Standards 3 & 4 Standard 3. Organisms in the Plant Kingdom are classified into groups based on specific structures. All plants are included in this kingdom,

Standards 3 & 4Standards 3 & 4

Standard 3Standard 3

Organisms in the Plant Kingdom are classified Organisms in the Plant Kingdom are classified into groups based on specific structures. All into groups based on specific structures. All plants are included in this kingdom, which is plants are included in this kingdom, which is then broken down into smaller and smaller then broken down into smaller and smaller divisions based on several characteristics, for divisions based on several characteristics, for example:example:

How they absorb and circulate fluids – How they absorb and circulate fluids – vascular or nonvascular;vascular or nonvascular;

How they reproduce – spores or seeds;How they reproduce – spores or seeds; Method of seed production – cones or flowers;Method of seed production – cones or flowers; Type of seed leaf – monocot or dicot.Type of seed leaf – monocot or dicot.

Vascular & Non-VascularVascular & Non-Vascular Plants are commonly classified into two Plants are commonly classified into two

major groups based on their internal major groups based on their internal structures. These two groups are structures. These two groups are vascular and nonvascular.vascular and nonvascular.

Vascular PlantsVascular PlantsThis is the largest group in the Plant This is the largest group in the Plant Kingdom.Kingdom.

These plants have a well-developed These plants have a well-developed system for transporting water and food; system for transporting water and food; therefore, they have true roots, stems, therefore, they have true roots, stems, and leaves.and leaves.

Vascular plants have tube-like Vascular plants have tube-like structures that provide support and help structures that provide support and help circulate water and food throughout the circulate water and food throughout the plant.plant.

XylemXylem transport water and transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.of the plant.

PhloemPhloem transport food from the transport food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.leaves to the rest of the plant.

Examples include trees and many Examples include trees and many shrubs with shrubs with woody woody stems that grow stems that grow very tall and grasses, dandelions, very tall and grasses, dandelions, and tomato plants with soft and tomato plants with soft herbaceous herbaceous stems.stems.

Nonvascular PlantsNonvascular Plants

These plants do not have a well-developed system for transporting These plants do not have a well-developed system for transporting water and food; therefore, do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.water and food; therefore, do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.

They must obtain nutrients directly from the environment and They must obtain nutrients directly from the environment and distribute it from cell to cell throughout the plant. This usually distribute it from cell to cell throughout the plant. This usually results in these plants being very small in size.results in these plants being very small in size.

Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

The following classifications can The following classifications can also be used to group plants.also be used to group plants.

Seed-producingSeed-producing plants are plants plants are plants that reproduce through seeds. Seed that reproduce through seeds. Seed plants make their own seeds.plants make their own seeds.

Seeds contain the plant Seeds contain the plant embryo embryo (the (the beginnings of roots, stems, and beginnings of roots, stems, and leaves) and stored food (leaves) and stored food (cotyledons) cotyledons) and are surrounded by a seed coat. and are surrounded by a seed coat. From those seeds, new plants grow.From those seeds, new plants grow.

There are two major groups of seed-There are two major groups of seed-producing plants: cone-bearing producing plants: cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.plants and flowering plants.

Spore-producingSpore-producing plants are plants plants are plants that produce spores for reproduction that produce spores for reproduction instead of seeds.instead of seeds.

Spores are much smaller than seeds.Spores are much smaller than seeds. Almost all flowerless plants produce Almost all flowerless plants produce

spores.spores. Examples include mosses and ferns.Examples include mosses and ferns.

Flowering plantsFlowering plants differ from conifers because they differ from conifers because they grow their seeds inside an ovary, which is grow their seeds inside an ovary, which is embedded in a flower.embedded in a flower.

The flower then becomes a fruit containing the The flower then becomes a fruit containing the seeds.seeds.

Examples include most trees, shrubs, vines, flowers, Examples include most trees, shrubs, vines, flowers, fruits, vegetables, and legumes.fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

Cone-bearing PlantsCone-bearing Plants: : Most cone-bearing plants Most cone-bearing plants are evergreen with needle-like leaves.are evergreen with needle-like leaves.

Conifers never have flowers but produce seeds in Conifers never have flowers but produce seeds in cones.cones.

Examples include pine, spruce, juniper, redwood, Examples include pine, spruce, juniper, redwood, and cedar trees.and cedar trees.

MonocotMonocot A seed with one food storage A seed with one food storage

area is called a area is called a monocotyledonmonocotyledon, , or or monocotmonocot..

Flowers of monocots have either Flowers of monocots have either three petals or multiples of three.three petals or multiples of three.

The leaves of monocots are long The leaves of monocots are long and slender with veins that are and slender with veins that are parallel to each other.parallel to each other.

The vascular tube structures are The vascular tube structures are usually scattered randomly usually scattered randomly throughout the stem.throughout the stem.

Examples include grass, corn, rice, Examples include grass, corn, rice, lilies, and tulips. lilies, and tulips.

DicotDicot A seed with two food storage areas is called a A seed with two food storage areas is called a

dicotyledondicotyledon, or , or dicotdicot.. Flowers of dicots have either four or five petals or Flowers of dicots have either four or five petals or

multiples of these numbers.multiples of these numbers. The leaves are usually wide with branching veins.The leaves are usually wide with branching veins.

The vascular tube structures are arranged in The vascular tube structures are arranged in circular bundles.circular bundles.

Examples include roses, dandelions, maple, Examples include roses, dandelions, maple, and oak trees.and oak trees.

Standard 4Standard 4 Flowering plants have special structures Flowering plants have special structures

that function for defense, survival, and that function for defense, survival, and reproduction.reproduction.

Structures for Defense:Structures for Defense: Plants have structures for defense that Plants have structures for defense that

protect them from threats and without these protect them from threats and without these defenses the plant might die. Examples of defenses the plant might die. Examples of natural defenses that plants have developed natural defenses that plants have developed over time may be over time may be thornsthorns that can defend that can defend the plant from being eaten by some animals the plant from being eaten by some animals fruits and leaves with fruits and leaves with poisonspoisons so that they so that they are not eaten by animalsare not eaten by animals

The ability to close its leaves when touched The ability to close its leaves when touched is called (is called (thigmotropismthigmotropism).).

Structures for SurvivalStructures for Survival Plants have structures that allow them Plants have structures that allow them

to survive in their habitats when the to survive in their habitats when the conditions are not suitable. conditions are not suitable.

Examples of parts of flowering plants Examples of parts of flowering plants that function for survival may be:that function for survival may be:** Leaves function as the site of Leaves function as the site of

photosynthesis, respiration, photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration in plants.and transpiration in plants.

** Stems support the plant and Stems support the plant and hold the leaves up to the light. hold the leaves up to the light.

** Stems also function as food Stems also function as food storage sites.storage sites.

The The xylemxylem in the stems transports in the stems transports water from the roots to the leaves water from the roots to the leaves and other plant parts.and other plant parts.

The The phloemphloem in the stems transport in the stems transport food made in the leaves to growing food made in the leaves to growing parts of the plant.parts of the plant.

RootsRoots help anchor the plant in the help anchor the plant in the ground. They also absorb water and ground. They also absorb water and nutrients from the soil and store nutrients from the soil and store extra food for the plants. The more extra food for the plants. The more surface area on the root that is surface area on the root that is available, the more water and available, the more water and nutrients it can absorb.nutrients it can absorb.

Root hairsRoot hairs help to increase this help to increase this surface area.surface area.

There are two types of roots: There are two types of roots: fibrous roots and taproots.fibrous roots and taproots.

Fibrous rootsFibrous roots consist of several consist of several main roots that branch off to form main roots that branch off to form a mass of roots.a mass of roots.

Examples are grass, corn, and Examples are grass, corn, and some trees.some trees.

TaprootsTaproots consist of one large, consist of one large, main root with smaller roots main root with smaller roots branching off. Examples are branching off. Examples are carrots, dandelions, or cacti.carrots, dandelions, or cacti.

Seeds have special structures that Seeds have special structures that allow them to be dispersed by wind, allow them to be dispersed by wind, water, or animals.water, or animals.

The seeds coat helps protect the The seeds coat helps protect the embryo from injury and also from embryo from injury and also from drying out.drying out.

Structure for Reproduction:Structure for Reproduction: Parts of the flowering plant that Parts of the flowering plant that

function in reproduction include:function in reproduction include:FlowersFlowers

FlowersFlowers produce seeds. produce seeds. Many flowers contain both male Many flowers contain both male

and female parts needed to produce and female parts needed to produce new flowers.new flowers.

Flower petals are often colorful or Flower petals are often colorful or have a scent to attract insects and have a scent to attract insects and other animals.other animals.

Stamen-Stamen-· The male part of a flower that has an anther· The male part of a flower that has an anther on on a stalk (a stalk (filamentfilament).).

The The antheranther produces the pollen that contains the sperm produces the pollen that contains the sperm cells.cells.

Pistil- Pistil- The female part of the flower that contains the The female part of the flower that contains the ovaryovary

Ovary-Ovary- contains the ovules where the egg cells are contains the ovules where the egg cells are produced,produced,

Stigma-Stigma-, t, the sticky top where pollen grains landhe sticky top where pollen grains land Style-Style- a stalk down which the pollen tube grows after a stalk down which the pollen tube grows after

pollination has taken placepollination has taken place Seed-Seed- t the ovule that contains the fertilized egg (embryo) he ovule that contains the fertilized egg (embryo)

from which new plants are formed.from which new plants are formed. · A · A fruitfruit that is formed from the ovary often protects that is formed from the ovary often protects

them.them.

The Parts of Flowers We Eat.The Parts of Flowers We Eat.

Plant GrowthPlant Growth