Symbols must support wide range of output formats and map scales Symbols must support wide range of mission needs beyond basic emergency response Symbols must be as simple as possible to avoid interpretation issues The process of standardization must involve map users as well as mapmakers Symbol categorization can be as important as the symbols themselves In house symbol standards can be used to inform development of new formal standards Organizational structures must be implemented to foster the development and use of symbol standards The ability to see a map from one’s preferred perspective is important during an emergency civil demonstrations civil rioting bomb threat bomb bomb explosion looting poisoning shooting fire incident hot spot origin residential fire school fire smoke special needs fire wild fire hazardous material incident chemical agents corrosive material hazardous when wet explosive non-residential fire civil displaced population civil disturbance incident criminal activity incident avalanche landslide volcanic eruption volcanic threat drought triage emergency operation inversion sand dust thunder storm tropical cyclone tsunami infestation infestation microbial infestation infestation infestation earth quake epicenter after shock subsidence EMT station locations medical evacution helicopter station hospital hospital ship medical facilities out patient morgue pharmacies emergency collection evacuation point emergency incident command center emergency operations center emergency public information center emergency shelters emergency staging areas emergency teams emergency water distribution center emergency food distribution center operation fire suppression other water supply location ambulance emergency medical operation health department facility chemical plant firearm firearm retailers manufacturers grain storage banking finance ATMs bullion storage federal reserve banks exchanges financial financial services other commercial infrastructure hazardous material production hazardous material storage industrial site pharmaceutical manufacturer superfund sites toxic release inventory educational facilities college university schools energy facilities infrastructure generation stations & insurance food retail banks public venues infrastructure nuclear facilities propane facilities military infrastructure military armory military base postal service infrastructure postal distribution center enclosed facility open facility recreational area religious institution special needs infrastructure adult day care child day care elder care telecommunications infrastructure telecommunications facility telecommunications tower trasportation infrastructure control facility petroleum facilities natural gas facilities government site infrastructure ship anchorage toll facility bridge ferry terminal lock maintenance facility port rail station rest stop point facility tunnel water supply infrastructure dam discharge ground well pumping station reservoir storage tower surface water intake water treatment facility bus station airport helicopter landing site Transportation Security Admin. US Coast Guard Bur. Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives customs service Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation police prison secret service US Marshalls Service sensor operation biological sensor chemical sensor intrusion sensor nuclear sensor radiological sensor agriculture and food infrastructure agricultural laboratories animal feedlots commercial food distribution center farms ranches food production center border patrol law enforcement operation Drug Enforcement Administration gas oxidizers radioactive material spontaneously combustible toxic gas toxic and infectious unexploded ordnance air incident air accident marine incident marine accident marine hijacking rail incident rail accident rail hijacking vehicle incident vehicle accident vehicle hijacking air hijacking organic peroxides non-flammable flammable solid flammable liquid flammable gas *yellow highlight = symbols changed in latest release, green highlight = new symbols in last release *frame pattern represents the operational status INFRASTRUCTURE OPERATIONS NATURAL EVENTS INCIDENTS The ANSI INCITS 415 point symbology standard for emergency mapping developed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee Homeland Security Working Group (source: http://www.fgdc.gov/HSWG/) drizzle flood fog hail rain storm snow tornado bird insect reptile rodent fire hydrant fire station landfill NPL air traffic post office traffic control traffic inspection landfill outfill Rowe B lvd e W s t St Fores t D r Sp a R d W est St Weather An example map using the ANSI INCITS 415 point symbology standard (source: http://www.fgdc.gov/HSWG/) an open air facility with or without walls Open Facility a structure to which telecom. antennae are fixed Telecom Tower Federal, State, or local police facilities, equipment, or personnel Police facility for the primary and secondary education of children Schools a public disturbance involving acts of violence by one or more persons Civil Rioting a large (usually metallic) container for holding gases or liquids Storage Tower an institution of higher learning College University You Can Participate! Survey of Existing Symbology Overview Overview Survey of Existing Symbology Testing the Process Testing the Process The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) contains many diverse organizations that produce or use maps to plan for and respond to critical incidents. Audiences for these maps range from geospatial analysts, through emergency response personnel, to the general public. While individual organizations have their own conventions for map symbology, there is not a consistent set of symbols shared across all DHS missions. The Homeland Security Working Group of the Federal Geographic Data Committee developed a formal standard (ANSI INCITS 415-2006) to address point symbology needs for some elements of the emergency management community. The ANSI standard focused on a narrow subset of mapping needs for technology that changes rapidly. For both reasons, it is important to learn how widely the ANSI standard has been adopted and what map symbol needs are not currently addressed by the standard. The purpose of the research sponsored by DHS Science & Technology project is three-fold: A set of semi-structured interviews were conducted to survey existing map symbology for critical incidents used within DHS. Fourteen 60-minute interviews were completed with mapmakers and map users at a range of DHS mission areas, including: Customs and Border Patrol (CBP), Infrastructure Information Collection Division (IICD), United States Coast Guard (USCG), United States Fire Service (USFS), National Operations Center (NOC), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). A total of twenty-one interview questions were developed to cover the following topics: adoption and use of the ANSI Standard, the use of other map symbol standards, critical incidents with respect to the use of map symbology, technical/organizational challenges with respect to standard development, and ideas for candidate processes to develop new symbol standards. The key finding of the research was that it is more realistic for each mission to develop and share their own in-house standard rather than to generate a comprehensive standard for all of DHS. The following recommendations for developing in-house standards were identified from the interviews: To test the process, we have developed an asynchronous and distributed web-based application that implements a modified Delphi study. We expect the use of distributed, asynchronous methods to improve the application of the symbology development process, as busy professionals are not required to gather in person at the same time. Each phase in the process is implemented as a Delphi round lasting one week, with multiple activities included in each round. Participants offer input and feedback for each activity in the form of individual response to questions, group discussion boards, and/or voting/polling. After a round closes, a moderator summarizes the contributions for use as a jumping-off point in the following round. A pilot study for the symbology development process is scheduled with Customs and Border Patrol in the month of February, 2010. Standardization Process Standardization Process Develop a repeatable process for developing, adapting, and sharing map symbology standards Survey use of existing map symbols and symbol palettes and use of the existing standard to understand what needs exist Test the process on a selected domain or application Phase #2: Specification/Standard Development. Existing symbols are refined and new symbols are created where necessary. Phase #1: Needs Assessment. The mapping needs of the mission are determined and a set of design guidelines are generated. Develop a repeatable process for developing, adapting, and sharing map symbology standards Survey use of existing map symbols and symbol palettes and use of the existing standard to understand what needs exist Test the process on a selected domain or application Phase #3: Quality Control. The symbols are refined by cartographers to improve design consistency across symbols Phase #4: Implementation. Generation of symbols in appropriate formats and sharing of symbols with other DHS missions. Using the input from the interview study with DHS domain experts, we drafted a repeatable process for developing, adapting, and sharing map symbology specifications and standards. The process can be applied within each DHS mission area to produce mission-specific symbology for critical incidents. The process is divided into four broad phases, with a series of individual activities associated with each phase. Input is solicited from mapmakers and map users at all phases of map symbol standard development. The four phases in the map symbology specification/standardization process are: Standardizing Map Symbology for Critical Incidents Standardizing Map Symbology for Critical Incidents Geo VISTA Alan M. MacEachren | [email protected] Anthony C. Robinson | [email protected] Robert E. Roth | [email protected] Kristin A. Cook | [email protected]
Standardizing Map Symbology for Critical ... total of twenty-one interview questions were ... improve the application of the symbology development process, ... [email protected].
Mar 12, 2018
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Symbols must support wide range of output formats and map scales
Symbols must support wide range of mission needs beyond basic emergency response
Symbols must be as simple as possible to avoid interpretation issues
The process of standardization must involve map users as well as mapmakers
Symbol categorization can be as important as the symbols themselves
In house symbol standards can be used to inform development of new formal standards
Organizational structures must be implemented to foster the development and use of symbol standards
The ability to see a map from one’s preferred perspective is important during an emergency
civil demonstrations
civil rioting
bomb threat
bomb
bomb explosion
looting
poisoning
shooting
�re incident
hot spot
origin
residential �re
school �re
smoke
special needs �re
wild �re
hazardous materialincident
chemical agents
corrosive material
hazardous when wet
explosive
non-residential�re
civil displaced population
civil disturbanceincident
criminal activityincident
avalanche
landslide
volcanic eruption
volcanic threat
drought
triage
emergency operation
inversion
sand dust
thunder storm
tropical cyclone
tsunami
infestation
infestation
microbialinfestation
infestation
infestation
earth quakeepicenter
after shock
subsidence
EMT station locations
medical evacutionhelicopter station
hospital
hospital ship
medical facilitiesout patient
morgue
pharmacies
emergency collectionevacuation point
emergency incidentcommand center
emergency operationscenter
emergency publicinformation center
emergency shelters
emergency stagingareas
emergency teams
emergency waterdistribution center
emergency fooddistribution center
operation�re suppression
other watersupply location
ambulance
emergency medical operation
health departmentfacility
chemical plant
�rearm
�rearm retailers
manufacturers
grain storage
banking �nance
ATMs
bullion storage
federal reservebanks
exchanges�nancial
�nancial servicesother
commercialinfrastructure
hazardous materialproduction
hazardous materialstorage
industrial site
pharmaceuticalmanufacturer
superfund sites
toxic releaseinventory
educationalfacilities
collegeuniversity
schools
energy facilitiesinfrastructure
generationstations
& insurance
food retail
banks
public venuesinfrastructure
nuclear facilities
propane facilities
militaryinfrastructure
military armory
military base
postal serviceinfrastructure
postal distributioncenter
enclosed facility
open facility
recreational area
religious institution
special needsinfrastructure
adult day care
child day care
elder care
telecommunicationsinfrastructure
telecommunicationsfacility
telecommunicationstower
trasportationinfrastructure
control facility
petroleum facilities
natural gasfacilities
government siteinfrastructure
ship anchorage
toll facility
bridge
ferry terminal
lock
maintenancefacility
port
rail station
rest stop
point
facility
tunnel
water supplyinfrastructure
dam
discharge
ground well
pumpingstation
reservoir
storagetower
surface waterintake
water treatmentfacility
bus station
airport
helicopterlanding site
TransportationSecurity Admin.
US Coast Guard
Bur. Alcohol, Tobacco,Firearms & Explosives
customs service
Department ofJustice
Federal Bureauof Investigation
police
prison
secret service
US Marshalls Service
sensor operation
biological sensor
chemical sensor
intrusion sensor
nuclear sensor
radiologicalsensor
agriculture and foodinfrastructure
agriculturallaboratories
animal feedlots
commercial fooddistribution center
farms ranches
food productioncenter
border patrol
law enforcementoperation
Drug EnforcementAdministration
gas
oxidizers
radioactivematerial
spontaneouslycombustible
toxic gas
toxic andinfectious
unexplodedordnance
air incident
air accident
marine incident
marine accident
marine hijacking
rail incident
rail accident
rail hijacking
vehicle incident
vehicle accident
vehicle hijacking
air hijacking
organic peroxides
non-�ammable
�ammable solid
�ammable liquid
�ammable gas
*yellow highlight = symbols changed in latest release, green highlight = new symbols in last release*frame pattern represents the operational status
INFRASTRUCTUREOPERATIONSNATURAL EVENTSINCIDENTS
The ANSI INCITS 415 point symbology standard for emergency mapping developed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee Homeland Security Working Group (source: http://www.fgdc.gov/HSWG/)
drizzle
�ood
fog
hail
rain
storm
snow
tornado
bird
insect
reptile
rodent
�re hydrant
�re station
land�ll
NPL
air tra�c
post o�ce
tra�c control
tra�c inspection
land�ll
out�ll
Rowe Blvd
eW st St
Forest Dr
Spa
Rd
West St
Weather
An example map using the ANSI INCITS 415 point symbology standard (source: http://www.fgdc.gov/HSWG/)
an open air facility with or without walls
Open Facility
a structure to which telecom. antennae are �xed
Telecom Tower
Federal, State, or local police facilities, equipment, or
personnel
Police
facility for the primary and secondary education of
children
Schools
a public disturbance involving acts of violence by one or
more persons
Civil Rioting
a large (usually metallic) container for holding
gases or liquids
Storage Tower
an institution of higher learning
College University
You Can Participate!
Survey of Existing Symbology
OverviewOverview
Survey of Existing Symbology
Testing the ProcessTesting the Process
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) contains many diverse organizations that produce or use maps to plan for and respond to critical incidents. Audiences for these maps range from geospatial analysts, through emergency response personnel, to the general public. While individual organizations have their own conventions for map symbology, there is not a consistent set of symbols shared across all DHS missions.
The Homeland Security Working Group of the Federal Geographic Data Committee developed a formal standard (ANSI INCITS 415-2006) to address point symbology needs for some elements of the emergency management community. The ANSI standard focused on a narrow subset of mapping needs for technology that changes rapidly. For both reasons, it is important to learn how widely the ANSI standard has been adopted and what map symbol needs are not currently addressed by the standard.
The purpose of the research sponsored by DHS Science & Technology project is three-fold:
A set of semi-structured interviews were conducted to survey existing map symbology for critical incidents used within DHS. Fourteen 60-minute interviews were completed with mapmakers and map users at a range of DHS mission areas, including: Customs and Border Patrol (CBP), Infrastructure Information Collection Division (IICD), United States Coast Guard (USCG), United States Fire Service (USFS), National Operations Center (NOC), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the Domestic Nuclear Detection O�ce (DNDO). A total of twenty-one interview questions were developed to cover the following topics: adoption and use of the ANSI Standard, the use of other map symbol standards, critical incidents with respect to the use of map symbology, technical/organizational challenges with respect to standard development, and ideas for candidate processes to develop new symbol standards.
The key �nding of the research was that it is more realistic for each mission to develop and share their own in-house standard rather than to generate a comprehensive standard for all of DHS. The following recommendations for developing in-house standards were identi�ed from the interviews:
To test the process, we have developed an asynchronous and distributed web-based application that implements a modi�ed Delphi study. We expect the use of distributed, asynchronous methods to improve the application of the symbology development process, as busy professionals are not required to gather in person at the same time. Each phase in the process is implemented as a Delphi round lasting one week, with multiple activities included in each round. Participants o�er input and feedback for each activity in the form of individual response to questions, group discussion boards, and/or voting/polling. After a round closes, a moderator summarizes the contributions for use as a jumping-o� point in the following round.
A pilot study for the symbology development process is scheduled with Customs and Border Patrol in the month of February, 2010.
Standardization ProcessStandardization Process
Develop a repeatable process for developing, adapting, and sharing map symbology standards
Survey use of existing map symbols and symbol palettes and use of the existing standard to understand what needs exist
Test the process on a selected domain or application
Phase #2: Speci�cation/Standard Development. Existing symbols are re�ned and new symbols are created where necessary.
Phase #1: Needs Assessment. The mapping needs of the mission are determined and a set of design guidelines are generated.
Develop a repeatable process for developing, adapting, and sharing map symbology standards
Survey use of existing map symbols and symbol palettes and use of the existing standard to understand what needs exist
Test the process on a selected domain or application
Phase #3: Quality Control. The symbols are re�ned by cartographers to improve design consistency across symbols
Phase #4: Implementation. Generation of symbols in appropriate formats and sharing of symbols with other DHS missions.
Using the input from the interview study with DHS domain experts, we drafted a repeatable process for developing, adapting, and sharing map symbology speci�cations and standards. The process can be applied within each DHS mission area to produce mission-speci�c symbology for critical incidents. The process is divided into four broad phases, with a series of individual activities associated with each phase. Input is solicited from mapmakers and map users at all phases of map symbol standard development.
The four phases in the map symbology speci�cation/standardization process are:
Standardizing Map Symbology for Critical IncidentsStandardizing Map Symbology for Critical Incidents
GeoVISTA
Alan M. MacEachren | [email protected]
Anthony C. Robinson | [email protected]
Robert E. Roth | [email protected]
Kristin A. Cook | [email protected]
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