State of the State North Carolina Oral Health Section Division of Public Health NC DHHS Rebecca S King, DDS, MPH Chief, Oral Health Section 1 UCSF DPH-175 Seminar November 13, 2012
Feb 23, 2016
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State of the State North Carolina
Oral Health SectionDivision of Public Health
NC DHHSRebecca S King, DDS, MPHChief, Oral Health Section
UCSF DPH-175 SeminarNovember 13, 2012
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Objectives• Identify the origin of state DPH
program• Infrastructure• Describe program components
o Status of fluoridation in NCo Pre-school preventive activitieso School-based preventive services
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Turn of the Last Century
• 1910 -- Dr. RM Squires: The true function of both medicine
and dentistry is to prevent the ills they are called upon to cure.
• 1918 – NC Dental Society gets legislative fundingReduce pain and infectionEducate on importance of oral
health
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Focus: To promote conditions in which all North Carolinians can achieve oral health as part of overall health. To work towards eliminating disparities in oral health by using best practices.
Motto: North Carolina children – cavity-free forever
Oral Health Section, 2012
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Oral Health Section Staff
• 4 Public health dentists• 41 Public health dental hygienists• 2 Health education staff• 2 Equipment technicians• Support staff
GASTONCHEROKEE
SWAIN
MACON
GRAHAM
CLAY
JACK-SON
HAY-WOOD
HENDER-SONTRAN-
SYLVANIA POLK
RUTHER-FORD
BUN-COMBE
YAN-CEYMADISON
MITCHELLAVERY
CLEVE-LAND
LINCOLN
CATAWBABURKE
MECKLEN-BURG
UNION
CABARRUS
ROWAN
IREDELL
STANLY
DAVID-SON
MONT-GOMERY
RANDOLPH
MOORE
ANSONRICH-MOND
HOKE
CHATHAM
LEEHARNETT
CUMBER-LAND
ROBESON
SCOT-LAND
BLADEN
SAMPSON
COLUMBUS
BRUNSWICK
NEWHANOVER
PENDER
ALA-MANCE
ORANGE
DURHAM
CASWELLPERSON GRAN-VILLE
VANCEWARREN
FRANKLIN
WAKE
NASH
JOHNSTONWAYNE
DUPLIN
GREENE
PITT
JONES
ONSLOW CARTERET
PAM-LICO
BEAU-FORT
CRAVEN
HYDE
DARETYRRELLWASH-INGTON
BERTIE
MARTIN
HERT-FORD PASQUO-
TANKCHO-WAN
CAM-DEN
PER-QUIMANS
CURRITUCKNORTH-AMPTON
GATES
HALIFAX
EDGE-COMBE
ROCKING-HAM
STOKESSURRY
FORSYTH GUILFORDYADKIN
DAVIE
ASHE
WATAUGA WILKES
ALLE-GHANY
CALDWELL ALEX-ANDER
MCDOWELLWILSON
Central Region 7 State Hygienist positions
15 Counties
Western Region 16 State Hygienist positions
1 Local Hygienist 39 Counties
Oral Health Section Regions and Staff Assignments
Eastern Region 16 State Hygienist
positions 46 Counties
34 State Hygienists
3 State Supervisors
5 Vacant RDH Positions
10 Local Preventive Dental Programs
1 Local Hygienists Under State Supervision
11 Counties With No Preventive Dental Program
Revised 10/01/2012
LENOIR
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BudgetTotal ~ $5.38 M• Mostly state appropriations
~25% Federal match (Medicaid “Federal Financial Participation” - FFP)
• Salaries/fringes ~ $4.33 M • Non-salary ~ $1.12 M
$806,000 operatingOther federal grants ~ $309,500
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Program Components• Dental disease prevention • Oral health assessment• Dental health education and
promotion• Access to dental care• Dental public health residency
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Dental Disease Prevention
Water fluoridation Pre-school & school-
based dental preventive programs
Dental sealants Fluoride mouthrinse
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Community Water Fluoridation
Healthy People 2020 goal – 79.6% on community water systems
NC surpassed - 87%
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Pre-school Dental Prevention Programs in
North Carolina
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Motivating Assumptions
• ECC is a serious public health problem• Its burden can be reduced through
prevention targeted to very young, high risk children
• Virtually all infants & toddlers obtain care at medical offices and it is a logical place to provide services
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Into The Mouths of Babes
Statewide Medicaid Dental Prevention Program for Young Children
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GoalsEnlist our Medical colleagues to help:• Increase access to preventive dental care
for low-income children• Reduce the prevalence of ECC in low-
income children• Reduce the burden of treatment needs on
a dental care system already stretched beyond its capacity to serve young children
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Dental Prevention Service Package
Medicaid children from tooth eruption to age 3 1/2
• Oral evaluation and risk assessment• Referral for dental care• Caregiver education• Fluoride
supplements toothpastefluoride varnish
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Into the Mouths of Babes
• >450 physician practices, residency programs, local heath departments trained and supported
• OHS position for trainer• Originally funded by a series of
federal grants (MCH, HRSA, CDC)
# Annual IMB Preventive Dental Visits in NC Medical
Offices
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000 Chart Title
Percent of Health Check Screenings Receiving IMB
Services *
Q1 200
0
Q3 200
0
Q1 200
1
Q3 200
1
Q1 200
2
Q3 200
2
Q1 200
3
Q3 200
3
Q1 200
4
Q3 200
4
Q1 200
5
Q3 200
5
Q1 200
6
Q3 200
6
Q1 200
7
Q3 200
7
Q1 200
8
Q3 200
8
Q2 200
9
Q4 200
9
Q2 201
0
Q4 201
0
Q2 201
1
Q4 201
1
Q2 201
20%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
* For years 2000-2006 includes 1-2 yr olds only, for 2007 on includes 1-3 year olds.
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RatesCDT 2007 Code
Description Reimburse-ment Rate
DO145Oral evaluation for patient < age 3 and counseling with primary caregiver.Once every 60 days.Six times before age 3 1/2.
$35.62
D1206Topical fluoride varnish, therapeutic application for moderate to high risk patients. Once every 60 days.Six times before age 3 1/2.
$15.72
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IMB ProgramContributed to:• Increase in access to preventive dental services• Reduction in treatment services, particularly in
early life• Increase in dental use through referral, which
attenuated treatment reductions observed in dental claims because of disease treatment
• Reduction in hospitalization• 50% chance of breakeven for costs
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Early Head Start• Surveys and focus groups to find
needsTeachersParents
• Developing and piloting training materialsExpand the concept that baby teeth are
importantUrge parents to seek early preventive care
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Carolina Dental Home• HRSA Access to Dental Care Grant• ~$115,000/year for three years• Brought providers together to pilot test how
to best get more dental referrals for very young high-risk children, develop risk assessment tool
• Collaborators:Local dentists and Pediatric Dentist, Family
Physicians, Pediatricians, Medicaid, NC Dental Society, Oral Health Section, UNC Schools of Dentistry and Public Health, community leaders, others
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PORRT• Targeted State Maternal and Child Oral
Health Service System Grant• $160,000/year for 4 years• Evidenced-based review of risk factors • Priority Oral Risk Assessment and Referral
Tool• Expand pilot statewide and evaluate tool• Latest modification: develop curriculum for
CHIPRA QI staff to train using video
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ZOE• Zero Out Early Childhood Tooth decay• Children in Early Head Start (EHS), birth –
age three• UNC School of PH, OHS, Head Start• 5 year NIDCR, NIH grant• Improve access to improve prevention –
improve oral health• Evaluate effectiveness of interventions
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ZOE Components• Train EHS staff
o preventive services in the classroomo parent education o how to encourage parents to care for children's
teeth at home (Motivational Interviewing)• Link EHS children with IMB medical
providers• Incentivize parents whose children get
ZOE age 3 dental exam
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School-based Dental Prevention Programs in
North Carolina
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Dental Sealants• Statewide goal is 50% - a top OHS
priority• OHS target population
K-3 high-risk children 5,700 sealants placed per year
• Fifth graders with sealants increased from 28% (1996) to 44% (2010)
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Fluoride Mouthrinse• School-based program from mid-1970s to 2002• Increasingly targeted in early 1990s• Discontinued due to budget cuts and lack of
recent data
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Effect of Fluoride Mouthrinse*
FRL Fluoride Mean Mouthrinse dfs
No No 3.09 Yes 1.38
Yes No 5.36 Yes 3.55
P<.001*2004-2007 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
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Fluoride Mouthrinse Resurgence
• Survey data showed decreased disparities• Obtained expansion budget funding in
2006• Targeting schools with highest decay rates
who promise compliance, grades 1 – 5.• Began in January 2007• Increase in budget 2008• Serving ~ 52,000 children
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Effectiveness School-Based FMR*
• Each ‘FMR year’ associated with weak overall caries-preventive effect
• Trend towards higher caries prevention in high-risk schools
• Children in high-risk schools who participated for 3+ years demonstrated a sizable ‘FMR Effect’
• Children in high risk schools can experience substantial caries-preventive benefits from long term FMR participation, reducing disparities
* Divaris et al, http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/12/21/0022034511433505
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Oral Health Assessment
Statewide dental surveys
Oral health surveillance
2
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Statewide Dental Surveys
Provide evidence base for program:• Early 1960s• 1976-1977• 1986-1987• 2003-2004
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2003-2004 Statewide Dental Survey
• Sample: 8000 children K-12• Study how well NC decay prevention
programs are reducing decay• Measure
Disparities Parents’ knowledge and opinions How dental health affects quality of life
• Results used for Section strategic planning
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Trends in Tooth Decay (DMFT)
in 12-17-Year-Old Children*
1960-62 1976-77 1986-87 2003-040
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5.4
4.7
2.9
1.9
Blacks
Whites
5.9
Mean DMFT
7.6
3.1
1.4
*NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey Data
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Trends in Untreated Decay in Permanent Teeth*
1960-62 1976-77 1986-87 2003-040
102030405060708090
100 92
77
35
30
60
34
1519
BlacksWhites
Percent
Year*NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey Data
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% Permanent Teeth with Untreated Decay, by
Race
Series1
Percent
White Black Other*2003-2004 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
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Percent of Children with Dental Insurance by Type and
Race*
Series1
Percent
Private Public None
White Black OtherWhite Black Hisp White Black Hisp
*2003-2004 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
102030405060708090
100
Age
Percent
Percent of Children with Any Decay (>0 DMFS)*
1986-87
2003-04
*NC OHS Statewide Dental Surveys
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Percent of Children With Caries Experience*
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 170
102030405060708090
100
Perc
ent
Age
Primary Permanent
*2003-2004 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
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Trends in Mean dfs (primary teeth)
by Education Level* Increases in all races Increases in all
educational levels Particularly severe in
those families with low education
Series11
2
3
4
5
Series11
2
3
4
5
86-87 03-04
86-87 03-04
WHITES
OTHER RACES
<HS
>HS HS
>HS HS<HS
dfs
dfs
*2003-2004 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
Key:
Less than High School Ed.
High School Ed.
Greater than High School Ed.
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Trends in Untreated Cavities
by Education Level* Increased treatment
in lower income families
Middle and upper income families show little change
Series1102030405060
Series1102030405060
86-87 03-04
86-87 03-04
WHITES
OTHER RACES
<HS
>HS HS
>HS
HS<HS
%d/dfs
%d/dfs
*2003-2004 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
Key:
Less than High School Ed.
High School Ed.
Greater than High School Ed.
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Trends in Dental Sealants
Children with >1 Sealant*
Series10
10
20
30
40
50
601986-872003-04
Percent
6-11 yrs 12-17 yrs
*NC OHS Statewide Dental Surveys
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Prevalence of Non-Cavitated and Cavitated Lesions in Permanent
Teeth
Non-Cavitated only Cavitated only
65%
10%24%
Non-Cavitated & Cavitated
Children*2003-2004 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
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Value Placed on Oral Health*
Series1
Perc
ent
White Black Hispanic
Baby teeth do not need to be filled because they are going to fall out anyway! “% of parents who agree”
*2003-2004 NC OHS Statewide Dental Survey
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Oral Health Surveillance
Calibrated dental assessments 2011-2012
• By PH RDHs• Grades K and 5• School oral health
status data• Referral for treatment
needs
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Kindergarten Children (primary teeth, to 2010-2011)*
1996
-97
1998
-99
2000
-2001
2002
-2003
2004
-2005
2006
-2007
2008
-2009
010203040506070
Caries-freeUntreated caries
Year
Perc
enta
ge o
f chi
ldre
n
*NC OHS annual assessment data
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1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-00
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-2010
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
dmftdtfmt
Year
Prim
ary
teet
h
*NC OHS annual assessment data
Kindergarten Children
(primary teeth, to 2010-2011)*
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Fifth Grade Children: Avg. # Decayed (permanent teeth to 2009-
2010) *
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-00
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-2010
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
DT
Year
Perm
anen
t Tee
th
*NC OHS annual assessment data
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Fifth Grade Children(permanent teeth, to 2009-2010)
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-00
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-2010
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7
DMFTFMTDT
Year
Perm
anen
t Tee
th
*NC OHS annual assessment data
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Fifth Grade Children with Sealants(permanent teeth, to 2009-2010)*
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-00
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
28 30 31 34 37 37 41 43 44 42 45 44 44Sealants
Year
Perc
enta
ge o
f Chi
ldre
n
*NC OHS annual assessment data
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New Data• Worked with state department of
public instruction• Download directory data by class into
our screening rostero Nameso Race/ethnicityo Sexo DOBo Contact information for parent/guardian
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Race/EthnicityKindergarten 2009-2010
fmt dt dmft0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
American IndianAsianBlackHispanicMuli-racialWhite
Teet
h
59
Race/EthnicityKindergarten 2009-2010
fmt dt0
0.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.61.8
2
American IndianAsianBlackHispanicMulti-racialWhite
Teet
h
Race/EthnicityFifth Grade 2009-2010
Sealants0
10
20
30
40
50
60
American IndianAsianBlackHispanicMulti-racialWhite
Perc
ent
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Dental Health Education
School-based education Community outreach Professional education Educational materials
3
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School-based Education
• 118,000 children in classrooms
• 11,000 adultsparent education teacher supporthealth
professionals
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Exhibit PromotionsAging, consumerism,
diabetes, careers, sealants, early childhood caries, fluorides, oral hygiene, nutrition, tobacco, injury prevention, OHS program
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Access to Dental Care
Referral/follow-up for care Improved access for low-
income families “Under direction” activities
4
66
Oral Health Surveillance
2011-2012: • 105,000 screened in K,5
o for sealants o special activities (Give Kids a
Smile!) and o at request of school nurses
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Give Kids a Smile! • NC Dental Society initiative to provide
education, preventive and restorative care to children who do not have access to care
• To date since 2003, more than:o 123,000 children servedo $10.5 M free careo 14,700 dental volunteers
• OHS PH Dental Hygienists screen and coordinate
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Local Dental Safety Net Clinics
• OHS provides TA for new clinics
• Number increased dramatically from the early 1990s to 132 fixed, mobile and “free” clinics
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Dental Care Safety Net Facilities Prior to 1996
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Dental Care Safety Net Facilities
Now
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Dental Public Health Residency
Training for dental public health specialists Growth for the Division
5
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Questions?