Status and priorities of soil management in Brazil Rafael Fuentes & Ademir Calegari [email protected] [email protected] Technical Workshop “Managing Living Soils” 5-7 December 2012 FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy
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Status and priorities of soil management in Brazil Rafael Fuentes & Ademir Calegari
[email protected] [email protected]
Technical Workshop “Managing Living Soils” 5-7 December 2012 FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy
Brazil Ecological Biomes
Fonte: Arraes, Embrapa, 2011
Fonte: Arraes, Embrapa, 2011
CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM BRAZIL , 1970s
Soil degradation
Rainfall
Gully Erosion
Sheet erosion
Gully Erosion Sediment in Rivers Change needed
Gully Erosion in Paraná State 70’s
Mr. Bartz No-Till Pioneer in Brazil
1972 – 2012 = 40 years
NO-TILLAGE SYSTEM 3 PRINCIPLES
Minimum Soil Disturbance Permanent Soil Cover
Crop rotation Fonte: Sá, Canali
Fonte: Sá, Canali
Extension Farmer to farmer (Brazil) Mr. Nonô Pereira
38 years with no-till
Mr. Frank Dijkstra 38 years with no-till
There are no secrets for farmers!
Sr. Herbert Bartz 40 years No-till
SURFACE UNDER CA IN BRAZIL
Denardin et al., 2008
Pioneer Farmers and former research
Age of studies: Farmers, public and private research, equipment and agrochemical industries,
extension and credit
Expansion period: Agricultural sector as a whole
Land Preparation Systems in Annual Crops Brazil, 2006
Australia 17.0
Other Countries 5.0
Brasil 25.5 Paraguay 2.4
Argentina 25.8
116.9 millions ha Source: Derpsch & Friedrich, 2010
World Surface under Conservation Agriculture 2008
Canada 13.5 USA 26.5 China 1.3
Fonte: Arraes, Embrapa, 2011
Fonte: Arraes, Embrapa, 2011
1976/77 to 2010/2011
Grains Production
If Brazil was in the same technology of 1960, should occupy more 145 millions has of LAND = 195 millions ha
Habitants (Millions)
Grain Production (Millions of tons.)
Area (Millions of ha)
Productivity (Kg /ha)
1 = 10 million habitants 1 = 10 milion of tons. 1 = 300 kg per hectare
70
17
22
783
191
162
50
4,400
1960 2011
+ 127%
+ 310%
Saved +830% Production
16 Source: Chandoha, 2012
+ 272%
If Brazil was in the same technology of 1960, would invest more than 260 millions ha of Land to have the pasture today = 430 millions ha
+251% Production
1 = 10 million habitants 1 = 10 million tons. 1 = 300 kg per hectare
+39% Area
Animals (Millions of cattle heads)
Pasture area (Million of hectares)
Productivity (head per hectare)
58 204
122 170
0,47 1,2
1960 2010
LIVESTOCK Cattle
SAVED
17 Source: Chandoha, 2012
Source: FAO
Arable land (Thousand hectares)
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
450.000
BrazilUSA
RussiaIndia
China
Eur. Union
Congo
AustraliaCanada
ArgentinaSudan
Angola
IndonesiaNigeria
Área Ocupada Área Disponível
Área Ocupada
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
450.000
BrazilUSA
RussiaIndia
China
Eur. Union
Congo
AustraliaCanada
ArgentinaSudan
Angola
IndonesiaNigeria
Área Ocupada Área Disponível
Área Ocupada
Occupied area Available area
DRIVERS FOR BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURE
• FOOD AND ENERGY SECURITY • WORLD FOOD NEEDS • CLIMATIC CHANGES AND LOW CARBON
AGRICULTURE PLAN (ABC) • GREEN TECHNOLOGIES AND
AGROECOLOGY • CERTIFIED PRODUCTION • PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
SERVICES
PRIORITIES IN SOIL MANAGEMENT
• LESS EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS • LESS DEFORESTATION • NO-TILL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT • RECOVER DEGRADED PASTURES • INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS WITH
CROPS/LIVESTOCK/FORESTRY • INCREASE FOREST PLANTING • INCREASE BIOLOGIC NITROGEN FIXATION • ADEQUATED DESTINATION OF MANURES • EXPANSION OF IRRIGATION
COMMITMENTS OF BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURE 2010 - 2020
DEGRADED PASTURES RECOVERING
INTEGRATION CROPS/LIVESTOCK/FOREST
NO-TILLAGE SYSTEM INCREASE
BIOLOGICAL FIXATION OF NITROGEN
FOREST PLANTING
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL RESIDUES
Kyoto Protocol (1997) and Copenhagen COP-15 (2009)
ITAIPU BINACIONAL & FEBRAPDP
Our big challenge now:
NO TILL SYSTEM QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Participatory Method to Evaluate No-till System
Quality in Paraná III Watershed
Building Soil Organic Matter
Active zone of aggregation
Active zone of decomposition
0 - 5 cm
New structure
Sá (2001)
No-tillage planters’ evolution
Soil compaction
HARD PAN
Different Root Systems
Millet Maize Sorghum Mucuna Soya Barley Wheat
Fonte: Denardin et al., 2007
Vetch
Before and After 1979 2004
Fotos : Rolph Derpsch
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