Standards and Symbols Training Manual

INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE

STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS

TRAINING MANUAL

Course EXP-MN-SI010 Revision 0

Field Operations TrainingInstrumentation Maintenance

Standards and Symbols

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN Last updated: 24/03/2008 Page 2 / 113

INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE

STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS

CONTENTS 1. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................5 2. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................6 3. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.1 and ANSI / ISA 5.3 ..............................................................8

3.1. LETTERS AND SYMBOLS .......................................................................................8 3.1.1. Extract from a PID .............................................................................................8 3.1.2. Letter identification ..........................................................................................10 3.1.3. Letter combinations .........................................................................................11

3.2. FUNCTIONS ...........................................................................................................12 3.2.1. Definition .........................................................................................................12 3.2.2. Example ..........................................................................................................13

3.3. INSTRUMENTATION..............................................................................................16 3.3.1. Local instrument symbols ................................................................................16 3.3.2. Remote instrument symbols ............................................................................17 3.3.3. Symbols for various instrumentation sensors ..................................................18 3.3.4. Various calculation functions ...........................................................................21

3.3.4.1. Calculation function symbols ...................................................................22 3.3.5. Instrumentation valve symbols ........................................................................23 3.3.6. Abbreviations on valves...................................................................................25

3.4. CONNECTIONS......................................................................................................26 3.4.1. Example ..........................................................................................................26 3.4.2. Representation of instrument connections ......................................................27

3.5. VALVES AND FITTINGS ........................................................................................29 3.5.1. Symbols for valves and fittings ........................................................................29

3.6. PIPING ....................................................................................................................32 3.6.1. Piping symbols ................................................................................................32

3.7. EQUIPMENT...........................................................................................................34 3.7.1. Pump symbols.................................................................................................34 3.7.2. Heat exchanger symbols .................................................................................36 3.7.3. Tank symbols ..................................................................................................37

3.8. UTILITIES ...............................................................................................................38 3.8.1. Symbols for miscellaneous equipment ............................................................38 3.8.2. Miscellaneous symbols....................................................................................40 3.8.3. Special Abbreviations......................................................................................42

3.9. SAFETY EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................43 3.9.1. Safety equipment symbols ..............................................................................43

4. CLASSIFICATION .........................................................................................................44 4.1. PIPING ....................................................................................................................44

4.1.1. Pipelines..........................................................................................................44 4.1.1.1. Line numbering ..........................................................................................45

5. LIST OF TOTAL GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS............................................................52 5.1. INSTRUMENTATION..............................................................................................52 5.2. PIPING ....................................................................................................................53




6. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.4 ...........................................................................................54 6.1. DCS LOOP DIAGRAM ............................................................................................54 6.2. LOCAL LOOP DIAGRAM........................................................................................54

7. EUROPEAN STANDARDS............................................................................................55 7.1. PED.........................................................................................................................55

7.1.1. Definition .........................................................................................................55 7.1.2. Classification ...................................................................................................55 7.1.3. Category I to IV equipment..............................................................................56 7.1.4. Conclusion.......................................................................................................57

7.2. ATEX STANDARD ..................................................................................................58 7.2.1. Definition .........................................................................................................58 7.2.2. Classification ...................................................................................................58 7.2.3. Directive compliance .......................................................................................59

7.2.3.1. Marking ......................................................................................................59 7.2.3.2. Validation ...................................................................................................60

8. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS ..............................................................................................61 8.1. CONTACTS ............................................................................................................61

8.1.1. Representation rules: ......................................................................................61 8.1.2. Other representations......................................................................................62

8.2. CONTROL ELEMENTS ..........................................................................................63 8.2.1. Protective elements.........................................................................................65

8.2.1.1. Isolator .......................................................................................................66 8.2.1.2. Power switch ..............................................................................................66 8.2.1.3. Breaker.......................................................................................................67

8.2.2. Separation devices..........................................................................................68 8.3. MEASURING AND SIGNALLING DEVICES...........................................................70 8.4. CONDUCTORS.......................................................................................................72 8.5. ELECTRIC MOTORS..............................................................................................74 8.6. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ...............................................................................75 8.7. ENERGY SOURCES ..............................................................................................77

8.7.1. Transformers ...................................................................................................77 8.7.2. Generators and current sources......................................................................78

8.8. NAMING STANDARDS...........................................................................................79 8.8.1. Markings general points ...............................................................................79 8.8.2. Electrical equipment marking letters................................................................80 8.8.3. North American Standards ..............................................................................81 8.8.4. North American Standards (b).........................................................................83

9. PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS ...............................................................................................88 9.1. SYMBOLS...............................................................................................................88

9.1.1. General symbols .............................................................................................88 9.1.2. Instruments and accessories...........................................................................89 9.1.3. Pneumatic valves / relays................................................................................90 9.1.4. Technical lines.................................................................................................91 9.1.5. Energy and fluid storage..................................................................................92 9.1.6. Fluid conditioner ..............................................................................................93 9.1.7. Linear movement vessels................................................................................94

9.2. TYPES OF SYMBOL IN PNEUMATICS..................................................................95 9.3. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROL ELEMENTS .......................................................96




9.4. RELAY/VALVE SYMBOL CREATION.....................................................................97 10. HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS..............................................................................................99

10.1. FLUID LINES ......................................................................................................100 10.2. RESTRICTORS...................................................................................................101 10.3. QUICK-RELEASE CONNECTIONS....................................................................101 10.4. HYDRAULIC PUMPS..........................................................................................102 10.5. HYDRAULIC MOTORS.......................................................................................103 10.6. CYLINDERS........................................................................................................104 10.7. HYDRAULIC (DISTRIBUTION) RELAYS............................................................105 10.8. SERVO-MOTORS...............................................................................................106 10.9. SAFETY VALVE (PSV) .......................................................................................107 10.10. FLOW REGULATOR VALVES..........................................................................107 10.11. TANKS ..............................................................................................................108 10.12. MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC DEVICES .....................................................108

11. LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................111 12. LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................112




1. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this course is to enable a future instrument technician to understand the bases of instrumentation on a predominantly oil-producing industrial site. By the end of the course, in the field of instrumentation standards and symbols, the participant must:

Be familiar with the various instrumentation symbols.

Be familiar with the various instrumentation standards.

Be able to recognise the various instruments on a diagram, and their functionalities.




2. INTRODUCTION What is this diagram?




You must be saying to yourself that its crazy to start this course with a diagram that is completely incomprehensible. This diagram, known as a P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram) is not out of place, as in your profession as an instrument technician you will have to use one practically every day. This is a Standards and symbols course, so why are we talking about diagrams? First of all, all the instrumentation and process diagrams that you will meet throughout your career are represented in schematic form according to standardised American standards. I do stress the term standardised standards since I have noticed on other, non-oil production, sites that P&IDs have been modified, with everyone adding their own special touch, making them incomprehensible. The Americans had the superb idea of drawing up standards for instrumentation and process diagrams, since they are international. A PID originating from any country can be understood without asking any questions. Finally, the most commonly used standards in the field of instrumentation are:

Standard ANSI / ISA 5.1



PED (Pressure Equipment Directive)

ATEX Standard




3. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.1 and ANSI / ISA 5.3 Standard ISA 5.1 defines instrumentation identification and symbols. Standard ISA 5.3 defines all instrumentation graphic symbols.

3.1. LETTERS AND SYMBOLS

3.1.1. Extract from a PID As an example, we will take the extract from the PID that I outlined on the general PID.

Figure 1: Extract from general PID




On this part I can see the following very interesting instruments:

What can you see? To begin with, we are going to focus on what is inside the bubble: To do so we need to decode the letters inside the bubbles; a maximum of 4 letters can be found in a bubble on an instrumentation diagram. We can see the meaning of the first letter below in the table Table of letter meanings and the combination with other letters in the table Table of letter combinations.

1st letter

2nd letter

Temperature Temperature Transmitter

1st letter

2nd letter

Flow Flow Transmitter

1st letter

2nd letter

Pressure Pressure Transmitter

1st letter

2nd letter

Pressure Pressure Valve

Table 1: Example of letter identification




3.1.2. Letter identification Here is a summary table of all the letters that can be found on an instrumentation diagram:

LETTER MEANING A Analysis B Burner: Flame detector C Conductivity D Density E Electrical voltage F Flow G Gas: explosivity, toxicity H (Hand) Manual I Electrical intensity J Power K Programmer L Level M Users choice N Fire Detection O Users choice P Pressure Q Quantity R Remote control S Speed T Temperature U Multi-variable V Vibration, Stage Movement, Accelerometer W Weight X Miscellaneous Y Users choice Z End of travel position - Axial Position

Table 2: Table of letter meanings




3.1.3. Letter combinations

Table 3: Table of letter combinations




3.2. FUNCTIONS

3.2.1. Definition In the previous section, we identified the letters and letter combinations inside the bubbles. Now we are going to define what the various bubbles that can be found on diagrams represent. You can observe that in the table Table of letter combinations, a measuring instrument can perform more than one role:

Controllers

Readout devices

Switches and alarm devices

Transmitters

Figure 2: Extract from table of letter combinations For each different role, the ISA standard tells us that there are different bubbles with a variety of functions. We will see what this means below with some examples.




3.2.2. Example

Figure 3: PID extract Now we will study the meaning of the different bubbles, as well as the triangles and squares. What is this?




After letters inside bubbles, here are a variety of figures whose meaning varies according to the ISA standard. Looking at the table local representation of functions, we find the symbols with their meaning, and in the table representation of functions connected to DCS, we can also find the other bubbles from the example above:

Local Temperature Transmitter

Pressure controller, with measurement indicator accessible to

the operator on DCS screen

Level process safety system, not accessible to operator (software)

Shutdown process safety system (triconex)

Table 4: Example of instrument functionality identification

Summary:

Letters: simply express the type of quantity measured (e.g.: pressure, flow, temperature, etc.).

Combination of several letters: designate the functionalities of the measured quantity (e.g.: regulation, indication, safety thresholds, etc.).

Figures (graphic symbols): These provide an automatic response to the question that we ask when looking at a PID (what do we do with the measurement?); we know with the various figures whether the measurement is locally displayed, retransmitted via a DCS control system or shutdown system (DCS), and whether or it is operator accessible.

NB: Any measurement can also have thresholds associated with it.




Examples:

The letters H and L in this case mean that we have a High threshold and a Low threshold for the measurement, which enables an alarm for the DCS.

In this example, we can see that it is a process interlock not accessible to the operator, with a very high level threshold (HH) and a very low level threshold (LL). In this case, the thresholds are sent to a Triconex shutdown system: which will shut down a pump, close valves, etc.




3.3. INSTRUMENTATION

3.3.1. Local instrument symbols

Local Instrument

Instrument installed in control room or front panel of machinery room cabinet

Instrument installed in rear of control room or in machinery room

Instrument installed on local panel

Instrument installed on rear of local panel

Console indicator

Jointly mounted instruments

Electric tracing

Table 5: Local instrument symbols

These measurement instruments are only local. They are often used for measurement indication (e.g.: thermometer, pressure gauge, gauge glass, etc.), but we can also find local regulators (e.g.: pneumatic regulator), or local servo-controls (e.g.: relayed servo-control, etc.).




3.3.2. Remote instrument symbols

Operator accessible process control

Process control not accessible to operator (software)

Process safety system accessible to operator

Process safety system not accessible to operator (software)

Logic interlock

Safety interlock

Table 6: Remote instrument symbols

The difference with local measurement instruments (seen in the previous chapter) is that all these instruments are wired to control systems (DCS) and safety systems (TRICONEX) via machinery rooms. This enables operators to have all the measurements, regulations, safety systems, etc. in the control room, so as to improve production efficiency When we talk about symbols that indicate not accessible to operator, it means that the quantities measured or safety systems are software programmed, without operator access.




3.3.3. Symbols for various instrumentation sensors

Figure 4: Example of sensor symbols I have taken this example, which I thought was interesting: we can note that for flow measurement we have symbols that represent each flow measurement principle. Each flowmeter is represented by a symbol, as we have several operating principles to measure a flow (see SENSORS AND TRANSMITTERS course). NB: You can observe that the temperature probe has been simplified (total standard), as under the ISA standard we should have had the primary element to represent (TE + TT) (see table under ISA letter combinations).

Diaphragm flowmeter

Built-in orifice flowmeter

Flowmeter with orifice support (facilitating removal of the orifice)

Symbols of a Vortex flowmeter




Rotameter

Spiral / turbine flowmeter

Electromagnetic flowmeter

Ultrasound flowmeter

Vortex effect flowmeter

Vortex effect flowmeter (insertion type)

Coriolis effect flowmeter

F

Target flowmeter




F

T

Thermal effect flowmeter

Positive displacement flowmeter

Pitot tube flowmeter

F

Nozzle

F

Venturi

P

Pressure gauge with separator

Table 7: Instrumentation sensor symbols




3.3.4. Various calculation functions

Figure 5: Example of calculation functions In this example, we have the now-familiar symbols, but with a special feature. You can note that we have a symbol with a small square which is added above: So in this example, we are taking two flow measurements (FT), and finding the difference (-) between the two flows.

This small square means there is a simple calculation with a measurement




3.3.4.1. Calculation function symbols

Sum

Multiplication

Average

Division

Difference

Square root extraction

Proportion

Exponential

Integral

Specific Function

Derivative

Time Function

High Selection

Low Selection

Upper Limit

Lower Limit

Inverse Proportional

Speed Limit

Bias

Conversion

Table 8: Calculation function symbols




3.3.5. Instrumentation valve symbols As with measurement instruments, control parts also have their own standardised representation.

Valve with membrane actuator

Manual valve

Valve with membrane actuator and manual control

Valve with membrane actuator and positioner

Valve with piston actuator

Valve with electric actuator

Valve with solenoid

Valve with solenoid and manual control

3-way valve with solenoid




Expansion valve

Spill valve

Plug

Thermal expansion valve

Vacuum relief valve

Pilot operated safety valve

Pressure and vacuum relief valve

Rupture disc

Fire water valve

Deluge spray nozzle

Sprinkler spray nozzle

Table 9: Valve symbols




3.3.6. Abbreviations on valves On instrumentation diagrams you will generally find abbreviations just below the valves, to indicate their safety position.

Figure 6: Example of abbreviations on valves

For all other cases that you might encounter in the oil world, see the table below.

LETTERS MEANING CSC Car Sealed Closed

CSO Car Sealed Open

NO Normally Open

NC Normally Closed

FO Fail Open

FC Fail Closed

LO Locked Open

LC Locked Closed

FL Fail Closed

Table 10: Abbreviations for valves

In this example, the valves are in FC (Fail Closed) position, i.e. they are closed in the event of a failure.




3.4. CONNECTIONS

3.4.1. Example You will of course have observed that all the measurement instruments represented on the general PID are connected by a variety of lines. Of course, these various lines represented also have a meaning. For ease of comprehension, I have put 3 examples in the table below.

In this case we have a physical connection, The instrument is connected after the valve.

A continuous line with two small cross-lines designates a pneumatic connection

A broken line between two instruments designates an electronic connection

Process line

Electronic connection




3.4.2. Representation of instrument connections

Analogue pneumatic signal

Electronic, analogue or logic signal

Digital signal

Hydraulic signal

Capillary tube

Process line or supply connection

Electromagnetic signal

Binary pneumatic signal

Binary electrical signal

Mechanical connection

Table 11: Symbols for various instrument connections




LETTERS MEANING

AS Air Supply

IA Instrument Air

PA Plant Air

ES Electrical Supply

GS Gas Supply

HS Hydrogen Supply

NS Nitrogen Supply

SS Steam Supply

WS Water Supply

Table 12: Abbreviations for Instrumentation Supplies




3.5. VALVES AND FITTINGS 3.5.1. Symbols for valves and fittings

Needle valve

Ball valve

Spherical ball valve

Butterfly valve

Angle valve

3-way ball valve

4-way valve

Manually operated choke

Pig valve

Minimum flow rate

Remotely operated choke

Minimum flow valve




Spectacle blind (open)

Spectacle blind (closed)

Diaphragm valve

Spacer

Compact double block and bleed, for process line

Spade

Graylock fitting

Reduction

Reduction Tee

Welded cap

Female plug

Male plug

Quick coupling




Insulating seal

Corrosion sleeve

Expansion bellows

Flexible hose

sewer

Siphon

Vent or air inlet

Noise reduction cartridge

Flow limiter

Pressure limiter

Air or condensate trap

Barred tee

F / F Union

Table 13: Symbols for valves and fittings




3.6. PIPING

3.6.1. Piping symbols

Main pipe

Secondary pipe

Direction of fluid circulation

10 %

Gradient

Lagged pipe

Double jacket

50 / 40

Concentric reduction

80 / 50

Decanting liquid

100 / 80

Degassing liquid

Eccentric reduction

80 / 50

Reduction flange

DN 150 DN 80

Caps

Set of flanges

Plug




Symmetrical coupling

Union coupling

Hose

Loading arm

Table 14: Piping symbols




3.7. EQUIPMENT

3.7.1. Pump symbols

Compressor (general representation)

ROOTS compressor

Centrifuge pump

Positive rotary pump

Vacuum pump

Reciprocating pump

Dosing pump

Screw pump




Vertical pump

Manual pump

Blower

Centrifugal compressor

Screw compressor

Motorised agitator

Cargo pump

Table 15: Pump symbols




3.7.2. Heat exchanger symbols

Electrical exchangers

Tubular exchanger

Process exchanger

Double tube exchanger

Plate exchanger

Cooling tower

Tubular exchanger

Table 16: Heat exchanger symbols




3.7.3. Tank symbols

Horizontal vessel

Vertical vessel

Packed vessel

Free standing tank

Integrated tank

Drains tank

Hydrocyclone

Table 17: Tank symbols




3.8. UTILITIES

3.8.1. Symbols for miscellaneous equipment

Pig trap

Cartridge filter

Basket filter

Strainer filter

Tee strainer

Temporary filter

Air filter

Pulse damper

Calibration bottle

Ejector and injector

Silencer




Flame arrester

Anti vortex

Manhole

Propane cylinder

Mixer static

Bird screen

Transformer

Dechlorination filter

UV sterilizer

Coarse filter




Container for chemical product drainage

Table 18: Miscellaneous equipment symbols

3.8.2. Miscellaneous symbols

Sloping line with xx

Gravity line without low points

Gravity line with acceptable low points

Construction skid

Pipe insulation Personal protection

Pipe insulation heat conservation

Optical fibre

Electric tracing

Vendor package tie-in

Inter-PID connections




Sample point

System boundary

Class limits or zone limits

Speciality piping

Equipment upper nozzle

Equipment nozzle and blind flange

Equipment blind flange

Vent

Flange

Table 19: Miscellaneous symbols




3.8.3. Special Abbreviations You may also encounter other abbreviations on plans, which are as follows:

LETTERS MEANING ATM Atmosphere

BL Battery Limit

D Drain

ELEV Elevation

HPT High Point

LPT Low Point

ID Internal Diameter

MAX Maximum

MIN Minimum

NNF Normally No Flow

RDF Reducing Flange

TL Tangent Line

UC Utility Connections

US Utility Station

V Vent

VS Vendor Supply

LNL Line Number Limit

SP Spool Piece

ER Electrical Resistance Probe

CC Corrosion Coupon

Vital (Valve Classification)

Important (Valve Classification)

Table 20: Special abbreviations This type of abbreviations are not very common, but may be used for information purposes on a diagram.




3.9. SAFETY EQUIPMENT

3.9.1. Safety equipment symbols

Safety eye washer

Safety shower

Fire nozzle monitor

Water foam nozzle monitor

Foam positioner

Deluge valve

Hose reel

Table 21: Safety equipment symbols




4. CLASSIFICATION

4.1. PIPING

4.1.1. Pipelines On every PID that you will use, the pipelines are numbered in TOTALs General Specifications. We will see how decoding works, with an example below.

Figure 7: Example for pipeline explanation

The pipelines are ringed in red on the example above.




4.1.1.1. Line numbering The line numbering can be broken down into 5 elements, as follows:




Diameters 1, 2, or 3 digits to express the diameter in inches or nominal diameter (ND), according to the pipe class This table below goes up to 24 inches:

Table 22: Table of piping diameters




Nature of Fluid Every fluid is identified by two letters, which are generally the initials of the name in English. In the table below you will find all the abbreviations that you will come across in your career in the oil industry:

AM METHANOL

AP AUXILIARY PUMPS

AV VENT GAS

BW REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER / CHILLED WATER

CD DIOXIDE WATER

CF HEATING MEDIUM

CR JET FUEL

CW COOLING WATER

DF CLOSED DRAIN

DO OPEN DRAIN

DS SEA WATER

DW POTABLE WATER

FC DIESEL OIL

FG FUEL GAS (HP AND LP)

FL LIQUID FUEL

FS FLARE (HP AND LP)

FW FIRE SEA WATER

OH OILY EFFLUENT

ON NITROGEN

GT TREATED GAS

HH HYDRAULIC FLUID

IA INSTRUMENT AIR

JC OXYGEN SCAVENGER

JF ANTI-FOAM SEA WATER




JW SEA WATER FOULING

LT LEAN TEG

NC RAW CONDENSATE

NG RAW NATURAL GAS

NH CRUDE OIL

NW PRODUCED WATER

PC PROPANE

RG RAW FUEL GAS

RT RICH TEG

SA SERVICE AIR

SO DELUGE DRAIN

SH STABILIZED OIL

TW INJECTION WATER

UW UTILITY WATER

VT VESSEL TRIM

WD DIRTY WATER DRAIN

XA WAX INHIBITOR

XB CORROSION

XC BIOCIDE (FOR OIL)

XD DEMULSIFIER

XE SCALE INHIBITOR (ANTI-SCALE)

XF BIOCIDE (FOR WATER)

XG ANTI-FOAM

XX SPECIAL CHEMICAL

XK DEOILER

XL NEUTRAL PRODUCT

XM POLYELECTROLYTE

XN HYDRANT Table 23: Table of fluid abbreviations




Area: This is a definition of the position of all the equipment, instruments and utilities that can be found in each well-defined factory part. A part corresponds to a number - in our example we are in part no.4 of a factory. As for the section numbers and sequence numbers, we need to go on the standard used for the construction of the factory. Note that in other countries, every factory has its own specific standards, which do not necessarily correspond to the TOTAL reference standards. Piping classes: Piping classes are determined according to the nature of the fluids (hazardous or non-hazardous, corrosive or non-corrosive, inflammable or non-inflammable, hot or cold, etc.), the calculation conditions (minimum or maximum service pressures and temperatures), as well as the cleanliness and purity conditions imposed by the process. The class identifier contains an identification letter for the series, followed by two index digits, indicating the sequence digit of the class in this series Example:

B 06 (N) B: series identification letter; in this example it means that is in series 150. See table below:

06: These two digits correspond to the piping material; in this example it means that we have a carbon steel pipe. Here is the list of the material corresponding to the series of the two digits:

Digits Correspondence

from 0 to 30

Carbon Steel (digit X 1 to X 6 indicates the

corrosion tolerance for carbon steel, which varies from 1.27 to 6 mm




From 31 to 44 Steel alloy

From 45 to 70 Stainless steel

From 71 to 85 Special alloy (Monel, Hastelloy, etc.)

From 86 to 99 Other materials

suffix (optional) N: Indicates all the service conditions

For more information on piping classes, check out the TOTAL general specifications GS EP PVV 112.




Figure 8: Example of piping class




5. LIST OF TOTAL GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

5.1. INSTRUMENTATION

GS EP INS 101 Instrumentation engineering, supply and construction general requirements GS EP INS 102 Instrumentation identification

GS EP INS 104 Design of the generation of instrument air or gas

GS EP INS 107 Design and installation of instrumentation links

GS EP INS 108 Instrumentation for the design of plant rooms and control rooms

GS EP INS 110 Instrumentation for package units

GS EP INS 111 Design and supply of liquid custody transfer metering units

GS EP INS 112 Design and supply of gas custody transfer metering units

GS EP INS 134 Design and supply of integrated control and safety system

GS EP INS 135 Cyber Security requirements for design and supply of ICSS and Package Systems GS EP INS 137 Design and supply of on/off valve control panels

GS EP INS 146 Design of generation and distribution of hydraulic energy

GS EP INS 147 Design and supply of wellhead control panels

GS EP INS 150 Design method for system configuration - standard functions

GS EP INS 196 Input and Output Standard Functions

GS EP INS 197 Process Standard Functions

GS EP INS 198 Safety and Fire & Gas Standard Functions

GS EP INS 900 Instrument hook-up diagrams

Table 24: List of instrumentation general specifications




5.2. PIPING GS EP PVV 000 General Specification catalogue (PVV)

GS EP PVV 001 Correspondence between Elf and Total Piping material classes

GS EP PVV 101 List of piping documents to be supplied to Total

GS EP PVV 107 Flexibility analysis

GS EP PVV 109 Allowable loads on static equipment (flanges and nozzles)

GS EP PVV 111 Piping design specification

GS EP PVV 112 Piping material classes

GS EP PVV 113 Block models

GS EP PVV 114 Design models

GS EP PVV 115 3D electronic models

GS EP PVV 116 Model review check list

GS EP PVV 119 Metallic piping support design

GS EP PVV 142 Valves

GS EP PVV 143 Metallic pipes

GS EP PVV 144 Fittings

GS EP PVV 145 Flanges

GS EP PVV 146 Bolting for piping

GS EP PVV 147 Gaskets for piping and vessels

Table 25: List of piping general specifications




6. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.4

6.1. DCS LOOP DIAGRAM See course on instrumentation diagrams.

6.2. LOCAL LOOP DIAGRAM See course on instrumentation diagrams.




7. EUROPEAN STANDARDS

7.1. PED

7.1.1. Definition The "Pressure Equipment Directive" was adopted under reference 97/23/EC on 29 May 1997, and since 30 May 2002 has been obligatory for European Union member states. The harmonisation of Member States national legislations concerns the design, manufacture, testing and compliance evaluation, and aims to promote free circulation of merchandise in the European Economic Area. This directive applies to new equipment subjected to a maximum permissible pressure (PS) of over 0.5 bar (pressure regulators, safety valves, plugs, filters, pipes, assemblies, etc.)

7.1.2. Classification The requirements of the directive establish a graduation according to the risk level posed by the equipment. This classification depends on the equipment type (vessel, pipe, safety accessory), the fluid (liquid or gas), the fluid hazard level (group 1 or 2), the pressure and the volume (or ND for pipes).

Figure 9: PED categories (for equipment)




According to these parameters, the equipment is classed in categories I to IV. In this case, the category of group 1 for gas accessories is determined as per the graph below: Similarly, the classification of group 1 for gas pipes corresponds to the graph below:

Figure 10: PED categories (for gas pipes)

7.1.3. Category I to IV equipment Category I to IV equipment must satisfy the essential safety requirements of the directive. The compliance with these requirements is evaluated under the procedures (or modules) according to the equipment category (13 possible procedures or "modules"). It is validated by a Notified Body for category II to IV equipment.

Figure 11: Example of marking on an instrument Aside: Similarly, when you buy a toy for your children, it too bears the CE mark.




The marking on the equipment includes the symbol "CE" and, for pressure equipment posing a medium or high risk, the number of the body.

7.1.4. Conclusion I mention this directive so that you wont be surprised if you see a European measurement instrument with the CE marking and category (I to IV).




7.2. ATEX STANDARD

7.2.1. Definition The European Explosive ATmosphere directive, known as ATEX, was adopted under reference 94/9/EC on 23 March 1994, and has been obligatory for European Union Member States since 1 July 2003. It is applicable to electrical and non-electrical devices intended for use in explosive atmospheres (explosive atmosphere due to the presence of (inflammable) gas or dust). This directive is applicable to: Protective devices and systems intended for use in explosive atmospheres. Safety, control and setting devices intended for use in non-explosive atmospheres, but which are necessary for explosion safety measures.

7.2.2. Classification Relation between zones and categories for group II devices (in gas zone G):

Protection level GR II category Directive

1999/92/EEC zone

Explosive atmosphere

Very high 1 0 Constantly or frequently present

High 2 1 Liable to form occasionally

Normal 3 2 Little chance of forming, and of short duration

Table 26: ATEX standard Group and Category

Devices are classed in 2 groups, and each group is subdivided into several categories:

Group I comprises devices intended for use in mines. It is divided into categories M1 and M2.

Group II comprises devices intended for use on other sites liable to be endangered by explosive atmospheres. It is divided into categories 1, 2 and 3.

The choice of category depends on the place (zone) where the product is to be used. (See figure ATEX standard Group and Category).




7.2.3. Directive compliance The directive sets out essential health and safety requirements, ensuring a high level of protection. Compliance with these requirements is evaluated under procedures (or modules) according to the equipment category, and can be validated by a notified body.

7.2.3.1. Marking Here is the marking under directive 94/9/EC:

Figure 12: ATEX standard marking Note 1: The "CE" symbol (and the number of the notified body if applicable).

Note 2: The hexagon, the specific symbol for explosion risk protection.

Note 3: The group (I or II), category (1, 2, 3, etc.) and type of risk (gas (G) or dust (D))

Note 4: The additional marking, according to the standards satisfied by the device (for example "EEx d IIC" as per EN 50-014). Note 5: The ATEX certificate number

Note 1

Note 2

Note 3

Note 5

Note 4




7.2.3.2. Validation Several standards are used to validate ATEX compliance, primarily standard EN 50-014, which sets out the "general rules" for the construction and testing of electrical equipment designed for use in explosive atmospheres, to ensure that this equipment cannot cause an explosion in the surrounding atmosphere. This standard provides the definitions of the atmospheres, mixtures and temperatures. It is supplemented by the following European standards, specific to each standardised means of protection. The most common for Natural Gas are:

EN 50 018: flameproof enclosure "d".

EN 50 019: increased safety "e".

EN 50 020: intrinsic safety "i".




8. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS Even if you do not understand all the terms and therefore their associations with symbols, dont worry; here you will find a (more or less) complete list. You can come back to it later when you try to decrypt them, or even draw up an electrical diagram.

8.1. CONTACTS Establishing contact (in electricity) means closing an electric circuit, establishing a bridge between two parts of a circuit in order to enable the electric current to flow.

8.1.1. Representation rules: Diagrams are drawn at zero voltage, and at ambient temperature and pressure. Action on the contacts is manifested by movement of the contact to the right (or upward movement). A contact is represented in its rest position, i.e. with no voltage or action, with two possible positions:

NO for Normally Open

NC for Normally Closed

operating contact make contact NO contact

rest contact break contact NC contact

two-way contact without overlap

passing contact closing momentarily when its control element is engaged

passing contact closing momentarily when its control element is released

passing contact closing momentarily when its control element is engaged or released

Anticipated make contact (closes before the other contacts in the same assembly)

Anticipated break contact (opens before the other contacts in the same assembly)

two-way contact with middle opening position

Delayed make contact (opens after the other contacts in the same assembly)

Delayed break contact (opens after the other contacts in the same assembly)

Table 27: Types of contacts




Passing contact: contact establishing or opening the circuit fleetingly (also known as fleeting contact), i.e. for a short time. This passing time, depending on the manufactures, is generally not adjustable, and lasts a few tenths of a second. (In the software version, with automatic controllers, it is easier to set) Anticipated make / break contact: for a group of contacts, i.e. certain contacts in a make / break relay, this type of contact reacts quicker (at least, we can be sure that it acts before the others). Upon excitation of the relay coil, the contact acts immediately, before the others. May be used if we require locking in motor starting sequences. Delayed make / break contact: the contact opens or closes after the others, and after excitation of the relay coil controlling the group of contacts. Not to be confused with the time-lag contact, which we will look at below under control elements

8.1.2. Other representations The symbols above are for official representation of the new international system. There are many other symbol systems, which may be old or even specific to certain manufacturers. You will inevitably encounter unknown or even bizarre symbols. Often a little common sense is required to recognise the functions of these symbols.

Figure 13: Other contact representation principles This representation above was commonly employed on old French diagrams. Control

elements were added along the same principle as described in the paragraph below. Figure 14: representation of automatic controller contacts

Internal contacts (software) in automatic controllers will have the uniform representation, as opposite. But external contacts (hardware) connected to the input blocks (generally) have a classic representation. See PLC / Automatic controller course.




8.2. CONTROL ELEMENTS To contacts in isolation, we can now add the principle for controlling this contact. The added symbol is (theoretically) a logical schematic representation of the control action.

operating contact with closing delay (on) =

NO on delay

operating contact with opening delay

(off) = NO off delay

operating contact with opening and closing delay = NO on & off

delay

rest contact with opening delay (on) =

NC on delay

rest contact with closing delay (off) =

NC off delay

rest contact with opening and closing delay = NC on & off

delay

manual mechanical control (without

automatic return)

rotary switch (without automatic return)

draw-bar control (with automatic return)

pushbutton (with automatic return)

thermal system control

palm button switch

NO + NC flip-flop pushbutton (with

automatic return to NC)

emergency shutdown held down (with

latch)

hold-down emergency

shutdown, unlocked by key

proximity control feather-touch control

manual control with restricted access (for

example behind a window)

pedal control lever control

steering wheel control

crank control roller control (travel limiter contact)

key control

electric motor control cam control

clock control

rotation speed control linear speed control

pressure control




liquid level control flow presence control

event number control

temperature effect control ( may be

replaced by its switching value)

degree of humidity control

Table 28: Contact control elements

NB: all the contacts represented in the table above (except the time-lags at the start and the emergency shutdowns) are NO. The same of course applies to NC contacts, with the control element associated with a contact closed in the rest position. And while a contact in isolation is something subjective, a contact with its control element is something very concrete, that we can realise, name and represent in diagrams.




8.2.1. Protective elements With control elements now (more or less) defined, lets see what they control, and add the lines between the two.

Single-pole fuse overcurrent

breaker

Single-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with neutral isolator

25

16A

Single-pole fuse overcurrent breaker. 25 A base and 16 A

fuse.

Fuse whose end remains live after

blowing

Striker fuse

Striker fuse with signalling circuit

Single-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with

neutral isolator (one-line)

Three-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with neutral isolator

(multiple-line)

Three-pole fuse overcurrent breaker with neutral isolator

(one-line)

Single-pole isolator

Three-pole isolator

Three-pole isolator, one-line

representation

Isolator with fuse

Load switch with fuse

III

40A

Overcurrent breaker with fuse, three-pole base with 40 A fuses

30mA

30 mA differential

switch DDR

30mA

25A

Residual current circuit breaker *, sensitivity 30 mA; Current In = 25 A

Three-phase magneto-thermal

relay actuating an NC auxiliary contact

ou

Automatic switch or breaker **

20A

Breaker, rated current 20 A

ou

Three-phase magneto-thermal breaker, one-line

representation

Thermal relay

Three-phase thermal relay

Three-phase thermal relay actuating an NC

contact

Distinctive symbols

automatic trigger

function breaker function

isolator function

O

switch function

isolator switch

function contactor function

Table 29: Protection elements




NB, a switch may serve as an isolator, but an isolator can never be a switch - switch = cut-out (isolation) capability - isolator = 0 (zero) capability An RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) can also be represented in this form

Figure 15: classic symbol for RCCB ** Circuit breakers (residual or not) are automatic cut-out switches. They both (breakers and switches) have a cut-out capability, but breakers are additionally equipped with an automatic thermal and/or magnetic trigger system.

8.2.1.1. Isolator

Figure 16: four-pole isolator This isolator has 3 phases + neutral, and can be equipped with a fuse: (NB fuses are not mounted on neutral). The representation shows the power contacts (3 + 1), 2 NO auxiliary contacts and the manual lever control

8.2.1.2. Power switch

1 2

Figure 17: four-pole switch

30mA

25A




Example of 2-position four-pole switch, with its diagram representation symbol

Figure 18: Four-pole isolator switch Example of four-pole safety load break isolator switch with visible isolation, and positive contact action. Double phase break. Contacts self-cleaning on engagement; Device can be equipped with auxiliary contacts

Figure 19: fused three-pole switch The switch can be operated under full load, it is not an isolator. It is also fused Now draw the diagram symbol representation for the latter 2 types of switch.

8.2.1.3. Breaker There will be a course exclusively on breakers, but lets start by making the connection between the device (its image) and the symbol.

2 4 6

1

Q1

3 5

I I I

Figure 20: three-pole breaker and diagram representations




Note the diagram on the front panel of the devices, which is offered by nearly all manufacturers. For breakers with differential block, represented here, there is a test button that creates an artificial fault Figure 21: RCCB - two-pole breaker with differential block

Auxiliary position and triggering contacts on a breaker can be associated (physically and on the diagram), for nearly all types of breaker

8.2.2. Separation devices Certain protection devices can also have a separation (control / cut-out) function, e.g. remote control breaker. Below are the symbols for electrically controlled cut-out devices, relays (in principle on control circuits) and contactors (power circuits) in isolation.

Relays and contactors

Relay / contactor, general symbol

2-coil relay, simple diagram

2-coil relay, optional diagram

Time delay on

relay Time delay off relay

Time delay on and

off relay

Flasher relay

Passing (fleeting)

relay Quick acting coil

relay

Mechanical locking relay

Retentive relay

Stepper relay

Polarised relay

Relay insensitive to alternating current

Alternating current relay

Table 30: Relays and contactors




Represented without coil on the diagram opposite it aligns with the axis line on the complete diagram Figure 22: Three-pole contactor with 2 auxiliary contacts

A contactor can be two-, three- or four-pole (or even six-pole); its symbol (representation) is always the same, whether it is 10 Amps or 2000 Amps Polarised relay for printed circuit with changeover contact (double contact) for use in communication and data technology, medical technology, regulation and setting in machine regulation.

Figure 23: Example of time-lag relay When we think of a relay, we imagine a small contactor, which is not wrong Relays are for control circuits, non-power, low-current circuits. Relays always actuate at least 1 (one) contact, up to x contacts. Relays on lamp test circuits have a number of NO contacts. Auxiliary or additional contacts can be of the following types: NO, NC, time-lag, passing, etc. NB: do not confuse the particularity of a contact with the particularity of the relay (coil): as in the figure below the delay is on the contact itself, not on the relay

Below some examples of auxiliary contacts to be mounted on a relay or contactor

K1etc

Figure 24: Example of multi-contact relay and auxiliary contacts




8.3. MEASURING AND SIGNALLING DEVICES I.e. measurement devices, and signalling lamps and systems.

Indicators, recorders and meters

Indicating device

Recording device

Integrating device (e.g.: electrical energy meter)

Indicating and recording devices: The device symbol is supplemented in its centre by one of the markings below, in letter or sign form

A Ampere meter Cos Cos meter Tx Torque meter f Frequency Hz Frequency meter h Hour Z Impedance Ohmmeter Wave meter Phase meter n Tachometer t Time

Thermometer, Pyrometer varh Var-hour var Varmeter (reactive

power)

VA Volt-ampere meter V Voltmeter W Watt meter

Wh Watthour

Oscilloscope

Differential voltmeter

Galvanometer

Multimeter

Angular position or pressure indicator:

- direct current / - induction

Integrating devices, meters

Timer, time meter

Ampere-hour meter

Watt-hour meter, Active energy meter

Active energy meter measuring one-way energy

flow

Var-hour meter, reactive energy

meter

Counting devices: function of counting a number of events

Distinctive symbol Electrical impulse

counter

Electrical impulse counter with digital

display

Electrical impulse counter with manual n-set function (reset if n =

0)

Electrical impulse counter with electrical reset




Electric clocks

Clock, general symbol

Secondary clock Master clock

Contact clock

Lamps and signalling devices

Lamp, general

symbol

Flashing light system

Tube lamp (neon = red)

Audible signal device, horn

Bell

Siren

Buzzer

Bell as above, but at 90

Mechanical indicator

Table 31: Symbols for measuring and signalling devices




8.4. CONDUCTORS I.e. the lines, the wires connecting the various symbols. Though simply lines, they are not insignificant They are used for drawing electrical diagrams here we will look at the representation standards General symbols for function blocks: A function block is represented by a rectangle or square containing

the symbol for the codified function.

Function block, general symbol

Converter (of any nature): e.g.

rectifier, AC/DC

Variable quantity: e.g. speed controller

Direction of energy or signal

propagation

Connections between function blocks and electrical devices Connection lines

Electrical connections

Three-phase, n-way line

Electrical contact: !!!: obligatory in case of contact between 2

wires

Crossover, without contact.

Mechanical connection 3 50 Hz 3-phase 50 Hz

Alternating

current Direct current Rectified current

Single-phase

current Multiple-phase

current (m phases)

Low frequency Medium frequency

High frequency

Ground / earth

Frame connection

PE connection

point

Variability

Linear extrinsic

variability

Non-linear extrinsic variability

Linear intrinsic variability

Non-linear intrinsic

variability

Predetermined correction

Automatic regulation

extrinsic: the variable depends on an external device. E.g.: resistor set by an actuator intrinsic: the variable depends on the properties of the device itself. E.g.: temperature-dependent resistor)




Step variability Continuous variability

Main conductor Power

circuit for diagram very thick, single-digit marker

Secondary conductor Control circuit for diagram thin line,

single-digit marker

Naming / Marking:

L1, L2, L3, N, PE: three-phase network, Neutral, Ground connection

Q*: isolator (* = no.) S*: switch, commutator, pushbutton

F*: protection (fuse, breaker,) T*: transformer

KM*: main contactor KA*: auxiliary contactor

M*: motor n: device number

Conductors and connection devices:

Male plug

Female plug

Socket and plug

Male plug in control circuit

Female plug in control circuit

Assembled socket and plug

Assembled connector 1) male mobile part

2) female mobile part

Multi-plug, multi-socket connector

Closed connection bar

(jumper) Open connection

bar Picot, test point

Table 32: Conductors and connections between devices for diagrams




8.5. ELECTRIC MOTORS

Electric motor symbols for diagrams

single-phase asynchronous motor

(rotor short-circuited)

series single-phase commutator motor

single-phase synchronous motor

series direct current motor

shunt direct current motor

direct current motor (general symbol)

Or

Direct current motor

Permanent magnet stepper motor

Single-phase commutator motor

asynchronous three-phase motor with short-circuited

rotor, with 6 stator terminals 1 speed U1, V1,W1 + U2, V2,

W2 2 speeds 1U, 1V, 1W + 2U,

2V, 2W

asynchronous three-phase motor with short-circuited

rotor (U, V, W)

Or

Three-phase motor, short-circuited rotor

(squirrel cage)

three-phase slip-ring induction motor (U, V,

W + K, L, M)

Or

Three-phase motor with wound rotor

Functional symbols for motor starters

Starter, general symbol

Stepping starter

Regulating starter (variable control)

Starter with automatic shutdown

Direct contactor starter for two-way running

Star-delta starter

Auto-transformer starter

Thyristor regulating starter

Automatic starter, general symbol

Semi-auto starter, general symbol

Rheostat starter

Series-parallel starter

Table 33: Electric motor and motor accessory symbols

Of course there may be other diagram representation styles, but they will always be similar to those shown above: again it is all a question of applying a bit of logic to understand a symbols meaning.




8.6. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS There are other elements to be added to diagrams, which may be:

Electrical component symbols for diagrams

resistor (purely resistive)

impedance

inductor

Variant for

resistor Variant for variable

resistor

Varistor (general symbol)

capacitor

Inductor with core

non-linear variability thermistor (can also be

denoted - ) with negative temperature

coefficient

polarised electrolytic capacitor

continuous variation resistor

non-linear variability thermistor (can also be

denoted + ) with positive temperature

coefficient

variable capacitor

stepped variation resistor

non-linear variability thermistor, can also be

denoted U, voltage-dependent

Photoelectric resistor

potentiometer

Coil (inductance) Coil with core

Piezoelectric crystal

Semi-conductor diodes

Schottky diode

Zener diode

Transil

PN junction diode

Light-emitting diode

Laser diode

Thyristors

thyristor GTO (gate

turn-off thyristor

Diac (diode) and Triac

Transistors

Bipolar transistor PNP

Bipolar

transistor NPN

Transistors, Darlington circuit NPN

Transistors, Darlington circuit PNP

N-channel field effect junction

transistor P-channel field effect

junction transistor

P-channel MOS enhancement transistor

N-channel MOS

enhancement transistor

N-channel MOS depletion transistor




P-channel MOS depletion transistor

Photosensitive & magneto-sensitive devices

photoresistor

photodiode

Photovoltaic cell

phototransistor

Phototransistor optocoupler

Phototriac optocoupler

Hall effect device

Magneto -resistor

Table 34: Electrical / electronic component symbols




8.7. ENERGY SOURCES

8.7.1. Transformers

Transformers and auto-transformers

Double-wound transformer

Triple-wound transformer

single-phase transformer (either

symbol)

single-phase transformer with

adjustable coupling

three-phase transformer (e.g. star-

delta)

auto-transformer

inductor

Shielded transformer

Three-phase transformer, star-delta coupling

single-phase auto-transformer

graduated adjustment single-

phase auto-transformer

current transformer

(KL primary, kl secondary; k

input, l output).

Current transformer,

general symbol

Potential transformer, general

symbol

3-phase transformer

with 4 connection terminals

3-phase transformer with

voltage adjustment (tap changer) offline

3-phase transformer with voltage

adjustment (tap changer) online (live)

3-phase transformer

3 windings and indication of couplings

Table 35: Transformer and auto-transformer symbols




8.7.2. Generators and current sources

Current sources and generation

voltage source (ideal) current source (ideal)

problem source (fault marking)

battery or accumulator element (on this symbol: + on

left and on right)

battery

photovoltaic cell

Alternating current generator

(alternator). General symbol

Direct current generator

Direct current generator (other

symbol)

Power converters

Converter, general symbol

DC-DC converter

Adjustable direct voltage rectifier

Inverter

rectifier

Graetz bridge coupling rectifier

Rectifier / Inverter

Thyristor variable power control

Table 36: Generator and current source symbols




8.8. NAMING STANDARDS

8.8.1. Markings general points This relates to the marking letters on electrical equipment, with the marking as per standard DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000). There are a number of normalisations / symbol systems that we should try to standardise on our diagrams. With the standard mentioned above, unlike the markings previously used, the marking letters are now predominantly determined by the function of the electrical equipment in the diagram. This creates a certain freedom in the choice of letter allocated to the equipment. Example for a resistor:

Normal current limiter: R

Heating resistor: E

Measurement resistor: B We may for example adopt certain specific rules that partially deviate from the standard.

Names of connection terminals cannot be read from the right.

The second letter, used for identifying the electrical equipments purpose, is not indicated, e.g.: time lag relay K1T becomes K1.

Breakers with a primarily protective protection continue to be marked Q. They are numbered continuously from 1 to 10, starting with the top-left one.

Contactors are presently marked with a Q and numbered continuously from 11 to nn, e.g.: K91M becomes Q21.

Auxiliary contactors remain as K, and are numbered continuously from 1 to n.

The marking appears in an appropriate location in the immediate vicinity of the symbol. It determines the relationship between the equipment in the installation and the various file documents (circuit diagrams, parts lists, functional connection diagrams, instructions). For ease of maintenance, the marking can also be applied in part or in full on the equipment or in the vicinity. Correspondences between old and new marking letters in general use, for a selection of equipment, are represented below, along with an example of schematic representation. The new letters have already been in use for some time on our diagrams.




8.8.2. Electrical equipment marking letters Standards DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000).

Old marking Example of electrical equipment New marking B Measuring transductors T C Capacitors C D Storage devices C E Electric filters V F Thermal triggers F F Pressure switches B F Fuses (thin, HH, signal) F G Frequency converters T G Generators G G Progressive starters T G UPS G H Lamps E H Optic and acoustic signalling devices P H Indicator lights P K Auxiliary relays K K Auxiliary contactors K K Semi-conductor contactors T K Power contactors Q K Time-lag relays K L Inductors R N Separation amplifiers, inverter amplifiers T Q Load break isolators Q Q protection breakers Q Q Breakers for motors Q Q Star delta breakers Q Q Isolator switch Q R Setting resistors R R Measuring resistors B R Heating resistors E S Control auxiliaries S S Pushbutton S S Position switches B T Voltage transformers T T Current transformer T




T Transformers T U Frequency converters T V Diodes R V Rectifier T V Transistors K Z ECM filters K Z Anti-interference and attenuation devices F

Table 37: Marking Letters as per DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000)

8.8.3. North American Standards Marking of devices in the United States and Canada as per NEMA ICS 1-2001, ICS 1.1-1984, ICS 1.3-1986 Many diagrams are of American origin, and in the oil industry, references for instrumentation and P&IDs are also of the same origin. So it is worthwhile knowing the US symbols and their meanings. To distinguish devices with analogous functions, we can add three digits or letters to the marker letters in the table below. If we use two or more marker letters, it is useful to indicate the function identification letter first. Example: The auxiliary contactor triggering the first jog function is marked by 1 JCR. The meaning of the marking is as follows:

1 = sequence number J = Jog equipment function CR = Control relay (auxiliary contactor) equipment type

Marking Device or Function French equivalent A Accelerating Acclration

AM Ammeter Ampremtre B Braking Freinage

C or CAP Capacitor, capacitance Condensateur, capacit CB Circuit-breaker Disjoncteur CR Control relay Contacteur auxiliaire, contacteur commande CT Current transformer Transformateur de courant DM Demand meter Compteur de consommation D Diode Diode

DS or DISC Disconnect switch Interrupteur - sectionneur




DB Dynamic braking Freinage dynamique FA Field accelerating Acclration de champ FC Field contactor Contacteur de champ FD Field decelerating Diminution du champ (dclration) FL Field-loss Perte de champ

F or FWD Forward Marche avant FM Frequency meter Frquencemtre FU Fuse Fusible GP Ground protective Terre de protection H Hoist Levage J Jog Pianotage

LS Limit switch Interrupteur de position L Lower Diminuer M Main contactor Contacteur principal

MCR Master control relay Contacteur de commande principal MS Master switch Interrupteur matre OC Overcurrent Surintensit OL Overload Surcharge P Plugging, potentiometer Potentiomtre ou connecteur

PFM Power factor meter Appareil de mesure du facteur de puissance PB Pushbutton Bouton-poussoir PS Pressure switch Manostat

REC Rectifier Redresseur R or RES Resistor, resistance Rsistance

REV Reverse Marche arrire RH Rheostat Rhostat SS Selector switch Slecteur

SCR Silicon controlled rectifier Thyristor SV Solenoid valve lectrovanne SC Squirrel cage Rotor cage (dcureuil) S Starting contactor Contacteur de dmarrage

SU Suppressor Suppresseur TACH Tachometer generator Gnratrice tachymtrique

TB Terminal block, board Bornier, bloc de jonction TR Time-delay relay Relais temporis Q Transistor Transistor

UV Undervoltage Sous-tension (sous le seuil) VM Voltmeter Voltmtre




WHM Watthour meter Wattheuremtre WM Wattmeter Wattmtre X Reactor, reactance Inductance, ractance

Table 38: Marking letters for devices or function under NEMA ICS 1-2001,

8.8.4. North American Standards (b) The regulations also permit a marking by apparatus class (class designation), instead of a letter device marking (device designation), as per NEMA ICS 1-2001, ICS 1.1-1984, ICS 1.3-1986. This marking method aims to facilitate harmonisation with international standards. The marker letters used here are (in part) compliant with standard IEC 61346-1 (1996-03). Marking by device class, as per NEMA ICS 19-2002 Marker Device or function Translation A Separate Assembly Montage spar B Induction Machine, Squirrel Cage

Induction Motor Synchro, Genera Control Transformer Control Transmitter Control Receiver Differential Receiver Differential Transmitter Receiver Torque Receiver Torque Transmitter Synchronous Motor Wound-Rotor Induction Motor or Induction Frequency Convertor

Machine asynchrone, rotor cage Moteur asynchrone Synchro transmetteur en gnral Transformateur de commande metteur de commande Rcepteur de commande Rcepteur diffrentiel metteur diffrentiel Rcepteur Rcepteur de couple Transmetteur de couple Moteur synchrone Moteur induction rotor bobin ou convertisseur de frquence induction

BT Battery Batterie C Capacitor

Capacitor, General Polarized Capacitor Shielded Capacitor

Condensateur Condensateur en gnral Condensateur polaris Condensateur blind

CB Circuit-Breaker (all) Disjoncteurs (tous)




D, CR Diode Bidirectional Breakdown Diode Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Metallic Rectifier Semiconductor Photosensitive Cell Semiconductor Rectifier Tunnel Diode Unidirectional Breakdown Diode

Diode Diode Zener bidirectionnelle Redresseur pleine onde Redresseur sec Cellule photolectrique semi-conducteurs Redresseur semi-conducteurs Diode tunnel Diode Zener unidirectionnelle

D, VR Zener Diode Diode Zener DS Annunciator

Light Emitting Diode Lamp Fluorescent Lamp Incandescent Lamp Indicating Lamp

Avertisseur Diode lectroluminescente Lampe Tube fluorescent Lampe incandescence Voyant lumineux

D Armature (Commutor and Brushes) Lightning Arrester Contact Electrical Contact Fixed Contact Momentary Contact Core Magnetic Core Horn Gap Permanent Magnet Terminal Not Connected Conductor

Armature (collecteur et balais) Protection contre la foudre Contact Contact lectrique Contact fixe Contact de passage Conducteur, me Noyau magntique clateur cornu Aimant permanent Borne Conducteur non raccord

F Fuse Fusible G Rotary Amplifier (all)

A.C. Generator Induction Machine, Squirrel Cage Induction Generator

Amplificateur rotatif (tous types) Alternateur Machine asynchrone, rotor cage Alternateur asynchrone

HR Thermal Element Actuating Device Interrupteur bilame J Female Disconnecting Device

Female Receptacle Dispositif de dconnexion femelle Connecteur femelle

K Contactor, Relay Contacteur, contacteur auxiliaire




FL Coil Blowout Coil Brake Coil Operating Coil Field Commutating Field Compensating Field Generator or Motor Field Separately Excited Field Series Field Shunt Field Inductor Saturable Core Reactor Winding, General

Bobine Bobine de soufflage Bobine de freinage Bobine d'excitation Champ Champ de commutation Champ de compensation Champ gnrateur et moteur Champ excitation spare Champ srie Champ shunt Inducteur Self fer Enroulement en gnral

LS Audible Signal Device Bell Buzzer Horn

Avertisseur sonore Sonnerie Ronfleur Klaxon

M Meter, Instrument Instrument de mesure P Male Disconnecting Device

Male Receptacle Dispositif de dconnexion mle Connecteur mle

Standards and Symbols Training Manual

Documents

piping symbols

symbols contents

instrumentation valve

local instrument symbols

remote instrument symbols

calculation function

various calculation

symbolstraining manual