States of matter_def

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER

•The Five States of The Five States of MatterMatter

Bose - Einstein Bose - Einstein

SolidSolid

LiquidLiquid

GasGas

PlasmaPlasma

STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER

Based upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERGAS

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement DuringPhase Change

Solid to liquid

MeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.

Liquid to solid

FreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement During Phase Change

Liquid to gas

Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation

Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.

Gas to liquid

CondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.

Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…

between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

A plasma is an ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the most common state of matter

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not move from place

to place

Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move

about, and slide past each other

Well separated with no regular arrangement.

Vibrate and move freely at high

speeds

Has no definite volume or shape and is composed

of electrical charged particles

Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

5. Stars

Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.

Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

4. Neon lights

6

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

So now we know all about four states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized

gases)

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to

100 nano degrees above

“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)

Will everything just be a

frozen solid?

Not Necessarily!In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert

Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.

Einstein Bose

+

The 5th state of matter:

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Finally, in 1995 (only 16 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like you in only few years) discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his

students

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as

individuals.

Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell

them apart!

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for

discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:

The Nobel Prize(like you in some years. Why not? YOU CAN)

The five states of matter:

LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES

Higher Temperature

Lower Temperature

PLASMAS

(only for low density ionized gases)

BOSE-EINSTEIN

CONDENSATE