Stankiewicz. What are the roots of American law enforcement? What are some of the principles of law enforcement? How does American law enforcement.

CriminologyHistory and Structure of

American Law EnforcementLesson 5

Stankiewicz

What are the roots of American law

enforcement? What are some of the principles of law

enforcement? How does American law enforcement get its

authority? What are some of the generalizations

involving American law enforcement? What are the various law enforcement

models? Assignment – Law enforcement organizations

Essential Questions

US has almost 18,000 law enforcement

agencies Federal State and Local levels of

government Vast majority are

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 1

The authority of each agency is carefully

limited by law

Territory within which an agency may operate is limited as well

Jurisdiction: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 2

Each federal law enforcement agency has a

specific jurisdiction

_______________________________________________

Procedural law derived from US Supreme Court decisions also impose limitations on the authority of agencies

Miranda, etc

The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 3

The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement - 4

___________________

Took hundred of years to develop

_______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

10 families (a tithing) agreed to follow the law, keep the peace, and bring violators to justice (Posse)

English Roots – Tithing System

A system in early England in which citizens

under the direction of a constable were required to guard the city and pursue criminals

Constable: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

English Roots – The Constable –Watch System

English Roots – Bow Street Runners

1748 Professional law

enforcement agents Apprehend criminals

and recover stolen property

__________________________________________________________________

Paved the way for future detectives

English Roots – The London Metropolitan Police

1829 London Metropolitan Police Act 1000 member police force Professional standards _______________________ Under command of two

magistrates – Commissioners

Became known as __________________________________________________after Robert Peel, Home Secretary

Robert Peel’s Principles of Policing

Police must be stable, efficient and organized under military lines

Police must be under govt control

Absence of crime best proof of police efficiency

Distribution of crime news essential

Deployment of police strength both by time and area is essential

Police should have command of temper and act quiet determined manner

Good appearance commands respect

Train proper type of person Every police member is

given a number Police hqs centrally

located and easily accessible

Policemen should have a probationary period

Police records are used to distribute police strength

US Has more police departments than any

other country History of local control Disparity between police throughout US Started with “watches” Often politically controlled in the early days

Development of American Law Enforcement - 1

Law enforcement in states and frontier

Southern Slave patrols _______________________________________________

Development of American Law Enforcement - 2

Development of American Law Enforcement - 3

Frontier Law Enforcement Sheriffs

____________________ Idea of self

protection still popular in South and West

Development of American Law Enforcement - 4

State Police ___________________

Professionalism and Reform ______________________________________________ Wasn’t until 1880 that Cincinnati posted two

qualifications to be a police officer ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Both Cincinnati and NYC had Police academies

in 1880s – little requirements/standards

Development of American Law Enforcement - 5

Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model)

1909-1932

Development of American Law Enforcement – August Vollmer’s

Ideas

Vollmer Professional Model of Policing (Reform Model)

Narrow the police function from social service/maintenance of order to enforcement

_______________________of authority

Creation of specialized, centrally base crime fighting units

Shift from neighborhood foot patrol to motorized patrol

Patrol allocation system based on crime rates etc.

Reliance on technology ___________________

screening and civil service testing for new recruits

Specific _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________ Federal agencies - .4% Sheriff’s Departments – 18% State Police - .3% Special police – 8%

Stats - 2006

The Structure of American Law Enforcement - 1

Quality of police services vary greatly among

states and localities across the nation _______________________________________________

for police personnel, equipment, and practices Expenditures for police services vary greatly

among communities Obtaining police services from the appropriate

agency is often ______________________________________________________________________________________________

American Law Enforcement Generalizations

______________________________________________ Order maintenance or peacekeeping ______________________________________________ Information gathering

Local Police Duties

P – ____________________________________________E – ____________________________________________P – _____________________________________________P – Preserve the peaceA – _____________________________________________S – _____________________________________________

The Structure of American Law Enforcement

Local Police Duties (PEPPAS)

Sheriff and Department Personnel Functions

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Enforce criminal and traffic laws of the state ________________________________________________ Provide courtroom security Confine and transport prisoners

Most _________________________________________

County Law enforcement

Each state has chosen one of two models for

providing law enforcement

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

State Law Enforcement

Model in which state police officers have the

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________but can exercise these powers anywhere within the state

State Police Model

Highway Patrol Model

Model in which state ______________________________________________________________, enforcement of states traffic laws, and the investigation of accidents on the state’s roads, highways, and property

Everyone aware of the more familiar federal

law enforcement agencies FBI, DEA, CIA, Treasury

But there are many more lesser known that have a vital job in law enforcement

Federal Law Enforcement - 1

Three major differences between Feds and

State/Local law enforcement1)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Feds do not have peacekeeping or order maintenance duties3) _________________________________________(Example: AFOSI has to have a tie with USAF interests for it to have jurisdiction)

Federal Law Enforcement - 2

Federal Law Enforcement - 3

Example: Department of Homeland Security ____________________

________________________________________

Reduce US vulnerability to terrorist attacks

________________________________________

AssignmentExploring an American Law Enforcement

AgencySome Investigative Agencies

FBI CIA DEA US Marshall’s Service US Secret Service Army CID Naval Investigative

Service AFOSI

Treasury Department Investigative Services

EPA Investigative Services

TSA US Coast Guard

Investigations US Customs US Border Patrol

American Private Security

__________________________________________

Training and compensation varies

Two types ____________________ Proprietary Security

In house – Companies do own internal security

Summary