STATIONARY SOURCE CONTROL AND ITS REPLICABILITY IN DIFFERENT ASIAN COUNTRIES J.C. OPPENEAU BETTER AIR QUALITY DECEMBER 2006 ADEME.

STATIONARY SOURCE CONTROL AND ITS REPLICABILITY IN DIFFERENT ASIAN COUNTRIES

J.C. OPPENEAU

BETTER AIR QUALITYDECEMBER 2006ADEME

European directives concerning air pollutionFrom stationary sources

• National emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants

• Integrated pollution prevention control

• Pollution from large combustion plants

• Volatile organic compounds resulting from certain industrial activities in certain installations (VOC)

• Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution• Clean Air For Europe programme (CAFE)

Integrated pollution prevention and control : IPPC Directive

(september 24, 1996 – amending acts 2003-2005)

• A requirement for industrial and agriculture activities with high pollution potential to have a PERMIT (energy indutries, production and processing of metals, mineral and chemical industries, waste management, livestock farming, etc…)• To receive a permit, an installation must :

- use all appropriate pollution-prevention means, namely the best available techniques (BAT, green technologies) which produce the least liquid and solid wastes, use less hazardous substances, enable the recovery and recycling of substances generated, …- prevent all large–scale pollution- improve efficient energy use- prevent, recycle or dispose of waste in the least polluting way possible- ensure accident prevention and damage limitation (risk assessment)- return sites to their original state when the activity is over

Directive : pollution from large combustion plants(november 11, 2001)

This directive applies to combustion plants (technical apparates in which fuels are oxidised in order to use the heat thus generated) with a rated thermal inputequal to or greater than 50 MW, irrespective of type of fuel used

To reduce the annual emissions of SO2, NOx, from existing plants and to lay down limit values for SO2 , NOx and PM in the case of new plants

SO2 NOx VOC NH3

European union (15 countries)

3 850 6519 6 510 3 110

France 375 810 1050 780

Germany 520 1051 995 550

UK 585 1167 1200 297

Spain 746 847 662 353

National emissions ceilings to reach in 2010 (in kilotonnes)

Air emissions from stationary sources in France (1990 – 2004)

A MAJOR HEALTH ISSUE

EU research study showed that a reduction of PM 10 particles concentration from 60g/m3 to 25g/m3 avoid 4470 death (in 26 towns) and more with a limit value of 10 g/m3 .

EU proposes a PM 2,5 annual limit value of 20 g/m3 by year 2015.

WHO PM 2,5 guide value : annual concentration 10 g/m3

FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2,5 AND LESS)LIMIT VALUES IN AMBIENT AIR

AN OTHER HEALTH ISSUE : OZONE PROBLEM IN LOW ATMOSPHERIC LAYER

• APPLICATIONS:Municipal Waste Incineration Plants / Industrial Waste Incineration Plants / Hospital Waste Incineration Plants / etc.

Power plants and combustion industrial processes

• Regulations and standards: urban and national levels

• Planning for protection of urban and regional air quality

• Continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) :

– Measurement at the stack (pollution control)

– Measurement at upstream (process control)

• Polluter’s pay principal for emission (tax according to weight of gas emitted)

PROGRAM: HOW TO LIMIT EMISSIONS ?PROGRAM: HOW TO LIMIT EMISSIONS ?

Urban waste (municipal)Urban waste (municipal) Cement plant incinerating industrial waste

- Dedicated Industrial waste- Dedicated Industrial waste- Chemical plant using its own - Chemical plant using its own incinerators incinerators - Hospital waste- Hospital waste Sludge (municipal, chemical, paper or Sludge (municipal, chemical, paper or

waste water treatment plants) waste water treatment plants)

Various types of incinerators

Environnemental friendly technologies

• Preparation of fuel materials and by-product energy sources (clean coal, RDF, wood, biofuels, etc…)

• Low NOx burner

• Pollution abatement devices (gas) : – DeNOx– DeDiox– Acid neutralization– Desulfurization

• Filtration of particles : – Electrostatic precipitator– Baghouse

• Cogeneration (heat and power)

• Use of renewable energy sources

• Promotion of low carbon power generation technologies

Components 24h average in mg/m3 30 min. average in mg/m3

HCl 10 60 SO2 50 200

1) 200 for existing plants > 6 ton/h or new plants

NOx expressed as NO2

2) 400 for existing plants < 6 ton/h

400

VOC 10 20 HF 1 4

Dust 10 30 CO Can be set by local authorities (50-100 mg/m3, daily average)

All components expressed as dry mg/Nm3 at 11 % of O2 Note: Dioxins and Furans limit values are 0.1 ng/m3( 6 hour average), not to be exceeded in the twice-yearly measurements

Regulations & Standard: EU Emission Regulation

Incineration Plants – Emission Limit Values

• Incineration:– Stocker furnace

• Low air ratio combustion• Water cooled grates• High temperature, high pressure boiler

– Pyrolysis and melting• Kiln type• Fluidized bed system

– Others

• Flue gas treatment:– Dry– Semi-dry– Wet

Various types of process / flue gas treatment

HCl, SO2, NOxHCl, SO2, NOx (1000 to 2000 mg/Nm3)(1000 to 2000 mg/Nm3)

Various types of process / flue gas treatment

• HCl and SO2 reduction

– Injection of reagents (such as lime) into the reactor => operating cost

– Inlet (upstream the reactor) monitoring to control the efficiency of the gas treatment

NH3 or Urea injection at high temperature

Various types of process / flue gas treatment

• Reduction of NOx with a DeNOx system

– SNCR : Selective Non Catalytic Reduction

– SCR : Selective Catalytic Reduction

NH3 injection at low temperature

Various types of process / flue gas treatment

• Reduction of dust (bag filter) with wet processWith dry or semi-dry process

Measurement at the stackDry extractive with IR GFC multi-gas analyzer: SEC / MIR 9000Dry extractive with IR GFC multi-gas analyzer: SEC / MIR 9000

EXEMPLE OF CEMS IN STACK

• Real time and continuous multi-components analyzer :HCl, SO2, NO, NO2, N2O, CO, CO2, CH4, HC, TOC, HF, NH3, and H20

More than 12 gases simultaneously monitored

• O2 measurement with heated cell

• Measurement bench heated at 180°C

• Excellent stability

• Pattern Fast Fourier Transform Software MatrixTM

• Can also be used with SEC sampling system (dry)

Measurement at the stackMulti-gas FTIR analyzer: MIR-FTMulti-gas FTIR analyzer: MIR-FT

EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES

GLOBAL WARNING STAKE

EU CO2 EMISSIONS 1 785 MILLIONS TONS

First phase (2005-2007) : total allocations of 1 848 millions tons of CO29420 industrial plants – 21 countries (not including Poland, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta)EU Carbon Market : 15 euros/tons (May 2006)

Second phase (2008-2012) : in preparation

French total allocations : • phase 1 : 156,61 Mt CO2• phase 2 : 161,17 Mt CO2 (including N2O emission)

CO2 EU limit value for cars : 140g/km (2008)

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (KYOTO PROTOCOL)

CO2 EMISSION FACTORS

ICP

(GJ/tonne)

Kg CO2/toe

Gazoline 44 3068

Coal 26 3990

Urban waste 8,8 4578

National gaz 49,6 2394

LPG 46 2688

Kerosene 44 3108

Clean Coal Challenge(a carbon – constrained world)

Target : coal utilization for combustion and gasification of by-products

ISSUES

• Carbon capture and storage geological and terrestrial sequestration of CO2 IPCC (inergovernmental panel on climate change) : geological storage capacity : 2000 gigatonnes

• Coal to liquid (GTL) – synthetic oil.- direct liquefaction (hydrogenation)- indirect liquefaction : gasification and Fisher-Tropsch process (converts synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbons)

• Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) gasification of coal to syngas – pollution abatement – use of turbine (innovation programme) with high efficiency

• Pressurized fluidized bed combustion technology (good efficiency)

NECESSITY FOR INVESTMENTSIn 2003 : coal provided 40% of power generation in the world

REVISION OF NEC-DIRECTIVE (IN PROGRESS)

• all substantial european commission proposals have to be accompagned by an impact assessment • émission inventory with baseline projection (future changes in abatement efficiency according to current legislation and starts from a base year)• energy projection• alternative solutions projections• scenarii (what could happen if …) :

• maximum technical feasible reduction (MTFR)• numerous scenarii between baseline and MTFR

• sensitivity casesimportance to check robustness of results

• account of national legislation and national practices (if stricter)

REPLICABILITY IN DIFFERENT ASIAN COUNTRIES

• To prepare, implement and to enforce with dates on entry into forcefor environnemental protection concerning emissions of pollutants fromstationary sources (limit values of emissions)

• To set up national emission inventories and updating

• To draw up programmes for the reduction of their annual national emission

• To have follow up and verification programmes

• To develop inspector’s staff for implementation and enforcement of mesures

• To set up taxes and penalties scales

• To encourage technology innovation for upgrading energy use to realize Sustainable development and to provide clean production and recycling

• To manage CEMS for compliance with NEC legislation

• To strengthen efficient use of fuel resources (clean oil and clean coal – biofuels – renewable energies to limit greenhouse gas effects)

• To identify areas with critical loads of acid deposition to be reduced (SO2, NOx, VOC, NH3)

• To build eco-friendly industrial parks (industrial or circular ecology)

REPLICABILITY IN DIFFERENT ASIAN COUNTRIES