agriculture. The agriculture is a sector of a low accumulation
that cannot develop
without the state support.
Serbia has no a development bank to finance, in a organized way,
projects in this field.
International funding (not many) are usually placed through the
commercial banks, so the final costs are unacceptable.
Despite the governmental guidance, the procedures for obtaining
the licenses are still very complicated, and time extended.
Consequently, many potential investors
are backing-up.
The biomass market is still not regulated. The norms on limits
of emission are not explicit (they are defined just for the
forestry biomass) and not synchronized with the local
capabilities.
Low predict changing of feed-in tariff for CHP on gas according
with changing of gases price but there not same principle for
biomass CHP.
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Good example of a development project in field of biomass
utilization
Boiler (1,5-2 MW) with cigar burning of baled agricultural
remains
Industrial prototype
The boiler heats 1 ha of green-houses and has been opearting for
4 heating seasons withno problem of any kind.Based on the boiler,
SECO granted 7.000.000 for a CHP facility, aimed for heating of a
hospital and 1ha of greenhouses and power production
X
Y
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Temperature,[K]: 400 500 600 700 800 900
10001100120013001400150016001700180019002000
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SECOND GENERATION OF BIOFUELS
The activities related to second generation of biofuels are in
progress, first of all definition of available feedstock. It seems
that some of crop residues can be used as substrate for biogas
production, and production of biomethane.
Depending on the development of lignocelluloses ethanol
technologies, same materials can be used.
One investigation focuses crop residues as potential feedstock
for second generation biofuels. In the country is especially, based
on available amount, interesting corn stover.
The objectives is to define available, harvestable mass, but on
field remained mass, background for influences on soil
characteristics, nutrients offtake, SOM, i.e. soil fertility, as
well as erosion.
One of the objectives was to define supply security, based on
yield reduction due to draught during reproductive period.
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Range of relative yields of stover fractions, result of
statistical elaboration of all samples, 2011
1 lowest 0.2 m of stalks, 2stalk+leaves, 3 cobs, 4 husks, 5 sum
of 1 and 5 (total aboveground residues), 6 sum of 2, 3 and 4
Example of obtained results
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The following harvest procedures have been considered in order
to calculate harvestable mass, based on fractions of residual
material and harvest losses.
Two-pass harvest. Grain harvest by combine with snapperhead and
integrated shredder-cornrower. The stover is picked-up from windrow
by round or big rectangular baler. Cutting height is 0.2 m.
Percentages of harvested fractions are 70, 90 and 90 %, for
stalks+leaves, cobs and husks respectively, with additional baling
losses of 20 %.
Multi-pass harvest. This is conventional stover harvest
procedure. As previous but combine harvester is equipped with
integrated stover shredder. It is followed by raking, forming
windrow and baling. The cutting height is 0.2 m. Percentages of
harvested fractions are 70 % for stalks+leaves and 40 % for cobs
and husks combined, with additional baling losses of 20 %.
Ears harvest. For the harvest is used picker-husker. All cobs
are available after natural drying and threshing in yard, without
losses.
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SeasonHarvest
procedure
Harvestable mass Remained mass
RY, %M, Mg/ha
DMPTM, % M, Mg/ha DM
2011
1 51 5.5 53 4.8
2 41 4.5 43 5.9
3 18 1.9 19 8.4
2012
1 72 3.8 53 3.4
2 59 3.1 43 4.0
3 22 1.1 16 6.0
RY relative yield (to grain); M mass calculated based on average
grain yield; PTM percentage of total mass
Harvestable and remained corn residues for defined harvest
procedures
For both seasons the percentage of harvestable mass related to
total was same for the harvest procedures 1 and 2, 53 and 43 %
respectively, but harvestable mass considerably lower, 5.5/3.8 and
4.5/3.1 Mg/ha.
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Conclusion
The prospects of RES biomass utilization in Serbia are
indisputable, because the biomass is the greatest RES potential in
the country.
The potential of biomass utilization in province of Vojvodina
has to be directed primarily to utilization of the agricultural
residues and wastes, whilst in central Serbia to forestry
biomass.
Launching of technology or products in biomass energy sector in
Serbia is simpler through cooperation with the local companies.
Crop residues present significant feedstock for second
generation biofuels, especially corn stover.
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Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Ministry of
Education, Science and Technological Development
of Serbia, through the project III42011
Development and improvement of technologies
for energy efficient and environmentally sound use
of several types of agricultural and forest biomass
and possible utilization for cogeneration.