university of copenhagen Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities PLEEC Report D4.1 Fertner, Christian; Groth, Niels Boje; Große, Juliane; Read, Stephen; Rocco, Roberto; Meijers, Evert; Fernandez Maldonado, Ana Maria; Mashayekhi, Azadeh Publication date: 2014 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Fertner, C., Groth, N. B., Große, J., Read, S., Rocco, R., Meijers, E., ... Mashayekhi, A. (2014). Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities: PLEEC Report D4.1. EU-FP7 project PLEEC. Download date: 21. apr.. 2020
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u n i ve r s i t y o f co pe n h ag e n
Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities
Document versionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Citation for published version (APA):Fertner, C., Groth, N. B., Große, J., Read, S., Rocco, R., Meijers, E., ... Mashayekhi, A. (2014). Framework forreports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities: PLEEC Report D4.1. EU-FP7 project PLEEC.
Framework for reports on urban energy planning in 6 case cities
FINAL VERSION 30 April 2014
Authors
UCPH: Christian Fertner, Niels Boje Groth, Juliane Grosse TUD: Stephen Read, Roberto Rocco, Evert Meijers,
Ana Maria Fernandez Maldonado, Azadeh Mashayekhi
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Abstract Main aim of report Thepurposeofthisreport(Deliverable4.1)istoprovideguidancefortheworkonDeliverable4.2(D4.2).D4.2willconsistofsixseparatecasestudyreports(or‘cityreports’,oneforeachofthe6PLEECcities)whichwillbeconductedbydifferentpersonsoftheWorkpackage4(WP4)‐team.Thereforeitisimportanttohaveajointframework,definingtherelevantquestionsandissueswhichshouldbeworkedon.However,asthesixcitiesareverydifferent,theframeworkstaysatageneralleveltoallowdifferentfociineachofthereports.Target group ThemainaddresseeistheWP4‐teamwhowillworkonthecasestudyreports(D4.2).ThewidertargetgroupareotherPLEECpartnerswhoareinterestedinWP4’sworkaswellasotherprofessionalswhowouldliketogetinspirationhowtoconductananalysisofenergyissuesinrelationtospatialplanningandurbanforminmedium‐sizedcities.Main findings/conclusions Fivemainchaptersaresuggestedtofollowinallcasestudyreports:
Activities carried out including methodology used ThisdocumentisbasedonacontinuousdiscussionbetweenUCPHandTUDsinceJuly2013,reviewofliterature,theWP4workshopinStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013,discussionsundertakenaroundthevirtualWP4kick‐offmeetinginFebruary2014withcitypartnersandtheWP4workshopinTurkuinMarch2014.SomebackgroundmaterialcanbefoundintheAnnex.NotesfromthemeetingsareavailableontheinternalPLEEChomepage.The PLEEC project EnergyefficiencyishighontheEuropeanagenda.OneofthegoalsoftheEuropeanUnion's20‐20‐20planistoimproveenergyefficiencyby20%in2020.However,holisticknowledgeaboutenergyefficiencypotentialsincitiesisfarfromcomplete.Currently,avarietyofindividualstrategiesandapproachesbydifferentstakeholderstacklingseparatekeyaspectshindersstrategicenergyefficiencyplanning.
1.2 Structural aspects of energy efficiency ItisnosecretthatEuropeancitieshaveincreasedtheirenergyfootprintsinthelastcentury(Droege2011;EEA2006).Thisisinspiteofthefactthatheavyindustryhasbeenadecreasingproportionofthetotaleconomyforsomedecadesnow.Mostvisibleistheenormousphysicalexpansionofourcitiesinthelastcenturyanditsimpliedproblemsespeciallyregardingtransportinfrastructureandlandconsumption.Wecanseethesechangesfromauseandfromagenerationperspective.Ontheuse(consumption)side,astheproportionofenergyconsumptioninindustryhasdeclined,theincreasehasbeenpredominantlydueontheonehandtotheconsumptionofenergyinbuildingsforheatingandcooling,andontheothertochangesinmodesoftransport(themotorcar)andincreasesintraveldistancesduetosuburbanisation.Thesechangesarerelatedtochangesinurbanform.Startingwiththesimplechanges,thereisanobviousstructuraleffectonenergyconsumptionduetourbansizeandpopulationincrease.Furtherstructuralchangesoccurascitiesbecomelessdense.Ontheonehandweseeariseinthenetandproportionalbuildingheatingloadandheatloss.Incitiesthathaveundergonesuburbanisationthiswillbelinkedtoincreasesinhousesizes,instand‐alonehouses(highersurfaceareatovolumeratios),andfallsinthesizesofhouseholds.Thesechangeswillbehelpedalongbychangesinheatingstandardsbutwillbeoffsetbybetterstandardsofenergydelivery,insulationandheatretention.Ontheotherhandweseelargeincreasesindailytraveldistancesandintheuseofthemotorcar.Thisislinkedtoincreasedseparationoflivingandworkplacesandaculturalandlifestylepreferenceforlivinginsuburbansettings.Itisalsolinkedtoincreasesinthespatial(regional)extentofland(forhousing,commercialandindustrialuse)andlabourmarkets.Thesemarketsmayalsotendtodiscountthecostsoftravelwithintheregion.Wehavetothereforeunderstandtoday’sincreasedenergyuseasstructurallylinkednotonlytothelifestylepreferencesformotorcaruseandsuburbanlivingbutalsotofactorsoftheregionaleconomy.Between1990and2006Europe’spopulationgrewby7%,whiletheurbanareainthesametimegrewby37%(Fertner2012).Ontheotherhand,compactanddenseurbandevelopmentissupposedtodirectlytranslatingintolowerenergyuseandcarbonemissionspercapita,lessairandwaterpollution,andgenerallylowerresourcedemandscomparedwithlessdense,lesscompactcities(Beatley2003,250).Butwecanseethatthetransitionfromadispersedtoacompactcityisacomplexprocesswithfactorsanddemandsthatconflictwithaimsofenergyefficiency.Onthegeneration(production)side,relativelycheapandabundantenergyhashistoricallybeenassociatedwiththeexploitationoffossilfuel(coalandoil)sources.Energyefficiencycanbeunderstoodintworatherdifferentways,firstlyintermsofanetreductionofenergyconsumption,butalsointermsofthereplacementofnon‐renewablesourcesofenergywithrenewableorclimateandenvironmentimpact‐freesourcesofenergy.Infact,energydemandisstillrisingandwithdecliningcoalandoilsupplies,thegapbetweenwhatthesesourcescandeliveranddemandwillgrow.Thisgapmaybefilledwithanumberofalternativesourcesandclearlytherearealternativeswhicharemoreenvironmentallyfriendly.Energyconsumptionmayalsobereplacedwithlocalproductionofenergy–aswhenbuildingheatingisprovidedbysolarpanelsorheat‐pumpsforexample,orcarsarereplacedbybicycles.Alsoaproliferationofgreener
2 Organisation of case study work Thisreport(Deliverable4.1)isaframeworkforhowtostructurethecasestudyreportsandwhichquestionsandthemesshouldbedealtwith.TheframeworkwaselaboratedincollaborationbetweenWP4partners.Buildingonthejointframework,theworkonthecasestudyreports(Deliverable4.2)willbesplitbetweenpartnersasshowninTable1.Table1: Responsiblepartnersforcasestudyreports(Deliverables4.2)Case Universitypartner LocalpartnerEskilstuna UCPH EskilstunaCityTartu UCPH TartuCityTurku UCPHwithTUAS TurkuCity/ValoniaJyväskulä TUDwithTUAS JyväkyläCitySantiagodeCompostela TUD SantiagodeCompostelaCityStoke‐on‐Trent TUD Stoke‐on‐TrentCityThecasestudyworkhasstartedinformallyalreadywiththefirstWP4workshopinStoke‐on‐TrentinNovember2013.AtthemeetinginTurkuinMarch2014weconcretisedthethemesforthereportsanddiscussedfirstfindings.IntermsofworkloaditisexpectedthatthemainshareofWP4goestotheelaborationofthecasecityreports(D4.2).ThedistributedpersonmonthsperpartnerinWP4canbeseeninthePLEECDescriptionofWork(Workplantable6,page30).However,eachpartnerisself‐responsibletodedicatepersonmonthsinanappropriatemanner.UCPHorTUDwillbecoordinatorandmaincontributorinD4.2.Thecitypartnerswillbeinvolvedinsupportingthematerialcollection,providinginputforparticularsections(e.g.descriptionofkeyprojects)andindiscussingandreviewingthereport.Theconcreteorganisationoftheworkhastobedonewithineachcaseseparately.ThecoreworkonthecasestudyreportstakesplacefromMarchtoAugust2014.TheworkwillbefacilitatedbyregularSkypemeetingsbetweentheuniversitypartners.Anexchangebetweenthecitypartnersisalsodesirable,workshop‐stylediscussionsarethoughunfeasibleoverSkypeandthenextofficialmeetingwithallparticipantsisfirstplannedforDecember(Santiago).Still,anyotheropportunitytoexchange(e.g.duringapotentialEEFmeetingorBAP‐eventinCopenhageninOctober)willbeconsidered.EndofAugust2014draftreportsforeachcaseshouldbeready,sowecanstartthediscussiononcross‐cuttingissues(Deliverable4.3).Thediscussionwillbefacilitatedbya1‐2dayseminaratTUDelftinSeptember2014(datetobedecided).AlthoughallWP4partnersarewelcometojoinforthatmeeting,itisonlyrealisticforUCPHtovisitTUDelft,asthereisnospecificbudgetallocatedforsuchameetingintheproject.However,1‐2weekspriortothemeetingallreportswillbesentoutasdrafttothecitypartnerstoallowforcommentingbeforethemeeting.ThefinalcasereportsshouldbereadyforthemeetinginSantiagodeCompostelainbeginningofDecember2014.AtthatmeetingalsoadraftforDeliverable4.3willbeready.
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3 Disposition for the case study reports Table2: Proposedtableofcontentofthesixcasestudyreports
Chapter 3: Overview of the city Question:Whatkindofcityisthis?Thissectionintroducesthecity’sgeneralcharacteristicshelptosetthecityinacontext.Mainmaterialcanbebasicinformationfromthecity(fromwebsitesetc.),generalliteratureandalsothematerialproducedinWP2,especiallyD2.1(EuropeanSmartCityprofile)andD2.3(EnergySmartCityprofiles).Thefollowingsubsectionscouldbeused:
Chapter 4: Historical urban development and spatial planning development Question:Howdidthecitydevelopinrecentdecades,whatplanningideaswereintroducedforthegeneralurbandevelopmentandhowdidthisshapethecitiescurrentstructure?Thissectionshallgiveanoverviewovertheurbandevelopmentinrecentdecades,e.g.since1940soratleastsince1970s(oilcrisis).Importantstructuralplansshouldbeusedtoillustratethemaintrendsofurbandevelopmentaswelltheinfluenceofshifting(planning)paradigms(growth,restructuring,decline,compactetc.).Twomainelementsshouldbefocusedon:
Chapter 5: Evolution of national and local energy planning Question:Howdidnationalandlocalenergypolicyandawarenessevolveandhowdid/doesitframeurbanenergyplanning?Itissupposedthatnationalenergyplanningisaboutframingtheconditionsforoperationallocalenergyplanning.Isthattrue?Ifnot,arenationalagenciesoperatingatthelocallevel?Sub‐question1:Areanynationalpoliciesframingthekindoflocalenergysupplye.g.naturalgas?–waterturbines?–bio‐fuels?Howareambitionswithregardtoenergyefficiencyformulated?Howarepolicyprioritiesdecided?Havenationalmilestonesbeenset–concerning:
Chapter 6: Management of urban planning and energy today Question:Whatisenergyplanninginthecityinquestiontoday? Inresponsetowhatcontemporary‘substantive’(industrialuse,demographic,
Chapter 7: Pilot projects / good examples of sustainable development which evolved out of the planning system Question:Whatarethekeyprojectsthroughwhich‘structural’energyefficiencyispromoted,developedandimplementedinthecityinquestiontoday?Here2‐3projectswithinthecityshouldbepresented,illustratingsomeoftheabovementionedinaconcretecase.Ifwetake‘structural’topointtothingsrelatedto‘infrastructures’(supply,transportation,districtormassheating,urbanstructure,eventhe‘infrastructures’ofenergyplanning,managementandassociationsofstakeholders(non‐regular‘assemblages’offorestryindustry,localfarmersandsmallindustries,electricitysupplycompanies,municipalwastecollectionandprocessing,andplanningauthorityforexample).Specifywhichoftheseforeachproject.Thedescriptionofeachprojectshouldinclude: aimsandambitions planningaspects stakeholdersandtheireffectiveparticipationandroles howthesuccessoftheprojectcanbemeasuredbyitsstructuraleffectonenergy
Chapter 8: Summary of urban energy planning in the city Ashortsummaryofthegeneraldevelopmentandtheenergysituationandplanninginthecity–basedonthepreviouschapters,includinglessonsforgoodpracticeandpotentialsforimprovement.
Chapter 9: Perspectives for the thematic report Perspectivesforthethematicreport(D4.3)shouldbegiven,e.g.particularthemeswhichshouldbeanalysedindepthacrosscasesandotherliterature.
Chapter 10: Lessons for and links to other PLEEC work packages WP4runsparallelwithWP3andWP5.DuringtheworkitisimportanttocoordinateandexchangewiththesetwoWPsastherearealotofpotentialoverlaps.E.g.thebuiltenvironmentandurbanstructurearecloselyrelatedtowhichtechnologies(WP3)weapply,e.g.regardingdistrictheating;alsobuiltenvironmentandurbanstructurearecloselyrelatedtohumanbehaviour(WP5),e.g.transportchoice.Also,feedbacktoWP2,althoughfinalizedalready,couldbegiven,e.g.regardingtheapplicabilityoftheidentifiedkeyfieldsanddomainstodiscussenergyandurbanstructure.Finally,remarksshouldbegivenregardinghowtobringtheseresultsfurtherintoWP6:
6.2 Guide for interviews with stakeholders Thecurrentplanforconductinginterviewswithstakeholdersinthepartnercitiesisasfollows:Table3: PlanforinterviewsPartnercity Interviewers Date
6.3 Potential checklist for basic socio‐spatial features of case cities Thischecklist,developedbyEvertMeijersandcolleaguesatTUDelft,isagrosslistofpotentialdatawhichcouldbecollectedtosupporttheworkonthedifferentchaptersofthecasereports.Thisisforinspirationonlyandneedstobeadaptedtothespecificcasereports.Transportation,mobilityandenergyuseaspects1. Whatisthemodalsplitinyourcity/area?2. Whatarealternativelyfueledmodesoftransportationinyourcity?Whatisthe
6.6 Workshop Turku: Urban energy planning in the case cities TheworkshoptookplaceduringthePLEECmeetinginTurku,26‐28March2014.PriortotheworkshopadraftofD4.1“Frameworkforcasestudyreports”wassenttoallWP4participants.Also,thecitypartnerswereaskedinadvancetoprepareandbringmaterial(maps,reports…)relatedtothefourthemesofWP4.Table6: WorkshopparticipantsPartner organisation Participant
Eskilstuna Vanessa Scheffler
Jyväskylä Laura Ahonen
Santiago de Compostela José Ángel Oreiro Romar, Eva Ezcurra de la Iglesia
Stoke‐on‐Trent Edward Sidley
Turku Risto Veivo, Oscu Uurasmaa
Regional Council SW‐Finland Aleksis Klapp
TUAS Jari Hietaranta
TU Delft Stephen Read
UCPH Christian Fertner, Niels Boje Groth, Juliane Grosse
EEM Mikael Kullman
Natural Oy Celia Peterson (facilitator) TherewasnoparticipantfromTartuinourworkshop,however,someissueswherediscussedwithKasperAlevandJaanusTammduringajointdinnerinTurku.