Starter Activity: Think: what do you know about respiration? Discuss this with your partner and your teacher will then lead a class discussion.

Starter Activity:

Think: what do you know about respiration?

Discuss this with your partner and your teacher will then lead a class discussion.

Key Area 8

Respiration

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning whereour energy comes from.

Success Criteria: Be able to name the typeof energy our body uses and where it comesfrom.Be able to carry out an investigation to find outwhich food has the most energy.

Energy

• We need energy in order to carry out simple functions and strenuous tasks.

• The energy we need comes in the form of chemical energy from our food.

• This is mainly in the form of glucose.

Energy

• When food is burned, the chemical energy is converted to heat energy.

• Therefore, to test how much energy is in a food, we can burn it and measure the heat it gives off.

Food

Temperature of water

at start (oC)

Temperature of water

at end (oC)

Temperature

rise (oC)

1. Write the title and aim.

2. Identify the independent and dependent variables.

3. Method: Draw out the diagram below (in pencil).

4.Results: Copy and complete table.

5. Write a conclusion based on your results and relate it back to your aim.

6. Evaluation: Discuss the reliability and validity of your results.

The most energy

• Fats have double the amount of energy than carbohydrates and proteins.

• Energy is measured in kilojoules (kJ).

Respiration• Process that

releases chemical energy from food.

• Occurs in every living cell.

• Controlled by enzymes.

Think back to your starter . . .

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning whereour energy comes from.

Success Criteria: Be able to name the typeof energy our body uses and where it comesfrom.Be able to carry out an investigation to find outwhich food has the most energy.

Starter Activity:

On a show me board, in your own words, answer the following:

What is respiration?

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning about

the energy currency our body uses.

Success Criteria: Be able to name theenergy our body uses.Be able to describe the role it plays in thebody.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

•Provides us with an immediate energy source.

•Is reusable.•Quantity of ATP in the body stays more or less constant.

•Is composed of one adenosine group and three inorganic phosphates.

Adenosine Pi Pi Pi

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)•This is the structure that is formed when high energy ATP is broken down into its low energy ADP + Pi.

+ Adenosine Pi Pi Pi

Breakdown, releasing

energyBuilding up (phosphorylation) requiring

energy

energy

ATP

(HIGH ENERGY STATE)

ADP+Pi (LOW ENERGY STATE)

Adenosine

Adenosine Pi Pi Pi

Pi Pi Pi

Production of ATP

• ATP is released when energy-rich substances such as glucose are broken down.

In the lab , energy from glucose is released quickly as heat and light.

In living cells it is a gradual process with a steady release of energy.

Role of ATP

• Make energy available for many processes:

–Muscular contraction

–Active transport of molecules

–Transmission of nerve impulses

–Synthesis of proteins.

Role of ATP

Carbon dioxide + water

ATP

Glucose + Oxygen

ADP + Pi

Amino acids

Protein

ENERGY TRANSFERRESPIRATIONWORK

energy

energy

energy

energy

Turnover of ATP• Estimated that some active cells

require approx. 2 million molecules of ATP per second!!– Made possible by rapid turnover

ATP is manufactured at the same time as it is used so no need for vast stores

-approx. 50g ATP in body constantly

Find Someone Find Someone Who…Who…1. Can name

the part of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place.

2. Can draw a molecule of ATP.

3. Can explain how ATP is made.

4. Can tell you two uses of ATP in the body.

5. Can draw a molecule of ADP.

6. Can explain what happens when the last bond in ATP is broken.

7. Can identify the main food group that we get our energy from.

8. Can state the energy rich molecule found in the main food group that provides us with energy.

Fold one piece of A4 paper in half three times so you have eight sections.

Ask eight different people to answer the questions.

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning about

the energy currency our body uses.

Success Criteria: Be able to name theenergy our body uses.Be able to describe the role it plays in thebody.

Starter Activity:

Think: What are four roles of ATP in the body?

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning about

respiration in the presence of oxygen.

Success Criteria: Be able to name stage 1 of

respiration with oxygen.Be able to describe the process ofrespiration with oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration

• Aerobic respiration is when respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen.

Watch and Listen

• Video Clip

Stage 1- Glycolysis

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

• It is the sequence of reactions that converts 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules with the production of a relatively small amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

GLUCOSE (6C)

2xPYRUVATE (3C)

NET GAIN 2ATP

Aerobic Respiration

• Although “aerobic” means “with oxygen”, oxygen is not required for stage 1.

• Oxygen is required for stage 2.

Stage 2

This stage has no official name.

It takes place in the mitochondria.

This process requires oxygen, and is therefore aerobic.

It converts pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water and releases 36 ATP.

This is controlled by enzymes.

Series of enzyme controlled reactions

36ADP + 36Pi

36ATP

Pyruvate

Carbon dioxide +Water

Aerobic Respiration

• Requires a suitable temperature as it is controlled by a series of enzymes.

• Stage 2 requires oxygen.

• Every 1 glucose molecule makes 38 ATP in total (2ATP from stage 1 and 36ATP from stage 2).

Summary of Complete process of Aerobic

Respiration

2ADP + 2 Pi

2ATP

36ADP + 36Pi

36ATP

Stage 1 – Glycolysis

Does not require oxygen

Stage 2

Requires oxygenCombined total

38ATP

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning about

respiration in the presence of oxygen.

Success Criteria: Be able to name stage 1 of

respiration with oxygen.Be able to describe the process ofrespiration with oxygen.

Starter Activity:

On a show me board, using no notes, can you draw out aerobic respiration.

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in animals.

Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that ananimal would be in to carry out this process.

Watch and Listen

• Video Clip

Fermentation Pathway in Animals

Fermentation is a type of respiration thatoccurs in the cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen.

Animals have to use this pathway:

a) In oxygen poor environments e.g. stagnant water or mud.

b) When exercising vigorously.

Stage 1- Glycolysis

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

• It is the sequence of reactions that converts 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules with the production of a relatively small amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

GLUCOSE (6C)

2xPYRUVATE (3C)

NET GAIN 2ATP

Stage 2

Pyruvate

Lactic Acid

No ATP is made during this stage

Effects of Lactic Acid on Muscle Cells.

• Muscle cells respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise (sprinting, marathon running and weight lifting).

• MUSCLE FATIGUE is caused as lactic acid builds up in the muscle cells making them ache and contract less powerfully.

• The OXYGEN DEBT is the volume of oxygen required to convert lactic acid back to pyruvate during the recovery period after exercise.

• Fermentation in animals is reversible! • The RECOVERY PERIOD is important to remove the

lactic acid which has built up.

Fermentation Pathway in Animals

• The fermentation pathway in animals is reversible.

• It produces on 2ATP for every glucose molecule.

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in animals.

Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that ananimal would be in to carry out this process.

Starter Activity:

Answer the following questions in your question jotter:

1) What is the name given to the type of respiration carried out in animals in the absence of oxygen?

2) Name stage 1 of this type of respiration.

3) How does this type of respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in plants and yeast.

Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeastwould be in to carry out this process.

Fermentation Pathway in Plants and Yeast

Fermentation is a type of respiration thatoccurs in the cytoplasm in the absence ofoxygen.

Plants and yeast have to use the fermentation

Pathway:a) When root cells of plants are in

waterlogged soil.b) When yeast cells are being used to make

wine.

Stage 1- Glycolysis

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

• It is the sequence of reactions that converts 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules with the production of a relatively small amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

GLUCOSE (6C)

2xPYRUVATE (3C)

NET GAIN 2ATP

Stage 2

Pyruvate

Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol

No ATP is made during this stage

Fermentation Pathway in Plants and Yeast

• This pathway is irreversible as the carbon dioxide produced is lost to the environment.

Fermentation Pathway in Plants and Yeast

• The fermentation pathway in plants and yeast is irreversible

• It produces on 2ATP for every glucose molecule

Comparing Respiration

• Copy and complete the table below.Type of Respiration

Where it takes place

Products How many ATP produced in stage 2

Total ATP produced

Is the reaction reversible?

Aerobic

Fermentation in Plants & Yeast

Fermentation in Animals

AnswersType of Respiration

Where it takes place

Products How many ATP produced in stage 2

Total ATP produced

Is the reaction reverisble?

Aerobic Cytoplasm then

mitochondria

Carbon dioxide and water

36 38 no

Fermentation in

Plants & Yeast

Cytoplasm Carbon dioxide and ethanol

0 2 no

Fermentation in

Animals

Cytoplasm Lactic acid 0 2 yes

Respiration

Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in plants and yeast.

Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeastwould be in to carry out this process.