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Standards Review Transparencies€¦ · (geocentric and heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe. b. Describe
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Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. Allrights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permissionshould be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, ortransmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Thepublisher hereby grants permission to reproduce student worksheets and tests, for classroom use only, the numbernot to exceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. For informationregarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River,New Jersey 07458.
Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc.Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
Lab zone™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
Planet Dairy® is a registered trademark of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Discovery Channel School® is a registered trademark of Discovery Communications, Inc., used under license. TheDiscovery Channel School logo is a trademark of Discovery Communications, Inc.
SciLinks® is a trademark of the National Science Teachers Association. The SciLinks® service includes copyrightedmaterials and is owned and provided by the National Science Teachers Association. All rights reserved.
Science News® is a registered trademark of Science Services, Inc.
The transparencies in this Prentice Hall Georgia Earth Science StandardsReview Transparencies book are intended to serve as refreshers of thecharacteristics of science and content skills covered by the Grade 6Georgia Performance Standards for Science.
The Table of Contents presents a list of the titles of the transparenciesgrouped by standard. The correlation on the pages following the Table ofContents gives a statement of each of the Grade 6 performance standardsand the number of each transparency that reviews that standard.
The art may support the information in the text, relay informationbeyond what appears in the text, or supply data that students can use tointerpret the text or answer the questions. The questions, in turn, aredesigned to take students beyond the material in the review points. Somequestions require an interpretation of the graphic; others give studentsan opportunity to exercise critical-thinking skills.
You can use these transparencies in several ways:◆ The transparencies lend themselves to whole-class review. You can
choose a standard to focus on, project the related transparency, anddiscuss the topic as a class.
◆ You can leave a transparency projected for a period of time, allowingfor independent review of a particular standard. Students can thenview the transparency at their convenience.
◆ You can arrange for students to view those transparencies that coverstandards of particular concern to them. You may wish to let studentsdecide for themselves which topics they need to review. Or you maychoose to guide them to particular transparencies you think would bemost helpful to them.
However you choose to present them, the transparencies are a valuabletool for reviewing the Georgia Grade 6 Science Performance Standards.
E1Scientific Habits of MindS6CS1 Students will explore the importance of curiosity, honesty, openness, and skepticism in science and will exhibit these traits in their own efforts to understand how the world works.
Quick Review◆ Scientific investigations include developing a
testable hypothesis, taking accurate measurements,collecting data and observations, and using logicalreasoning to formulate explanations.
◆ Scientific knowledge is constantly reviewed andcritiqued. Scientists should keep clear, honest, andaccurate records of their research so that otherscientists can repeat their experiment and confirmtheir results.
◆ Scientists should be open-minded to new ideas butalso skeptical about information presented withoutevidence.
◆ Not all scientific investigations result in defensibleexplanations. However, even incorrect hypothesesare valuable even if they turn out not to be completely accurate.
Questions
1. Identify the steps in the scientific inquiry process.
2. Why is it important for scientists to keep accurateand clear records of their investigations?
CommunicatePose Questions
Form a Hypothesis
Design an Experiment
Collect and Interpret Data
Draw Conclusions
1. Pose questions, form a hypothesis, design an experiment, collect and interpret data, draw conclusions, communicate2. Clear and accurate records enable other scientists to review and replicate the work.
E3Scientific Habits of MindS6CS3 Students will use computation and estimation skills necessaryfor analyzing data and following scientific explanations.
Neither Precise nor Accurate Precise but Not Accurate Both Precise and Accurate
Quick Review
◆ Scientists must sometimes rely on estimates whenthey cannot obtain exact numbers.
◆ Accuracy and precision are both important whenyou make measurements.
◆ You may determine an “average” by finding themean, median, or mode.
Questions1. True or false: Estimating is the same as guessing.
2. What does it mean to say a measurement isaccurate?
3. What are the mean, median, and mode of thefollowing set of numbers: 2, 5, 3, 8, 5, 0, 5?
1. False2. It means that the measurement is close to the true or accepted value.3. The mean is 4, the median is 5, and the mode is 5.
Quick Review◆ Scientists use tools such as balances, spring scales,
microscopes, and binoculars to perform tests and collect data.
◆ Technology such as calculators and computers helpscientists perform tests, collect and store data, and and measure, compute, and communicate theirinformation.
Questions1. Which of the tools shown could you use to measure
the volume of a liquid?
A. thermometer B. ruler
C. graduated cylinder D. balance
2. How long is the shell in front of the ruler?
1. C 2. About 4.5 cm
Scientific Habits of MindS6CS4 Students will use tools and instruments for observing,measuring, and manipulation equipment and materials in scientific activities.
E11The Nature of ScienceS6CS8 Students will investigate the characteristics of scientificknowledge and how it is achieved.
Quick Review◆ Scientists ask and try to answer questions about
the natural world. Although all experiments are different, many follow a similar pattern.
◆ In any scientific investigation, you must identify a testable hypothesis related to the question. Afteridentifying the question and hypothesis, you mustdesign an experiment to test the hypothesis.
◆ Scientific knowledge is sometimes modified as newinformation challenges old theories. A scientifictheory is accepted only when it is supported by alarge body of evidence.
Questions1. Turn this question into a hypothesis: “Which
freezes faster—fresh water or salt water?”
2. In designing an experiment to test this hypothesis,what materials will you need?
1. If I add salt to fresh water, the water will take longer to freeze. 2. Salt, water, containers, and a freezer
Quick Review◆ Scientists can use observations to determine a
sequence of events, such as the order in which rocksformed.
Questions1. If a layer of volcanic material cuts across the
Hermit shale, the Coconino sandstone, and thelower part of the Toroweap limestone, when didthe volcanic layer form?A. after Kaibab limestoneB. after Toroweap limestoneC. before Supai sandstoneD. at the same time as Coconino sandstone
2. What type of rock formed after Toroweap limestone?
1. B 2. Kaibab limestone
The Nature of ScienceS6CS8 Students will investigate the characteristics of scientificknowledge and how it is achieved.
E13
Quick Review◆ A hypothesis is a possible explanation for a set of
observations or answer to a scientific question.
Questions1. Scientists usually test a hypothesis by
A. drawing a conclusion.
B. conducting a controlled experiment.
C. posing questions.
D. developing a theory.
2. Why is it important in an experiment to collect andinterpret data carefully?
1. B2. Careful data collection and interpretation provide the evidence needed to draw a conclusion—that is, to decide
whether the results of the experiment support or disprove the hypothesis.
CommunicateForm a
Hypothesis
Pose Questions
Draw Conclusions
Collect and Interpret Data
Design anExperiment
The Nature of ScienceS6CS9 Students will understand the features of the process of scientificinquiry.
Quick Review◆ About 5 billion years ago, a giant cloud of gas and
dust collapsed to form our solar system.
◆ Most early Greek astronomers believed that theplanets and stars revolved around Earth. This geocentric system was widely accepted untilCopernicus further developed a heliocentric theory.
◆ Galileo’s observations of Venus and Jupiter’s majormoons supported the heliocentric system.
Questions1. How did the early Greek astronomers explain the move-
ments of the planets and the stars?
2. What observations did Galileo make about Venus thatsupported Copernicus’s heliocentric idea?
3. What two factors did Newton conclude keep the planetsin orbit?
A cloud of gas and dustformed a spinning disk.
The remaining gas anddust formed the planets.
The solar system includesthe sun, planets, and belts
of rock, ice and dust.
Gas in the center of the diskcollapsed to form the sun.
AstronomyS6E1.a Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basichistorical scientific theories (geocentric and heliocentric) as theydescribe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes theformation of the universe.
1. They believed that Earth is at the center of a rotating domethey called the celestial sphere. The planets and stars werethought to revolve around a stationary Earth.
2. Galileo discovered that Venus goes through phases similarto those of Earth’s moon.
Quick Review◆ According to the big bang theory, the universe
was formed in an enormous explosion about 13.7 billion years ago. Since then, the universe hascontinued to expand.
◆ Evidence for the big bang theory includes Hubble’slaw and the presence of cosmic background radiation.
◆ Hubble’s law states that the farther away a galaxyis, the faster it is moving away from us.
Questions1. How can astronomers tell how fast a galaxy is
moving?
2. What is cosmic background radiation?
1. By examining the spectrum of the galaxy 2. Leftover thermal energy from the big bang
AstronomyS6E1.a Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basichistorical scientific theories (geocentric and heliocentric) as theydescribe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes theformation of the universe.
Quick Review◆ The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars)
are relatively small, dense, and have rocky surfaces.
Questions1. Which of the inner planets is most comparable in
size to Earth?A. Mercury B. MarsC. Jupiter D. Venus
2. How are the atmospheres of Venus and Mars similarto each other and different from the atmosphere ofEarth?
1. D2. The atmospheres of Venus and Mars are made up mostly of carbon dioxide. Earth’s atmosphere is mostly a mix of nitrogen
and oxygen.
PlanetSize
(kilometers)Diameter Radius
Period ofRevolution
(Earth years)
Number ofMoons
Period ofRotation
(Earth days)
Average DistanceFrom Sun
(AU)
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
4,879 2,440
12,104 6,052
12,756 6,378
6,794 3,397
59
243
1
1.03
0.39
0.72
1.0
1.5
0.24
0.62
1
1.9
0
0
1
2
The Inner Planets
Venus
Mars
Earth
Mercury
AstronomyS6E1.c Compare and contrast the planets in terms of size relative to theearth, surface and atmospheric features, relative distance from the sun,and ability to support life.
Quick Review◆ The outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune) are much larger and more massive thanthe inner planets. They all have many moons andare each surrounded by a set of rings.
Questions1. Which of the outer planets moves fastest around
the sun?A. Jupiter B. SaturnC. Uranus D. Neptune
2. Which two elements make up most of the atmospheresof Jupiter and Saturn?
1. A 2. Hydrogen and helium
Planet or DwarfPlanet
Period of Revolution
(Earth years)
Number of Moons
Period of Rotation
(Earth days)
Average Distance From Sun
(AU)
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
143,000
120,500
51,120
49,530
0.41
0.45
0.72
0.67
5.2
9.6
19.2
30.0
12
29
84
164
63+
47+
27+
13+
2,390 6.4 39.2 248 3
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
71,490
60,270
25,560
24,760
1,200
Size (kilometers)
Diameter Radius
The Outer Planets and Pluto
AstronomyS6E1.c Compare and contrast the planets in terms of size relative to theearth, surface and atmospheric features, relative distance from the sun,and ability to support life.
E24AstronomyS6E1.d Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms ofrelative position.
Quick Review◆ Constellations are imaginary patterns of stars that
look like people or animals. Unlike the planets,constellations stay in a fixed position relative toone another. Therefore, astronomers use the constellations to locate objects such as planets inthe night sky.
◆ The positions of the constellations in the skychange as Earth revolves around the sun.Different constellations are visible from differentlatitudes as well.
◆ Star charts map the constellations that appear during different seasons and time of year.
Questions1. Are the stars in a particular constellation all close
to one another?
2. Around what star do the Northern Hemispherestars appear to revolve?
1. No, they just happen to lie in the same part of the sky as seen from Earth. 2. The North Star
E25AstronomyS6E1.d Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms ofrelative position.
1. D.2. Like Earth, the planets revolve around the sun. As Earth and the planets move, the angles between them change, and the
planets’ appear to wander slowly among the distant stars.
Quick Review◆ Earth moves through space in two major ways:
rotation and revolution.
◆ Earth rotates once around its axis in about 24 hours. Earth’s rotation causes day and night.Objects such as the sun, moon, and stars appear tomove from east to west in the sky as Earth rotatesfrom west to east.
◆ Earth revolves around the sun in an ellipticalorbit. As Earth moves around the sun, differentobjects, such as stars and planets, become visiblein the night sky as the relative positions of Earth,the sun, and these objects change.
Questions1. One complete revolution of Earth around the sun
is called a(n)
A. hour. B. day.
C. month. D. year.
2. Why do the planets appear to wander among thestars?
Quick Review◆ Gravity is an attractive force between any two
objects that have mass.
◆ The strength of a gravitational force depends onmass and distance. The force is stronger for largermasses and at shorter distances.
◆ The gravitational attraction between Earth and anobject gives an object weight.
◆ The sun’s gravitational pull holds Earth and otherplanets in their orbits.
Questions1. Why does it seem that objects such as cars and
rocks do not have gravitational attraction towardeach other?
2. Why is the weight of an object on the moon lessthan the weight of the same object on Earth?
3. What causes ocean tides?
The force of gravity acts between all objects.
If mass increases, the force of gravity increases.
If distance increases, the force of gravity decreases.
AstronomyS6E1.e Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in thesolar system.
1. The mass of these objects is very small compared to Earth,so the force attracting them to Earth is much stronger thanthe force attracting them to each other.
2. The mass of the moon is less than the mass of Earth, so thegravitational force is smaller.
Quick Review◆ Inertia and gravity combine to keep Earth in orbit
around the sun and the moon in orbit around Earth.
Questions1. Why does the moon stay in orbit around Earth?
Why doesn’t the moon fall to Earth?
2. What would happen to the moon if there were no gravity?
A. It would stop moving.
B. It would fall toward Earth.
C. It would leave orbit and move in a straight line.
D. It would continue to orbit Earth.
1. The moon’s inertia keeps it moving ahead, and gravity pulls the moon toward Earth. The combination of these two factorskeeps the moon in orbit around Earth.
2. C
Force ofgravity
Moon’s motionwithout gravity
Actual orbit Moon
Earth
AstronomyS6E1.e Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in thesolar system.
Quick Review◆ Comets are loose collections of ice, dust, and small
rocky particles. They typically have long, narrowelliptical orbits. When a comet gets close enough tothe sun, some of its ice turns to gas, forming acoma and one or two long tails.
◆ Asteroids are chunks of rock in space. Mostrevolve around the sun in the asteroid beltbetween the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
◆ Meteoroids are chunks of rock or dust in space.Meteoroids come from asteroids or comets.
Questions1. What force pushes gas and dust away from a comet
to form its tail?
2. Why is a comet difficult to see when it is far fromthe sun?
3. What do scientists think happened when one ormore large asteroids hit Earth about 65 millionyears ago?
Coma
Sun
Dust tail
Gas Tail
Comet orbit
1. The solar wind2. It remains frozen and does not have a coma or a tail.3. A catastrophic explosion led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species.
AstronomyS6E1.f Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.
Quick Review◆ The phase of the moon you see depends on how
much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.
◆ The same side of the moon is always visible fromEarth because the moon revolves once aroundEarth and rotates once on its axis in the same period of time.
Questions1. When the moon is in the new moon phase, how
much of its surface receives light from the sun?
2. Since the moon does not produce its own light, howcan you see it?
1. Half the moon’s surface receives sunlight no matter what the phase. However, at the time of a new moon, the sunlit half of the moon is facing away from Earth.
2. Sunlight reflects from the moon’s surface.
View From Space
Sunlight
1. New Moon
2. Waxing Crescent
3. First Quarter
4. Waxing Gibbous
6. Waning Gibbous
5. Full Moon
7. Third Quarter
8. Waning Crescent
AstronomyS6E2.a Demonstrate the phases of the moon by showing thealignment of the earth, moon, and sun.
Quick Review◆ Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it
moves around the sun. The axis is tilted at anangle of 23.5° from the vertical.
◆ As Earth revolves around the sun, its axis is tiltedaway from the sun for part of the year and towardthe sun for part of the year.
◆ When the north end of Earth’s axis is tilted towardthe sun, the Northern Hemisphere has summerand the Southern Hemisphere has winter.
Questions1. Why are the seasons not affected by changes in
Earth’s distance from the sun?
2. What is a solstice? When does it occur?
3. What is an equinox? When does it occur?
MarchEquinox
DecemberSolstice
SeptemberEquinox
JuneSolstice
1. The directness of sunlight and the hours of daylight influence the seasons more than small changes in the sun’s distance.2. A solstice occurs when the noon sun is overhead at either 23.5° N or 23.5° S on or about the 21st of June and December.3. An equinox occurs when the noon sun is directly overhead at the equator on or about the 21st of March and September.
AstronomyS6E2.c Relate the tilt of the earth to the distribution of sunlightthroughout the year and to its effect on climate.
◆ Roughly 25 percent of Earth's fresh water isgroundwater.
◆ An aquifer is a permeable layer of rock that issaturated with water.
◆ People depend on aquifers for drinking water andirrigation.
Questions1. What does it mean for a rock to be permeable?
2. According to the illustration, which layer of rock isthe source of the water in a spring?
3. How might a rise in air temperature lead to a dropin the amount of water in an aquifer?
1. Water can pass easily through a permeable rock. 2. The aquifer layer3. Higher temperatures can cause more water to evaporate instead of sinking into the ground.
Impermeable layer
Water table
Saturatedzone
WellAquifer
Spring
Saturated zone
Earth’s WatersS6E3.a Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water,consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.
1. A river and all its tributaries 2. The steepness of its slope and the volume of its water 3. A watershed or drainage basin
Tributary
Oxbow lakeMeander
Delta
Ocean
Earth’s WatersS6E3.a Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water,consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice.
Quick Review◆ Rivers begin in the mountains, where many
streams come together to form the fast-movingheadwaters. Downriver, the land’s slope is lesssteep, and tributaries increase the river’s volume.
◆ The river then flows through its flood plain, whereit can meander back and forth. Sometimes ameander is cut off from the river and forms anoxbow lake.
◆ At the mouth, the river flows into a larger body of water—a larger river, a lake, or an ocean.Sometimes deposits of sediment build up at themouth of the river to form a delta.
Questions1. What makes up a river system?
2. What two factors affect how fast a river flows?
3. What is the name of the land area that supplieswater to a river system?
Quick Review◆ About 97% of Earth’s water is salt water, mostly
found in oceans. About 3% is fresh water found inicebergs, groundwater, lakes, and rivers.
◆ On average, one kilogram of ocean water containsabout 35 grams of salts, or has a salinity of 35 partsper thousand. Salt water has a higher density and a lower freezing temperature than fresh water.
◆ Water is one of Earth’s best solvents. Minerals fromrocks such as limestone and gases dissolve ingroundwater, lakes, and oceans.
Questions1. Where is most of Earth’s fresh water found?
2. What percentage of the dissolved salts in oceanwater is comprised of sodium and chloride?
1. In ice sheets and icebergs 2. 85.6%
The OceansS6E3.c Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topographyof the world’s oceans.
Quick Review◆ The continental shelf is a gently sloping, shallow
part of the ocean floor that extends outward fromthe edge of a continent. Beyond the edge of thecontinental shelf is a steeply declining area calledthe continental slope.
◆ The smooth, nearly flat region of the ocean flooris called the abyssal plain. Mountains rise anddeep canyons called trenches drop off from theabyssal plain.
Questions1. A mountain that rises from the ocean floor, but
whose peak does not break the ocean surface, iscalled a
A. volcanic island. B. trench.
C. mid-ocean ridge. D. seamount.
2. Which section of the ocean floor would you touchas you walk into the ocean from a beach?
The OceansS6E3.c Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topographyof the world’s oceans.
Quick Review◆ Tides are caused by the gravitational interactions
of Earth, the moon, and the sun.
◆ As Earth rotates, most coastlines experience twohigh tides and two low tides each day.
◆ During both a new moon and a full moon, thecombined pull of the moon and sun produce aspring tide. When the moon is at right angles to the sun, a neap tide results.
Questions1. Why is a bulge of water created on the side of
Earth opposite the moon?
2. What is a spring tide? A neap tide?
3. How often do spring tides and neap tides occur?
1. The water on the opposite side of Earth is pulled lessstrongly toward the moon than the rest of Earth. Thiswater is less affected by the moon’s gravitational force.
Point AThe moon pulls on water at Earth’ssurface more strongly than on Earthas a whole.
Point BThe moon pulls less strongly on thewater at Earth’s surface than onEarth as a whole.
Point C and DLow tides occur between the twohigh tides.
The OceansS6E.d Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides.
2. A spring tide has the greatest difference between consecutive high and low tides; a neap tide has theleast difference between consecutive high and low tides.
3. Spring and neaptides each occurabout twice a month.
Quick Review◆ Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter
object to a cooler one.
◆ In the atmosphere, heat is transferred by radiation,conduction, and convection.
Questions1. What form of heat transfer in the diagram involves
the motion of air?
A. conduction from the ground to the air
B. radiation from the sun through the air
C. radiation from the ground to the air
D. convection in the air
2. In what form is energy transferred from the sun toEarth?
1. D 2. Radiation or electromagnetic waves
Heat transferby radiation
Heat transferby convection
Heat transferby conduction
Heat transfer by radiation
Weather and ClimateS6E4.a Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat atdifferent rates and explain the resulting effects on weather patterns.
Quick Review◆ Changes in weather are caused by differences in
pressure, heat, the movement of air, and humidity.
Questions1. The map shows a high-pressure area near
Washington, D.C. What type of weather will mostlikely occur in that area?
A. heavy snow
B. overcast skies
C. sunshine and dry air
D. thunderstorms
2. Air masses tend to move from west to east. What isthe likely forecast for Chicago?
1. C 2. The approaching low-pressure system will probably bring snow and sleet to Chicago.
Seattle45/37
San Francisco55/42Los Angeles60/48
Denver40/22
Billings38/25
Kansas City34/30
Minneapolis32/26
Chicago36/28
Detroit37/26
New York44/34
Washington48/33
DFWMetroplex66/46
Atlanta42/38
Miami74/60
El Paso58/40
Houston70/50
COLD
WINDY
CHILLY
Weather and ClimateS6E4.a Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat atdifferent rates and explain the resulting effects on weather patterns.
Questions1. Which of the following is NOT likely to happen as
a cold front passes through an area?
A. The sky remains clear.
B. Precipitation falls.
C. Temperature drops.
D. Clouds form.
2. How does a cold front form?
1. A 2. Cold and warm air masses meet, and the dense, rapidly moving cold air slides under the warm air, pushing the warm
air upward.
Weather and ClimateS6E4.a Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat atdifferent rates and explain the resulting effects on weather patterns.
Quick Review◆ Local winds are caused by the unequal heating of
Earth’s surface within a small area.
Questions1. The energy for a sea breeze originally comes from
A. conduction from Earth’s surface.
B. energy of ocean currents.
C. radiation from the sun.
D. the water cycle.
2. How does unequal heating during the day produce asea breeze?
1. C 2. As a result of unequal heating, the land is warmer than the water. Therefore, the air above the water is cooler and denser than
the air above the land. A breeze develops as the cooler air moves beneath the warm, rising air.
Warmair rises
Cooler air movesbeneath warm air
Sea Breeze
Weather and ClimateS6E4.b Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to formlarge global wind systems and weather events such as tornados andthunderstorms.
Quick Review◆ Temperature differences between the equator and
the poles create global winds.
Questions1. The trade winds blow from the
A. west to the east.
B. horse latitudes to the poles.
C. horse latitudes to the doldrums.
D. equator to the horse latitudes.
2. What causes the prevailing westerlies?
1. C 2. The prevailing westerlies are caused by the difference in air pressure between the horse latitudes (high pressure) and the poles
(low pressure). The westerlies move warm air toward the poles, but they are turned east by the Coriolis effect.
N
EW
S
90ºN
60ºN
30ºN
30ºS
60ºS
90ºS
Equator 0º
Polar Easterlies
Prevailing Westerlies
Prevailing Westerlies
HorseLatitudes
TradeWinds
Trade Winds
HorseLatitudes
Doldrums
Weather and ClimateS6E4.b Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to formlarge global wind systems and weather events such as tornados andthunderstorms.
Quick Review◆ A hurricane is a tropical storm that has wind speeds
of at least 119 kilometers per hour.
◆ Hurricanes form over warm ocean water. The waterevaporates from the ocean’s surface. As this humidair rises and forms clouds, more warm air is drawninto the system.
Questions1. The process by which clouds form from water
vapor in the air is called
A. precipitation. B. condensation.
C. evaporation. D. combustion.
2. What is the “eye” of a hurricane?
1. B 2. The calm, quiet area at the hurricane’s center
Weather and ClimateS6E4.c Relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans affectsthe weather patterns and the weather events such as hurricanes.
➊ Warm, moist air risesaround the eye and in spiraling bands of clouds.
➋ Air flows outwardnear the top of the hurricane.
➌ Cool, dry airsinks in theeye, the centerof the hurricane.Eyewall
Quick Review◆ The three main layers of Earth are the crust, the
mantle, and the core. These layers vary greatly insize, composition, temperature, and pressure.
◆ The crust and the uppermost part of the mantleform a rigid layer called the lithosphere. The soft,less rigid part of the mantle below the lithosphereis called the asthenosphere.
◆ The forces that shape the lithosphere includecrustal plate movement, folding and faulting,deposition, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
Questions1. What makes Earth’s plates move?
2. How are the inner and outer core different?
1. Convection currents in the mantle 2. The outer core is a layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core. The inner core is a dense ball of solid metal.
Oceanic crust
LithosphereContinental crust
Upper mantleAsthenosphere
Dep
th (
km)
0
100
200
300
350
Earth’s StructureS6E5.a Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle, and coreincluding temperature, density, and composition.
Quick Review◆ The geologic record preserved in rocks is not
always complete. Rock layers can be broken byfaults, pushed up by folding, and eroded away.
◆ Tectonic plate movements can cause rock layers tobuckle and fold, sometimes turning them upsidedown.
◆ An unconformity occurs when some rock layershave been lost because of erosion. New rock layersare then deposited on top of a much older rock sur-face.
Questions1. Is a fault younger or older than the rock it cuts
through?
2. How can scientists determine the relative age ofrock layers that have been overturned or tilted?
3. What can you infer about the land in the areawhere the unconformity shown above was found?
1. Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers.
3. The surface is eroded.
2. Folding tilts the rock layers.
4. New sediment is deposited, forming rock layers above the unconformity.
Unconformity
1. A fault is younger than the surrounding rock.2. By looking for index fossils in the rock
Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.
3. At some point the rock was pushed toward the surface and subjectedto erosion, but then it was covered with water and a deposition of newsediment.
Quick Review◆ As tectonic plates move, they meet at plate
boundaries. There are three kinds of plateboundaries: transform, divergent, and convergentboundaries.
◆ Convergent and divergent boundaries generallyresult in the formation of volcanoes, becausemagma tends to break through the crust in theseareas.
◆ Faults, breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks haveslipped past each other, form along boundaries.There are three types of faults: normal, reverse,and strike-slip.
Questions1. What happens at a convergent boundary between
two continental plates?
2. Why are volcanoes concentrated around the rim of the Pacific Ocean?
3. What three categories describe a volcano’s stage ofactivity?
1. The plates crash head-on and buckle, forming mountain ranges.2. The Pacific plate is subducting under most of the plates around it, producing areas of high volcanic activity. 3. Active, dormant, and extinct
Plate TectonicsS6E5.e Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and causemajor geological events on the earth’s surface.
◆ Magma is molten rock that contains water vaporand other gases under great pressure. Magma that reaches the surface is called lava.
Questions1. What causes magma to erupt from a volcano?
A. increase in density B. convection currents
C. temperature changes D. expanding gases
2. Magma forms deep beneath Earth’s surface. Howdoes this magma reach the surface?
1. D 2. Magma is hotter and therefore less dense than the solid material around it. This difference in density causes the magma to flow
upward. If there is an opening in the rock, the magma reaches the surface and a volcano forms.
VolcanoesS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).
Quick Review◆ Volcanoes often form where oceanic plates collide or
spread apart.
◆ Volcanoes also form where an oceanic plate collideswith a continental plate and at hot spots.
Questions1. In the diagram, the volcanoes on land formed as a
result of
A. a hot spot.
B. sea-floor spreading.
C. continental rifting.
D. subduction.
2. Identify two ways in which plate motions can formmountains.
1. D 2. Subduction can cause volcanoes to erupt, forming volcanic mountains. Colliding continental plates can push land
higher, forming mountain ranges.
Continental crust
Mid-ocean ridge
Volcano
Asthenosphere
Subductingplate
Subductingplate
Volcano
I s l a n d ar c
Trench
Oceaniccrust
Trench
Plate movementSubduction
Key
VolcanoesS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).
Quick Review◆ Moving water is the major agent of the erosion that
has shaped Earth’s land surface.
Questions1. Over time, how would erosion affect the land
surface in the diagram?
A. raise the surface B. lower the surface
C. fill in the gullies D. dry up the stream
2. What is runoff, and how does it cause erosion?
1. B 2. Runoff is water that flows over the ground. As it moves, runoff loosens and carries particles of sediment.
RunoffSheet erosion
Rills
Gullies
Stream
Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).
E75
Quick Review◆ Erosion creates valleys, waterfalls, meanders, and
oxbow lakes.
◆ Deposition creates deltas and beaches.
Questions1. Through the process of valley widening, a
meandering river forms a(n)
A. delta. B. waterfall.
C. flood plain. D. beach.
2. What is the source of the material that formed the delta?
1. C 2. Sediment was eroded by or washed into the river as the river flowed across the land.
Oxbow Lake
Flood Plain
Beaches
Tributary
Meanders
Waterfalls and Rapids
Delta
Bluffs
Valley Widening
V-Shaped Valley
Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).
Quick Review◆ A river often develops meanders where it flows
through easily eroded sediment.
Questions1. As erosion occurs along a meander’s outer edge,
the bend
A. gets smaller.
B. stays the same size.
C. gradually straightens out.
D. gets bigger.
2. How does an oxbow lake form?
1. D 2. An oxbow lake forms when a river forms a new channel that separates a meander from the rest of the river.
Erosion
Meander
Deposition
Oxbow lake
1 2
3 4
Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).
Quick Review◆ Waves shape the coast through erosion by breaking
down rock and eroding sediment.
◆ When waves deposit sediment, they form beaches,sand bars, and spits.
Questions1. What feature may form where a coast turns
abruptly and interrupts longshore drift?
A. barrier beach
B. sea arch
C. spit
D. headland
2. How will the headland change over time?
1. C 2. The sea arch will erode, leaving a sea stack. Overall the headland will get smaller and the coastline will tend to even out.
Erosion and DepositionS6E5.f Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion,deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features includingoceans (composition, currents, and tides).
Quick Review◆ Fossils provide information about the life and
environments of the past.◆ The oldest fossils are simple organisms. Much
younger rocks contain the fossils of more recent andmore complex organisms.
Questions1. What does it mean when fossils of aquatic
organisms appear in today’s desert-like areas?A. They are index fossils.B. The areas were once under water.C. The organisms did not belong in the water.D. The researcher made a mistake in her records.
2. Name the principle that states that geologic processes occurring today also occurred in the past.
1. B 2. The principle of uniformitarianism
Fossil sand ripples Modern sand ripples
Earth’s HistoryS6E5.g Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface andclimate of the Earth.
Quick Review◆ Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces
of rock and soil by mechanical means and bychemical changes.
◆ Mechanical weathering occurs by freezing andthawing, heating and cooling, growth of plants,actions of animals, and abrasion. Chemicalweathering is caused by water, oxygen, carbondioxide, living organisms, and acid rain.
◆ Erosion moves weathered rock and soil from oneplace to another, where it is deposited.
Questions1. What factors determine the rate of weathering?
2. What happens to the surface area of a rock as it isbroken apart?
3. What is soil?
1. The type of rock, the climate, and the amount of surface area exposed.2. As the rock is broken apart, the exposed surface area increases. 3. Loose, weathered material on Earth’s surface in which plants grow.
Weathering and Soil FormationS6E5.h Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks and decomposedorganic material.
Quick Review◆ Soil is a mixture of rock particles, minerals,
decayed organic matter, water, and air.
◆ Soil forms as rock is broken down by weatheringand mixes with other materials on the surface. Soilis constantly being formed wherever bedrock isexposed.
◆ A soil horizon is a layer of soil that differs in colorand texture from the layers above or below it.
Questions1. Top soil is the main ingredient of
A. the A horizon.B. the B horizon.C. the C horizon.D. bedrock.
2. What are the main factors that influence the rateat which soil forms?
1. A2. Climate and type of bedrock. Weathering occurs most rapidly in a warm, rainy climate. Some types of rock weather much
faster than other types.
Weathering and Soil FormationS6E5.h Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks and decomposedorganic material.
➊ The C horizon forms asbedrock weathers and rockbreaks up into soil particles.
➋ The A horizon develops asplants add organic material to the soil and plant roots weather pieces of rock.
C horizon
Bedrock
A horizonA horizon
B horizon
C horizon
C horizon
➌ The B horizon develops asrainwater washes clay and minerals from the A horizon to the B horizon.
E88Conserving Natural ResourcesS6E5.j Describe methods for conserving natural resources such aswater, soil, and air.
Quick Review◆ Scientists classify soil based on climate, plants, and
soil composition. Soil is a valuable natural resource.
◆ Farmers conserve soil through contour plowing,conservation plowing, and crop rotation. In contourplowing, farmers plow their field along the curves ofa slope to reduce runoff. In conservation plowing,farmers disturb the soil and its plant cover as littleas possible. In crop rotation, farmers plant differentcrops each year.
Questions1. Crop rotation helps to conserve soil because
A. it slows runoff from excess rainfall.
B. it disturbs soil as little as possible, returnsnutrients to the soil, and holds soil in place.
C. different types of plants absorb different nutrients.
D. it prevents droughts by returning moisture to theground.
2. What are three methods farmers use to conserve soil?
1. B 2. Contour plowing, conservation plowing, and crop rotation
E89Conserving Natural ResourcesS6E5.j Describe methods for conserving natural resources such aswater, soil, and air.
Quick Review◆ A natural resource is anything in the environment
that humans use. Natural resources include water,air, soil, and energy and mineral resources.
◆ The supply of natural resources is limited. Thissupply can be extended by using resources moreefficiently and by reducing the use of existing supplies. Conservation is the practice of using less of a resource so that its supply will last longer.
◆ The quality of natural resources can be affected byhuman activities. For example, pollution candecrease the quality of air and water resources.
Questions1. Most air pollution is the result of
A. nuclear fission. B. forest fires.
C. burning fossil fuels. D. volcanic eruptions.
2. Name three ways you can conserve energy.
1. C 2. Sample: walk or ride a bike for short trips, recycle, use fans instead of air conditioners when it’s hot, and turn off thelights and television when leaving a room
Take shorter showers.If you take baths, fillthe tub only halfway.
Keep drinking water inthe refrigerator insteadof running the wateruntil it gets cold.
Scrub vegetables in abasin of water, notunder running water.
Turn off the faucetinstead of letting thewater run while youbrush your teeth.
Only run thewashing machinewhen you have afull load.
If you have a lawn,water it early in themorning or late inthe afternoon so thesun won’t evaporatethe water.
Quick Review◆ There are advantages and disadvantages to using
different sources of energy. These advantages anddisadvantages depend on what it takes to convert anenergy source into useful forms.
Questions1. The diagram shows one way in which electrical
power is produced. What type of energy source isshown?
A. solar B. hydroelectric
C. geothermal D. biomass
2. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of theenergy source shown in the diagram.
1. C 2. Sample answer: Advantage: It is a renewable source of energy. Disadvantage: It can only be used cheaply in placeswhere magma is close to the surface.
Energy ResourcesS6E6.b Identify renewable and nonrenewable resources.