Starts on page 358 – complete the necessary vocabulary on Biotechnology Flashcard Set Worksheet. Due Tomorrow! Biotechnology Quiz Friday (20-25 Questions)

Biotechnology – Chapter 13

Starts on page 358 – complete the necessary vocabulary on Biotechnology Flashcard Set Worksheet.

Due Tomorrow!

Biotechnology Quiz Friday (20-25 Questions)

Biotechnology Vocabulary Comprehension

• What does it mean??? Take a minute to define the following:▫ Transcription▫ Transpiration▫ Transplant▫ Transportation▫ Translucent▫ Transverse (think of inverse or reverse)▫ Transaction▫ Transatlantic

Hint: Trans- over, across, beyond, or through, into a changed form, or on the other side of

So what might these mean?

•Translocation mutation

•Bacterial transformation

•Transgenic organism

DNA Technology

Selective Breeding – Genetic Manipulation•A method of improving a species by

allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation. ▫Nearly all domestic animals including

horses, dogs, cats, and farm animals▫Most crop plants

•Of dissimilar individuals, called hybridization

•Of similar individuals, called inbreeding

DNA Technology

Genetic Engineering

•Genetic Engineering – direct manipulation of an organism’s genes

•Also known as ▫Genetic Modification or Manipulation▫Recombinant DNA Technology▫Gene Splicing

•Two Main Techniques▫Gene Cloning▫Transformation

Tools of Genetic Engineering

•Restriction enzymes – cut DNA at specific place in the code

•Gene Splicing – recombines DNA from different sources

•Vectors and plasmids – harvest DNA for cloning

Recombinant DNA

•A transgenic, or genetically modified, organism is one that has been altered through recombinant DNA technology, which involves either the combining of DNA from different genomes or the insertion of foreign DNA into a genome.

Applications of recombinant DNA technology•Practical Applications:

▫Agriculture - Herbicide, pesticide and insect resistant crops

▫Medicine - Bacteria that produce human insulin

•Impractical Applications: ▫Glow in the dark

organisms

What can DNA Fingerprints be used for?•Paternity/maternity tests•To determine if a suspect was at a crime scene

•To identify a murder victim•To identify a soldier killed in the line of duty

•To determine identity

DNA Fingerprinting

•DNA fingerprinting identifies differences between individuals’ genetic makeup to establish identity or relationships.▫Small amounts of DNA are extracted from

blood, saliva, hair, urine, etc.▫PCR is used to increase the quantity of DNA▫DNA is cut into fragments using restriction

enzymes▫DNA is run through a gel electrophoresis▫Banding pattern is analyzed

DNA Extraction• DNA is extracted from

cells by a simple chemical procedure. The cells are opened and the DNA is separated from the other cell parts.

• DNA is extracted from human cells for a variety of reasons. With a pure sample of DNA you can test a newborn for a genetic disease, analyze forensic evidence, or study a gene involved in cancer

• DNA Extraction

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)• Technique that allows

molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene!

• PCR is a relatively simple and inexpensive tool that you can use to focus in on a segment of DNA and copy it billions of times over. PCR is used every day to diagnose diseases, identify bacteria and viruses, match criminals to crime scenes, and in many other ways.

PCR Lab

Cutting and Separating DNA

•DNA molecules are too large to be analyzed so we cut them into smaller pieces.

•Biologists use restriction enzymes to cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

•Scientists separate DNA using a procedure called Gel Electrophoresis.

Gel Electrophoresis• Procedure used to

separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel.

• DNA is negative so it moves toward the positive end of the gel

• Larger fragments are heavier and move less, smaller fragments are lighter and move more.

Electrophoresis Lab

Analyzing Gel Electrophoresis

Of the 3 suspects, which suspect best matches the DNA found at the crime scene?

Other Types of DNA Technology

Stem Cells• Stem cells have

the ability to develop into any type of cell (totipotent)▫Treat disease

or injury▫Creating cells

for tissues without rejection

▫Medical Testing

Cloning• Creating a genetically

identical copy of something (ex. a DNA strand, a cell, an organ or an entire organism). Why?▫ To create identical cells for

research purposes▫ To maintain a genetically

desirable species of plant or animal

▫ To create a missing organ or tissue for treatment of human diseases

▫ To save endangered or extinct species

DNA Microarray• DNA microarray

analysis is one of the fastest-growing new technologies in the field of genetic research.

• Used to measure the expression of genes – aka whether a gene is turned On/Off▫ Can be used to compare

differences between healthy cells and cancer cells

In the Market: Biotech Old and NewToday TomorrowBaby whole carrots Seedless mini-melon

Tomatoes that stay fresh up to two weeks Sweeter peas and peppers

High-Laurate Oila raw material used in soaps, detergents and cocoa butter replacement fats

Low-Saturate Oila healthier salad and cooking oil from rapeseed plants

Bst-stimulated MilkA growth hormone called Bst has been introduced in cows to stimulate milk production. A gene with the recipe for Bst was inserted in bacteria.

Colored Cottoncolor-producing genes from bacteria are introduced in cotton genes. This will mean fewer dyes are needed, reducing environmental pollution.

Eggsvaccinated while still in the shell against a common virus

Salmonfaster-growing salmon

Insulina hormone for diabetics, who are unable to produce the hormone to break down sugar. Produced by genetically-engineering bacteria.

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)a natural human protein that dissolves blood clots, used when a heart attack occurs, allowing blood to flow. Used currently in hospitals but patients may be able to use it themselves one day.

Hepatitis B Vaccine AIDS VaccineAspireTM

a biofungicide used on citrus fruits, berries, and grapes to prevent postharvest rot. It is a naturally occurring yeast, harmless to non-targeted organisms.

Insect-protected corn and potatogenetically improved plants to control the European corn borer and the Colorado potato beetle

Methane gasa biogas that can be obtained from microbial fermentation of domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastes

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

DNA Technology Webquest

•Today you will explore different types of DNA technology using online simulations.

•You must complete the worksheet for the webquest (on my website) and submit to student portal to receive credit.

•Answers may be typed directly into the answer document.