Standard(s): 21.Demonstrate knowledge of the causes, effects, and major events of the Civil War 28.Identify the significance of landmark Supreme Court.

Standard(s): 21.Demonstrate knowledge of the causes,

effects, and major events of the Civil War28.Identify the significance of landmark

Supreme Court Rulings from 1803-1877 including:– Marbury vs. Madison– Dred Scott Decision– Plessy vs. Ferguson

29.Understand the need for and growth of political parties

30.Define and identify the duties and responsibilities of citizenship

1848to

1860

•Renewal of DebatesRenewal of Debates•Trouble in KansasTrouble in Kansas•Political DivisionPolitical Division

•The Nation DividesThe Nation Divides

Renewal of Renewal of Slavery DebatesSlavery Debates

• The Missouri Compromise had divided the Louisiana Purchase– North of latitude 36º30'slavery was

prohibited• Polk wanted to extend the line to the

coast• Some wanted popular sovereignty (the

people decide to be a free or slave state)

More DebatesMore Debates

• Wilmot Proviso – “neither slavery or servitude shall ever exist in any part of [the] territory.”

• Sectionalism – favoring your region over the interests of the country

• Free-Soil Party – anti-slavery party, supported the Wilmot Proviso

California – free or slave ?California – free or slave ?

• Most wanted to enter as free– Would destroy the

balance of power– The South said no

Contention in the SenateContention in the Senate

• Senator William Seward – California should enter “without compromise”

• Senator John C. Calhoun – A free California would destroy balance

Wanted slave states be allowed to peacefully secede from the union (1850)

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

1) California enters as free

2) The Mexican Cession, divides into Utah & New Mexico; popular sovereignty (people decide)

3) Texas gives up land east of the Rio Grand; the government helps pay war debts

4) Outlaws the slave trade in the District of Columbia (nation’s capitol)

5) passes a new fugitive slave law

Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act

• Slaves could be arrested in free areas• The fate of suspected fugitives to be

decided by commissioners– Reject a claim $5.00 – Return a slave

$10.00

• Made it a crime to help runaway slaves– six months in jail and $1,000

• http://video.pbs.org/video/2185956008/

ReactionReaction• Thousands of northern African

Americans fled to Canada in fear

• In 10 years, and 343 fugitive slave cases – only 11 were declared free

How it Affects the northHow it Affects the north

• Disliked the idea of trial without a jury• Disapproved of higher fees for returning

slaves• Were horrified that

free African Americans were captured and sent to the South

Anthony BurnsAnthony Burns

• A fugitive slave from Virginia

• Arrested in Boston• Abolitionists killed a

deputy marshal trying to rescue him

• Burns was ordered returned to Virginia

• People in the North were outraged

• More Northerners joined the abolitionist cause

Anti-slavery LiteratureAnti-slavery Literature

• Written by abolitionists – To gain sympathy for their cause– To educate people about hardships slaves

faced

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Angered by the Fugitive Slave Act

• Wanted to inform Northerners about the realities of slavery

What Was It About?What Was It About?

Tom, is taken from his wife and sold “down the river” in Louisiana. He becomes the slave of cruel Simon Legree. In a rage, Legree has Tom beaten to death.

Reaction to the BookReaction to the Book

• 2 million copies sold in the U.S.

• Electrified the North– “created two millions

of abolitionists”• Outraged the South

– questioned the “foul imagination which could invent such scenes”

• In a meeting with Abraham Lincoln, he called Stowe “the little lady who made this big war”

Trouble in KansasTrouble in KansasElection of 1852

• Franklin Pierce – Democratic National

Party• Little known• Promised to

honor the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act

– Pierce won by a large margin

• Winfield Scott – Whig Party

– Mexican War hero

– Did not fully support the Fugitive Slave Act

Railroad to the West CoastRailroad to the West Coast

• Stephen Douglas – favored a line running from Chicago

• Southerners – favored a line running from New Orleans

• Compromise – South allowed a line from Chicago in

return for the territory west of Missouri to be open to slavery

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

• Proposed by Stephen Douglas

• Divided the Louisiana Purchase into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska– Slavery to be decided by

popular sovereignty

Kansas DividedKansas Divided• Anti-slavery and pro-slavery groups

rushed supporters to Kansas

• Elections held in March 1855• Almost 5,000 pro-slavery voters

from Missouri crossed the border, voted in Kansas, then returned home

Pro-slaveryPro-slavery• Won the election

– Passed strict laws• Made it a crime to question slaveholders’

rights• Said if you help a fugitive slave you

could be fined or put to death

Anti-slaveryAnti-slavery• formed their own government

– President Pierce would not recognize it

Opposing GovernmentsOpposing Governments• A congressional committee

arrived in Kansas– Declared the election

unfair• The federal government

disagreed

Fighting breaks outFighting breaks out• Lawrence

• Pottawatomie

Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas

• A pro-slavery jury charged antislavery leaders with treason

• A posse rode to Lawrence to arrest them, but the leaders had fled

The sack of LawrenceThe sack of Lawrence

• The angry posse set fires, looted buildings, and destroyed news presses

John BrownJohn Brown

• An abolitionist from New England

• The Sack of Lawrence made him determined to

“fight fire with fire” and “strike terror in the hearts of the pro-slavery people.”

Pottawatomie MassacrePottawatomie Massacre

• Brown and his men dragged five pro-slavery men out of their cabins at Pottawatomie Creek and killed them

• He declared his actions had been ordered by God

Civil War in KansasCivil War in Kansas In the end

over 200 people were killed

September 1856, a new territorial governor arrived and restored order

Congress reactionCongress reaction

• Charles Sumner– Senator from

Massachusetts– Criticized pro-

slavery people in Kansas

– Insulted Senator Andrew Pickens Butler from South Carolina

• Preston Brooks– Representative– Butler’s nephew– Responded

strongly

Brooks attacked SumnerBrooks attacked Sumner• He used a walking

cane to beat Sumner unconscious in the Senate chambers

• The South responded by sending Brook new canes

resultresult

• Northerners were outraged• Brooks only had to pay a $300 fine to the

federal court

• It was 3 years before Sumner was well enough to return to the Senate

A New Political Party FormsA New Political Party Forms

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act brought slavery back into the spotlight

• Some Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, and abolitionists, united against the spread of slavery in the West, formed a new party

The Republican Party

Election 1856Election 1856• American (Know-

Nothing) Party– Millard Fillmore– Strict enforcement of

Fugitive Slave Act• Republicans

– John C. Fremont– Against the spread of

slavery• Democrats

– James Buchanan– Overseas during the

debate of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision

• A slave of Dr. John Emerson who lived in Missouri

• Emerson took Scott to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory

• They returned to Missouri and Emerson died

• Scott became the slave of Emerson’s widow, who gave him to their son

• After 10 years Scott sued for his freedom in Missouri’s state court

– He argued he became free when he lived in free territory

– A lower court ruled in his favor– The Missouri Supreme Court

overruled– 11 years later it reached the

Supreme Court

Supreme Court RulingSupreme Court Ruling

• Written by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney– From a slaveholding family in Maryland

- Negroes were not citizens of the United States and had no right to bring suit in a federal court.

- Dred Scott had not become a free man as a result of his residence at Fort Snelling because the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional; Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the federal territories.

- Dred Scott did not become free based on residence at Fort Armstrong because his status, upon return to Missouri, depended upon Missouri law,

- Dred Scott was not free under either the provisions of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 or the 1820 Missouri Compromise, he was still a slave, not a citizen with the right to bring suit in the federal court system.

- According to Taney’s opinion, African Americans were “beings of an inferior order, so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”

The decisionThe decision

1) African Americans, slave or free, are not citizens under the U.S. Constitution– Dred Scott did not have the right to file suit

2) Scott’s residence on free soil did not make him free– “his status depended on the laws of Missouri”

3) The Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional– The Fifth Amendment - no one

can “be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law”

• Slaves were considered property

ReactionReaction

• The South cheered– “It covers every question regarding

slavery and settles it in favor of the South”

• The North was stunned– The nations highest court had ruled that

Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in the federal territories

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

• An Illinois lawyer“We shall lie down

pleasantly dreaming that the people of Missouri are on the verge of making their state free; and we shall awake to the reality, instead, that the Supreme Court has made Illinois a slave state.”

The Lincoln Douglas Debates of 1858

Why Debate: To promote their candidacy for the Senate

The issue: the spread of slavery in the West

Lincoln– African Americans are “entitled to all

the natural rights” – Did not believe African Americans

were social or political equals– The nation cannot remain “half slave

and half free.” • Douglas

– Criticized Lincolns statement– Said it would lead to warfare between

North and South

22ndnd DebateDebateLincoln: What about the

contradiction between popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott decision

Douglas: It didn’t matter what the Supreme Court decided, nothing can last without support by local police.

Freeport Doctrine: The idea that the police would enforce the voters decision if it contradicted the Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott Case.

The Nation DividesThe Nation Divides

• John Brown wanted to start an uprising

• After two years his army had about 20 men

– His plan:

• Get funding from abolitionists

• Attack the federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia

• Seize weapons

• Arm local slaves

• Kill or take hostage white southerners who stood in his way

Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry

• October, 1859 – John Brown took over the federal arsenal• Then sent men

to get slave to join him

• The slaves would not come

–Feared punishment

– Local white southerners attacked Brown• 8 of Brown’s men and 3 of the locals

were killed• Brown retreated to a firehouse

Brown was captured

convicted of treason

and hung

Reaction to Harper’s FerryReaction to Harper’s Ferry• North

– Mourned his death– Criticized his actions

• South– Felt threatened by his actions– Were convinced that, for the safety of the

South, they should leave the Union

• http://www.history.com/topics/bleeding-kansas/videos#john-browns-raid

Lincoln’s responseLincoln’s response• Brown “agreed with us in thinking

slavery wrong” but “that cannot excuse violence, bloodshed, and treason.”

A New Party EmergesA New Party Emerges

• Constitutional Union Party– Recognized “no political

principles other than the Constitution of the country, the Union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws.”

– For the Constitution, the Union, and the Law

Election of 1860Election of 1860The Candidates

• Democrats were split– North:

• Stephen Douglas– South:

• John C. Breckinridge

• Constitutional Party– John Bell

• Republican – Abraham Lincoln

Candidate’s standCandidate’s stand• Douglas – supported popular

sovereignty

• Breckinridge – supported slavery in the territories

• Bell – was a slave owner, but opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Lincoln – against the spread of slavery, but promised not to abolish it where it was

ResultsResults• Douglas, Breckinridge,

and Bell – Knew they might not

win– Wanted to win enough

electoral votes to prevent Lincoln from winning

• Lincoln won 40% of popular votes – All in free states

• Douglas won one state • Breckinridge and Bell split the slave states

Lincoln WinsLincoln Wins• Since the

Democrats could not agree on a single candidate their two candidates split the vote.

• The South was angry– Lincoln did not

win one southern state

– A signal that the South was losing its national political power

Reaction in the SouthReaction in the South

• Lincoln insisted:– he would not change slavery in the South– but slavery could not expand– Slavery would eventually die out

• The South was angry– Thy believed their economy and way of life

would be destroyed without slave labor

The SouthThe South• South Carolina called for a special convention

– They considered secession

– Believed they had the right to leave

– They had voluntarily joined by ratification, they could leave the same way

• John Crittenden proposed constitutional amendments that would protect slavery

• Guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states

• Proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line to the west – slavery prohibited north, guaranteed south

– He hoped to avoid secession and a civil war

– His proposals were rejected

• President Buchanan– The Union is not “a mere

voluntary association of States, to be dissolved at pleasure by any one of the contracting parties.”

• President elect Lincoln– “No State, upon its own mere

motion, can lawfully get out of the union.”

– “They can only do so against [the] law, and by revolution.”

Confederate states of AmericaConfederate states of America

• South Carolina elected seceded on December 20, 1860

• Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed

• Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederacy

Lincoln’s reactionLincoln’s reaction

He believed citizens could change the government, but states could not leave the Union

He announced that he would keep all government property in the seceding states

He tried to convince southerners that his government would not provoke war

He hoped that southern states would return to the Union

Next up . . . Civil WarNext up . . . Civil War

EvaluationEvaluation

Ch. 15 Test