State Policies to Facilitate the Preparedness State Policies to Facilitate the Preparedness of Students for Careers and Postsecondary of Students for Careers and Postsecondary Success Success Mid Atlantic Regional Summit Mid Atlantic Regional Summit Monica R. Martinez Monica R. Martinez & & Judy Bray Judy Bray Archived Information
State Policies to Facilitate the Preparedness of Students for Careers and Postsecondary Success Mid Atlantic Regional Summit Monica R. Martinez & Judy.
Jan 17, 2016
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State Policies to Facilitate the State Policies to Facilitate the Preparedness of Students for Careers Preparedness of Students for Careers
and Postsecondary Successand Postsecondary Success
Mid Atlantic Regional SummitMid Atlantic Regional Summit
Monica R. Martinez Monica R. Martinez & &
Judy BrayJudy Bray
Archived Information
The Problem:The Problem:
• Graduation Rates
• Postsecondary Readiness
USA High School Graduation
Percent of students graduating 200156% to 69%, 17 States 69% to 76%, 17 States 76% to 90%, 17 States
FL
GA
SC
TN
NV
NC
AK
MS
NY
AL
OR
WA
CA
NM
TX
CO
AZ
CT
HI
LA
RI
NH
MAMI
IL IN
ME
MO
AR
KS
WY
VTMN
ID
MT
WI
NE NJIA
SD
UT
ND
Percent of high school graduates with college-ready transcript26% to 35%, 17 States35% to 40%, 13 States40% to 55%, 21 States
Percent of high school graduates with college-ready transcript26% to 35%, 17 States35% to 40%, 13 States40% to 55%, 21 States
USA High School Graduates With College-Ready
Transcripts in 2001
NV
AK
NM
OR
WA
AZ
CA CO
HI
IL
MI
MO
IN
KS
WY
ID
FL
GA
MNMT
NY
SC
WI
IANE
SD
UT
TN
ND
CT
NC
NH
RIMA
MS AL
ME
TX LA
VT
NJ
AR
STATE SYSTEM SUPPORT
•Compulsory Attendance•Teacher Education Requirements•Per-pupil Expenditures•State Share of Education Funding
Age at which students may leave school
16 years old, 27 States
17 years old, 9 States
18 years old, 15 StatesUSA Compulsory Attendance Ages
AK
AL
AZ
CO
FL
GA
IA
ID
IL
MAMI
MO
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NYRISD
VT
WY
AR
LA
ME
MS
NV
SC
TN
TX
CA
CT
HI
IN
KS
MN
NM
OR
UT
WA
WI
USA High School Teacher Education
Minimum degree for certification in subject areaNo minimum degree in subject area, 20 StatesSubject area minor required, 2 StatesMajor or minor depending on subject, 5 StatesSubject area major required, 24 States
Minimum degree for certification in subject areaNo minimum degree in subject area, 20 StatesSubject area minor required, 2 StatesMajor or minor depending on subject, 5 StatesSubject area major required, 24 States
AK
AL
ARAZ
GA
HI
KS
MA
MN
MS
NC
OR
SC
TX
WA
WY
NM
SDID
LA
MI
MT
UTCA CO
CT
FL
IA
IL IN
ME
MO
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NV
NYRI
TN
VT
WI
Dollars spent per pupil$4,625 to $6,515 17 States$6,515 to $7,511 17 States$7,511 to $10,993 17 States
Dollars spent per pupil$4,625 to $6,515 17 States$6,515 to $7,511 17 States$7,511 to $10,993 17 States
Total Per-Pupil Expenditures 2000-2001
UT
AZ
MS
ID
TN
NV
AL
AR
LA
FL
SD
NM
ND
NC
TX
COKS
HI
SC
MO
WA
MT
GA
IANE
CAIN
MNOR
IL
WY MI
WI
AK
NH
ME
VT
RIMA
CT
NJ
NY
Percent of education funding paid by State37.8% to 50%, 16 States50% to 63%, 16 States63% to 84%, 17 StatesNo local school district, 2 States
Percent of education funding paid by State37.8% to 50%, 16 States50% to 63%, 16 States63% to 84%, 17 StatesNo local school district, 2 States
USA State Share of Education Funding, 2001
HI
NE
IL
CTSD
NJ
MA
CO
RI
ND
TX
ME
TN
NY
MO
AZ
GA
IA
IN
MT
FL
NH
WY
LA
WI
SC
OR
MS
UTNV
MN
CA
KS
AL
ID
AK
NC
WA
MI
VT
ARNM
Policy Categories
State A State B
Compulsory Attendance
Age 16 Age 17
Teacher Education
Major or minor Major or minor
Per-pupil Expenditures
$5,616 $5,934
State Share of Funding
66.7% 55.1%
System Support
RIGOROUS CURRICULUM
•Course Credit Requirements•Differentiated Diplomas•Enriched Curriculum (AP Example)•Dual Enrollment
USA States Course Credit Requirements
Core course credits for high school graduationFew or no course credits required, 6 StatesLess than 20 credits required, 11 States20 or 21 credits required, 15 StatesMore than 21 credits required, 19 States
Core course credits for high school graduationFew or no course credits required, 6 StatesLess than 20 credits required, 11 States20 or 21 credits required, 15 StatesMore than 21 credits required, 19 States
CO
IA
MAMI
NE
IL
NY
VT
CA
WY
ME
RI
GA
WA
NH
AZ
CT
MS
MT
NC
SD
TN
AK
AR
ID
KS
ND MN
WI
HI
MO
NJ
OR
TX
NV
NM
AL
FL
IN
LA
SC
UT
Differentiated based on test scores, 12 States
Provisions for differentiated diplomasOne diploma for all, 25 States
Based on multiple criteria, 12 States
Based on GPA (AR) or coursework (FL)
USA Differentiated High School Diplomas
AK
AL
CO
HI
IA
ID
KS
LA
ME
MO
MS
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NV
SD
WA
WI
AZ
CA
CT
IL
MAMI
NY
UT
VT
GA
IN
MNOR
RI
SC
TN
TX
WY
AR
FL
AP incentives and system supportsNo statute, 34 StatesAP course mandate, 1 StateFinancial incentives, 5 StatesAP in accountability plan, 4 StatesAP mandate + incentives, 3 StatesAccty plan + incentives, 5 States
AP incentives and system supportsNo statute, 34 StatesAP course mandate, 1 StateFinancial incentives, 5 StatesAP in accountability plan, 4 StatesAP mandate + incentives, 3 StatesAccty plan + incentives, 5 States
USA Advanced Placement Role in State Systems
AK
AL
AZ
CA
CT
GA
HI
IA
ID
IL
KS
ME
MI
MS
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NM
NV
NY
OR
RISD
TN
VT
WA
WY
AR
FL
MA
MN
TX LA
NJ
WI
IN
SC
CO
MO
UT
State support for AP coursesNo statute, 40 StatesAP teacher training 2 StatesStudent fees paid, 4 StatesTraining and fees, 5 States
State support for AP coursesNo statute, 40 StatesAP teacher training 2 StatesStudent fees paid, 4 StatesTraining and fees, 5 States
USA Advanced Placement Course Support
AK
ARAZ
CO
CT
FL
HI
ID
IL
KS
LA
ME
MI
MO
MS
MT
NC
ND
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NV
NY
OR
RI
SC
SD
TN
UT
VT
WA
WY
IA
CA
GA
MAWI
AL
IN
MN
TX
Number of students in State scoring 3 or higher on AP exam32 to 80 students per 1000, 19 States80 to 160 students per 1000, 21 States160 to 240 students per 1000, 11 States
Number of students in State scoring 3 or higher on AP exam32 to 80 students per 1000, 19 States80 to 160 students per 1000, 21 States160 to 240 students per 1000, 11 States
USA State Advanced Placement Success
MNMT
WI
NC
WA
IA
IN
AL
AR
NE
HI
MS
SC
NJ
IL
KS MO
AZ
ND
SDMI
MA
NV
AK
LA
UT
OR
FL
RIWY
ID
TN
CO
GA
NY
CA
TX
NH
CT
NM
VT
ME
USA Dual Enrollment Programs
Limited/comprehensive dual enrollment provisionsLimited program, 26 States
Comprehensive program, 21 StatesNo data, 4 States
AK
ARAZ
CT
IL IN
KS
LA
MO
MT ND
NE
NH
NV
NYRI
SC
SD
TN
TX
VT
WY
CA CO
FL
GA
IA
ID MA
ME
MI
MN
MS
NC
NJ
NM
OR
UT
WA
WI
AL
HI
Course Credits 21 Credits 24 credits
Differentiated Diplomas
No No
AP Role in State System
No policy
Accountability plan
AP Course Support No policy No policy
AP Success 13.6% 10.9%
Dual Enrollment Comprehensive Limited
Policy Categories State A State B
Compulsory Attendance
Age 16 Age 17
Teacher Education Major or minor Major or minor
Per-pupil Expenditures
$5,616 $5,934
State Share of Funding
66.7% 55.1%
State Context
ACCOUNTABILITY
• Exit Tests• Remediation• Student Sanctions• Performance rewards and performance sanctions
USA High School Graduation Exams
Passing state exams required for graduationNo State exam for graduation, 27 StatesStudents must pass exam to graduate, 19 StatesPhasing in an exam for graduation, 5 States
Passing state exams required for graduationNo State exam for graduation, 27 StatesStudents must pass exam to graduate, 19 StatesPhasing in an exam for graduation, 5 States
AR
CO
CT
HI
IA
ID
IL
KS
ME
MI
MO
MT ND
NE
NHOR
RISD
VT
WI
WY
AZ
FL
GA
IN
LA
MA
MN
MS
NC
NJ
NM
NV
NY
SC
TN
TX
AK
AL
CA UT
WA
State requirements and funding for remediationNo remediation required or funded, 30 StatesRemediation required, not funded, 4 StatesRemediation funded, not required, 2 StatesRemediation required and funded, 15 States
State requirements and funding for remediationNo remediation required or funded, 30 StatesRemediation required, not funded, 4 StatesRemediation funded, not required, 2 StatesRemediation required and funded, 15 States
USA Remediation for Students Failing Key State
Tests
ARAZ
CO
CT
HI
IA
ID
IL
KS
ME
MI
MN
MS
MT ND
NE
NHOR
RISD
UT
VT
WA
WI
WY
GA
NJ
NM
TN
AK
MA
AL
CA
FL
IN
LA
MO
NC
NV
NY
SC
TX
USA State Student Sanctions
State no- pass, no- play and/or no- drive policiesNo student sanctions, 27 States
No- pass, noNo- pass, no-
Both extracurricular and driving sanctions, 12 States
State no- pass, no- play and/or no- drive policiesNo student sanctions, 27 States
No-pass, no-drive policy, 7 StatesNo- pass, no-play policy, 5 States
Both extracurricular and driving sanctions, 12 States
AK
CT
IA
KS
MA
ME
MI
MN
MO
MT ND
NE
NH
NJ
NV
NY
OR
RISD
UT
VT
WA
WY
ID
IN
SC
WI
AZ
CO
HI
LA
NM
AL
AR
CA
FL
GA
IL
MS
NCTN
TX
State rewards for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance rewards, 26 StatesSchools rewarded for performance, 16 StatesDistricts rewarded for performance, 4 StatesSchools and districts rewarded for performance, 5 States
State rewards for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance rewards, 26 StatesSchools rewarded for performance, 16 StatesDistricts rewarded for performance, 4 StatesSchools and districts rewarded for performance, 5 States
USA State Performance Rewards
AK
AZ
HI
IA
ID MA
ME
MI
MN
MO
MT ND
NHNY
OR
RISD
TN
UT
VT
WA
WI
WY
AL
AR
CA CO
FL
IL IN
KS
LA
NC
NM
NV
SC
CT
MS
NE NJ
GA
TX
State sanctions for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance sanctions, 12 StatesSchools sanctioned for performance, 9 StatesDistricts sanctioned for performance, 5 StatesSchools and districts sanctioned for performance, 25 States
State sanctions for school and/or district performanceNo district or school performance sanctions, 12 StatesSchools sanctioned for performance, 9 StatesDistricts sanctioned for performance, 5 StatesSchools and districts sanctioned for performance, 25 States
USA State Performance
Sanctions
HI
ID
MEMN
MT ND
NE
NH
SD
UT
WA
WI
AK
AZ
GA
LA
NV
OR VT
IA
MS
NJ
AL
AR
CA CO
CT
FL
IL IN
KS
MAMI
MO
NC
NM
NYRI
SC
TN
TX
WY
Accountability
Policies State A State B
Exit Tests No Yes
Remediation No Required and funded
Student Sanctions
No-pass, No-drive
No-pass, No-play
Performance Rewards
No School
Performance Sanctions
No School
DEVELOPING A SYSTEM OF SCHOOLS
•Charter Schools•Alternative Schools
Charter Schools
State charter school policies
No charter policy, 9 States
Policy with at-risk preference, 28 States
Policy with no at-risk preference, 14 States
AL
MEMT ND
NE
SD
VT
AK
AZ
FL
GA
HI
IA
ID
IN
KS
LA
MAMI
MN
MS
NH
NJ
NM
NV
OR
SC
TX
UT
WA
WY
AR
CA CO
CT
IL
MO
NC
NYRI
TN
WI
State legislation requiring or permitting alternative educationNot addressed, 14 StatesVoluntary for districts to offer, 28 StatesMandatory for districts to offer, 9 States
State legislation requiring or permitting alternative educationNot addressed, 14 StatesVoluntary for districts to offer, 28 StatesMandatory for districts to offer, 9 States
Alternative Education
for Disruptive Students
AK
AL
CT
IA
ID MA
MEMT
NM
NYRI
VT
AZ
CA CO
FL
GA
IL IN
KS
MI
MN
MS
NC
ND
NV
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
WA
WI
WY
AR
HI
LA
MO
NE
NH
NJ
OR
Policy Categories
State A State B
Charter Schools
Yes, at-risk preference
Yes, at-risk preference
Alternative Schools
Not addressed
Mandatory
State Context Matters: A System of Diverse Schools
Review of State Policies
Exit Tests No Yes
Remediation No Required and funded
Student Sanctions
No-pass, No-drive
No-pass, No-play
PerformanceRewards
No School
PerformanceSanctions
No School
Course Credits 21 Credits 24 credits
Differentiated Diplomas
No No
AP Role in State System
No policy
Accountability plan
AP Course Support No policy No policy
AP Success 13.6% 10.9%
Dual Enrollment Comprehensive Limited
Policy Categories State A State B
Compulsory Attendance
Age 16 Age 17
Teacher Education Major or minor Major or minor
Per-pupil Expenditures
$5,616 $5,934
State Share of Funding
66.7% 55.1%
Charter Schools Yes, at-risk preference Yes, at-risk preference
Alternative Schools Not addressed Mandatory
Organizational Resources for this Presentation Center for Education Policy
Council for Chief State School Officers
Education Commission of the States
Education Trust
Education Week
Manhattan Institute
National Center for Higher Education Management Systems
National High School Alliance
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Department of Education
Monica R. MartinezMonica R. Martinez
(202) 822-8405, ext. 168
Judy BrayJudy Bray
(303) 883-4401
The Institute for Educational Leadership
1001 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 310
Washington, DC 20036
www.iel.org
Contact Information
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