Top Banner

of 117

State Liability in Tort

May 30, 2018

Download

Documents

Dr Tabrez Ahmad
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
  • 8/9/2019 State Liability in Tort

    1/117

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , IxxjhmiqbSujlbxxju jl @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` ,

    DMMQ Rkm|buxmq} , EEXU, MKAMI

  • 8/9/2019 State Liability in Tort

    2/117

    HJRUXB ABXHUMSQMJK} @iw gix qj sujqbhq qgb umogqx jl sbuxjkx mk xjhmbq}+ @iw

    ajbx mq sumnium`} mk qwj wi}x6 e} hjnsbkxiqmko lju qgbwujko xrllbuba, ika e} srkmxgmko qgb wujko.ajbu+ Qgb

    hjnsbkxiqmjk lrkhqmjk mx qgb erxmkbxx jl qjuq `iw 'ikasiuq`} jl hjkquihq `iw- wgbubix srkmxgnbkq mx qgb ajnimkjl humnmki` `iw+ E} qgb sujhbxx jl mabkqml}mko wujkox ikahjnsbkxiqmko qgbn qgujrog qgb iwiua jl ainiobx, qjuq`iw iqqbnsqx qj i``jhiqb `jxxbx ju amxqumerqm|b umxdx wgmhgiub mkb|mqie`b mk qgb njabuk xjhmbq} mk i nikkbu hjkarhm|b

    qj frxqmhb, byrmq} ika limukbxx+

    Xiqruai}, Fr`} 38, 5393

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , Ixxjhmiqb Sujlbxxju jl

    @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` , DMMQ Rkm|buxmq}, @iwjl Qjuq gqqs6**qbhgkj`bmkami+e`joxsjq+hjn 5

  • 8/9/2019 State Liability in Tort

    3/117

    Hjkq} Mkabsbkabkq jl humnmki` ju hjkquihq `iw, Qjuq `iw

    suj|mabx mkam|mari`x ika oujrsx wmqg ubaubxx ljumkfru} qj b|bu} amnbkxmjk jl `mlb lujn sg}xmhi`mkfru}, qj sujsbuq} ainiob, qj sbuxjki` mkxr`q+J|bu sixq abhiabx kj iubi jl `iw wmqgmk qgb hm|m`frxqmhb x}xqbn gix bsbumbkhba oubiqbu lbunbkqqgik qgb `iw jl Qjuq ika qgmx gix ubxr`qba mk |mqi`hgikobx qgb qgmkdmko jl qgb qjuqrjrx `miem`mq}+

    Xiqruai}, Fr`} 38, 5393

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , Ixxjhmiqb Sujlbxxju jl

    @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` , DMMQ Rkm|buxmq}, @iwjl Qjuq gqqs6**qbhgkj`bmkami+e`joxsjq+hjn 8

  • 8/9/2019 State Liability in Tort

    4/117

    Hjkq} Qgb njub mkarxqumi`mvba qgb xjhmbq} qgb njub

    hjns`mhiqba qgb `mlb+ Mk xrhg i xmqriqmjk, qgmx

    euikhg jl `iw oujwx ika ixxrnbx oubiqbumnsjuqikhb mk juabumko frxq xjhmi` ub`iqmjkx+ Mq mxumogq`} xima qgiq qgb sujoubxx jl i kiqmjk hik ebnbixruba mk qbunx jl ab|b`jsnbkq jl `iw jl qjuq mk

    qgiq hjrkqu}+

    Xiqruai}, Fr`} 38, 5393

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , Ixxjhmiqb Sujlbxxju jl

    @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` , DMMQ Rkm|buxmq}, @iwjl Qjuq gqqs6**qbhgkj`bmkami+e`joxsjq+hjn 1

  • 8/9/2019 State Liability in Tort

    5/117

    JEFBHQ JL QGB HJRUXB

    } Qgb jefbhq jl qgb hjruxb mx qj linm`miumvb qgb xqrabkqx wmqgqgb kiqrub ika bqbkq jl `miem`mq} jl qgb sum|iqb bkqbusumxbx,nr`qmkiqmjki`x ika qgb oj|buknbkq irqgjumqmbx lju qgb

    wujkox hjnnmqqba ioimkxq qgb mkam|mari` ika qgbmusujsbuq}, ika qj ab|b`js xjrka dkjw`baob, xdm``x ikaamxsjxmqmjk injkoxq xqrabkqx jl E+I+ @@+E jk xjnb jl qgbhjkqbnsjuiu} mxxrbx jl Xsbhmlmh Qjuqx, H}ebu Qjuq, Linm`}Qjuq, ika Bhjkjnmh Qjuq bqh+

    Xiqruai}, Fr`} 38, 5393

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , Ixxjhmiqb Sujlbxxju jl

    @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` , DMMQ Rkm|buxmq}, @iwjl Qjuq gqqs6**qbhgkj`bmkami+e`joxsjq+hjn 2

  • 8/9/2019 State Liability in Tort

    6/117

    Hjkq} Mk qgb hjruxb jk @iw jl Qjuq, wb mkqbka qj

    linm`miumvb }jr wmqg qgb obkbui` sumkhms`bx jl Qjuq

    `iw ika obkbui` ablbkhbx, xsbhmlmh Qjuqx, bnbuomkoiubix mk @iw jl Qjuq+

    } Xqrabkqx wm`` eb bkhjruioba qj ab|b`js qgbmu jwk|mbwx jk qgbxb ika jqgbu subxxmko yrbxqmjkx, ikaqgb} wm`` ihyrmub qgb xjrka `boi` xdm``x qj iuorb ljuejqg xmabx jl i hixb+

    Xiqruai}, Fr`} 38, 5393

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , Ixxjhmiqb Sujlbxxju jl

    @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` , DMMQ Rkm|buxmq}, @iwjl Qjuq gqqs6**qbhgkj`bmkami+e`joxsjq+hjn @iqmk Qbun Qjuqrn ' qj qwmxq-} Hjkarhqx wgmhg mx kjq xquimogq ju `iwlr`, erq, jk qgb jqgbu

    gika, qwmxqba, hujjdba, ju rk`iwlr`+

    } Mq mx byrm|i`bkq qj qgb Bko`mxg Qbun wujko+} _ujkoajbu |mj`iqbx xjnb `boi` umogqx |bxqba mk ikjqgbu

    sbuxjk} Qgb `iw mnsjxbx i arq} qj ubxsbhq qgb `boi` umogqx |bxqba mk

    qgb nbnebux jl qgb xjhmbq} ika qgb sbuxjk nidmko i

    eubihg jl qgiq arq} mx xima qj gi|b ajkb qgb wujkolr` ihq+

    Xiqruai}, Fr`} 38, 5393

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , Ixxjhmiqb Sujlbxxju jl

    @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` , DMMQ Rkm|buxmq}, @iwjl Qjuq gqqs6**qbhgkj`bmkami+e`joxsjq+hjn 52

  • 8/9/2019 State Liability in Tort

    26/117

    Hjkq} Qgb umogq ika arq} iumxb rkabu qgb obkbui` `iw ix ebqwbbk i

    sbuxjk ju sbuxjkx mk i siuqmhr`iu xmqriqmjk} Mq mx ubaubxxie`b mk i hm|m` ihqmjk lju ainiobx, wmqg

    i`qbukiqm|b ubnba} mk xjnb hixbx jl mkfrkhqmjk ikaubhj|bu} jl sjxxbxxmjk iq qgb mkxqikhb jl qgb sbuxjkwujkoba ju mkfruba+

    } Qjuq amllbux lujn wujkox wgmhg iub wgj``} humnmki`+ Iq qgbxinb qmnb i qjuq amllbux lujn qgb wujko wgmhg iub uboiuabawgj``} ix eubihgbx jl hjkquihq+

    Xiqruai}, Fr`} 38, 5393

    Au+ Qieubv Ignia , Ixxjhmiqb Sujlbxxju jl

    @iw, DMMQ @iw Xhgjj` , DMMQ Rkm|buxmq}, @iwjl Qjuq gqqs6**qbhgkj`bmkami+e`joxsjq+hjn 5