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APPENDIX III
STANDARD EXPRESSIONS
~ The following is a list of standard expressions used by M. in
his commentary I and which may form part of any w ya-commentator's
vocabulary.
ata~ ' therefore '. Indicates a logico-causal connection of
mean-
ata lva
atra
atha
athavii
antna (anaya)
anyatra
anyatha
avasthita iti itijiityam iti tatparyarth.a/l iti dik it;
bhavai)
iti yavat
iti rahasyam
iti vigrahalz
iti viveka!z, iti vivecanryam iti Stfa!: iti samiisa!: iti
sthitam iti smararuit ity atra
ity anvayali
mgs. ' that is why' . Indicates a logico-causal connection of
meamngs. ' in this (stanza)'. Often used when the alaTJ1kiira used
is indicated. ' next '. Used at the beginning of a commentary to
indicate continuation of a previous matter. 'or rather'. Introduces
a new explanation , often as cor-rection of the one previously
given. A passive form followed by anma/anaya indicates deriva-tion
in the sense of kara!la. ' in th.e other case'. Introduces a
meaning-explanation in connection with the upamana. 'otherwise ,.
May be used to point out the special significance of adjectives in
connection with parikara. See s. v. sthita.
' this is how we should understand'. ' the point is that. .. '
'this is the general idea'. 'the intention is that. .. ' . Usually
put at the end of a statement in which the commentator presents the
author's intention in his own words. Often the preceding statement
ends with a word in the ablative. In that case, the ablative is not
rendered as such in English, but as a simple nominative. 'it
amounts to saying ... '. Used in the explanation of wordmeanings
when they are freely glossed. 'this is how the matter really is', '
this is the important point' . 'this is the non -technical
meaning-paraphrase'. Used when explaining the formation of cps.
'this is how we should distinguish'. 'this is how we should
consider'. 'supply ... ' . 'the cp. has been formed in the sense of
... '. 'this has been established'. ' on the strength of the
Smrti-passage which reads . . . '. ' with regard to this',
'thinking thus'. Varying meanings according to the context . 'this
is how we should construe (grammatically),.
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566
ity artha~
ityiidi yogyam
ityiifaizlcya
ityiiSayab ityiiSayena ity aha
ity iihu~ ity ulctam zva
ukta'tJ't ca upalak~ita
ubhayatra
ekatra
eva
eva'tJ't sthite kararza
kartr
kimu kim uta kim u vaktavyam kiT(! ca
kiT(! bahunii
kiT(! vaktavyam kuta~
krtvii
APPENDIX 111
'that is to say'. Indicates a word-explanation with the help of
a synonym. The difference with iti bhiivab is clearly shown in the
commentary on Kir. 3.33 and 3.42. 'this is the meaning (of the
passage),. This rendering is chosen when the translation ' that is
to say' can be used with difficulty only, due to requirements of
idiom. 'like this the connection should be made ' .. Used in
con-nection with qualifying words which go with more than one word
qualified. 'anticipating this objection' . Used when the author
think-ing of a possible objection to what he has said removes that
objection. 'with this idea'. id. Often used in avatiirikiis. May
refer to the speaker at that moment in the story, or to the poet
himself. ' so they say'. Often refers to authorities left undefined
. 'thus it has been stated ' . Used to conclude a quotation. When
used in vigrahas of the type gandha iva gandha~ (commentary on KiT.
1.16), refers to cp. -formation by Vt . XII on P.2.2 .24. . For iva
sthitam see s. v. sthita. 'and it has been stated (that ... )'.
Introduces a quotation. 'characterized by'. Used to explain the
meaning of an in-str. 'in both cases'. Used when one and the same
meaning applies in connection with both the upameya and the
uparnana. 'in the one case'. Introduces a meaning-explanation in
connection with the upameya. May be used to indicate svarthe, that
is, a derivational suf-fix used without any change of meaning of
the pratipadika after which it has been added. 'this being
established' . Used (in the case determined by the word which it
describes) to indicate instrumental function. U sed to indicate
that a particular word functions as the agent. Sometimes added (as
kartra) after words used in the instr. to specify their syntactic
function . 'what at all'. 'how much morelless' . 'what else need be
said?' . 'moreover'. Indicates the continuation of a description,
argument or enumeration . 'what is the use of (saying) more?' .
Compare kim u vaktavyam. Same as kim u vaktavyam. 'why (does the
author say like this)? ' . Indicates a logico-causal connection of
meanings . 'functions as the means'. Indicates the syntactic
function of the preceding word.
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jiita
tathii
tathiipi tathii hi tathokta
lad uktam tadvat nanu
nimitta
punas ca
purvam . .. paSciil
purvokta bhavati madhye
yalab kiira~iit yathii yathii tathii yathii .ryiil tathii yad
vii
rahasyam linga
vacana
vl~aye
vyatireke sakiisiit
sati/ satyiim/ satsu san/sati
sa na bhavati
sa1!/-bandhin
APPENDIX III 567
'has/have become like that' . Added by way of explanation that x
was not so previously. ' similarly ' . Indicates a repeated pattern
of construction or reasomng. ' still ' . Indicates a
meaning-contrast. ' to explain' . Indicates the use of
arthiintaranyiisa. ' thus described' . Is a commentator's shorthand
to refer to items , especially cp.-constituents , explained before.
' this has been stated '. O ften introduces a definition. ' like
that ' . Sometimes preceded by yathii. ' (Objection). But ' .
Introduces an objection . Often followed by iti cen na ' if this
objection is made (we answer , no , this is) not so '. Used to
indicate 'cause ' as the meaning of an instrum . ending. ' no
difficulty here '. Removes an objection pointing out a mistake or
shortcoming. ' and further ' . Used to introduce the commentary on
following stanzas of groups of stanzas , and, generally, to
indicate continuation . ' first . .. then ' . U sed in the
non-technical vigraha of cps consisting of two ppp-s , to indicate
the time-order of the actions signified. ' stated before' . See s.
v . sa na bhavati. 'among'. Often added to indicate
nirdhiirarzfl.!a~.thi ' par -titive genitive '. 'because ' . See s.
v . tadvat. Indicates adverbial function. id. See fn. 314 on Canto
I. ' or rather ' . Introduces an alternative, frequently the
preferred explanation . See s. v . iti rahasyam. Indicates the
reason. The term takes the case of the word which it describes, e
.g. lingena. ' statement ' . Frequently in the expression iti
vacaniit ' on the strength of the statement that ... ' . 'conveying
the sense of vi,raya "domain" .' Explains the meaning of a loco
ending, " with regard to " . ' in the opposite case ' . ' from'.
Explains the meaning of an abl. case ending as apiidana. Indicate
the use of a loco abs., sg. masc . , sg. fern . and pI. Presumed to
indicate appositional use . Often used after bv. cps. and after
ppp-s. Bharavi uses san inja.tiidharab san in Kir. 1.44. ' this is
not the case '. Explains the meaning of the negative particle in
naiisamiisa. ' connected by means of relation in general'. Explains
the
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568
sthita
spa$.tam sphu.tam hi he helu
helo~
APPE DIX m
meaning of the gen. case ending in its general sense of
sambandha 'relation '. Added after iua to indicate utprek$ii. [va
sthita is rend ered as 'being, as it were ' . Instead of 5thzla
somet imes auasthita is used. The word sthita varies in gender and
number accor-ding to the expression used as utprek$ii in the
stanza. 'clear'. No explanation is needed. id. May be used to
indicate a following gnomic expres ion . Indicates the use of a
vac. '(functions as the) cause ' . Explains the meaning of an ab!.
ending. 'for that reason ' . Explains the meaning of an ab!. ca e
ending.