stalinis didi eqsperimenti - SANGU · kargad esmoda eris mamis damsaxureba, misi adgili saqarTvelos axal istoriaSi. ioseb stalini qarTvelTagan erTaderTi ar iyo, vinc rusuli socialdemokratiis

vaxtang guruli

stalinis

didi

eqsperimenti

masalebi politikuri portretisaTvis

Tbilisi

2000

vaxtang guruli

stalinis

didi eqsperimenti

masalebi politikuri portretisaTvis

gamomcemloba `meridiani“

Tbilisi

2000

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2000

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947+957 g 975 naSromi warmoadgens ioseb stalinis politikuri

portretis Seqmnis cdas. masSi axleburadaa gaazrebuli

bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.

redaqtori profesori apolon silagaZe recenzentebi: profesori merab vaCnaZe docenti avTandil wowkolauri

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© vaxtang guruli, 2000

ISBN 99928-22-07-4 naSromis ramdenime Tavi pirvelad daibeWda gazeT `svobodnaia gruziaSi“, xolo mTlianad gamoqveynda Jurnal àxal droebaSi“ 1999 wels.

w i n a T q m a

daRaTu eseni dumnen,

qvani RaRadebdenve

luka, 19,40

ioseb stalini, rogorc moazrovne da rogorc politikuri moRvawe, didxans darCeba Seucnobeli, an bolomde Seucnobeli. stalinis Sesaxeb dRemde dawerili yvela naSromi ueWvelad amtkicebs erT WeSmaritebas: stalinis naazrevisa da naRvawis Secnoba Cveulebrivi mokvdavis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. Cven SegviZlia gaviazroT calkeuli movlena, calkeuli problema, magram yoveli sqeltaniani naSromisa Tu mravaltomeulis wakiTxvis Semdegac upasuxod rCeba umTavresi kiTxvebi: 1. rogor gaxda ioseb juRaSvili ruseTis (ssr kavSi-ris) erTpirovnuli mbrZanebeli? 2. rogor SeZlo ioseb stalinma politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis damarcxeba? 3. ras warmoadgenda ioseb stalinis mier Cafiqrebuli da praqtikulad realizebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sistema? 4. rogor Seqmna ioseb stalinma iseTi zesaxelmwifo, romelmac gauZlo danarCen samyarosTan dapirispirebas, aramarto gauZlo, aramed gaimarjva kidec am dapirispi-rebaSi? 5. ioseb stalini iyo rusuli sinamdvilis nayofi, ruseTis potenciur SesaZleblobaTa realizaciis Sedegi,

Tu XX saukunis 20-50-iani wlebis ruseTi (ssr kav- Si-ri) iyo ioseb stalinis pirmSo, misi moRvaweobis Sede-gi? 6. ratom daimsxvra ase swrafad ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo sistema, ratom dauZlurda ase uceb mis mier Seqmnili zesaxelmwifo? es kiTxvebi dResac upasuxod rCeba. upasuxod darCeba albaT kidev karga xans. ioseb stalinis fenomenis axsna mkvlevarTa ubralo gatacebas ar warmoadgens. stalinis fenomenis axsnis ga-reSe SeuZlebelia ruseTisa (ssr kavSirisa) da saerTod kacobriobis istoriis didi epoqis gaazreba. rogorc unda vafasebdeT stalins, igi ukve istoriis kuTvnile-baa, im istoriisa, romelic Tavis TavSi malavs pasuxs zemoT CamoTvlil kiTxvebze da romelTa gacnobierebis gareSe SeuZleblad migvaCnia stalinis politikuri portretis srulqmna. ioseb stalinis yoveli politikuri mowinaaRmdege, iseve rogorc misi TanamebrZolebi, amaod cdilobdnen amoecnoT stalinis naazrevis arsi da am naazrevis rea-lizaciis praqtikuli Sedegi. Tumca veravin mixvda, ras angrevda da ras qmnida stalini _ ris miRwevas cdilob-da ase gulmodgined. TviTon stalins amis Sesaxeb si-marTle ar uTqvams _ es didi saidumlo samareSi Tan waiRo. amdenad, jeri istorikosebze midga... winamdebare naSroms ara aqvs stalinis politikuri portretis Seqmnis pretenzia. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba masalad gamodges politikuri portretisaTvis. naSromze muSaobisas did daxmarebas gviwevda profe-sori apolon silagaZe, risTvisac mas gulwrfel madlobas movaxsenebT.

Tavi I. saqarTveloSi

ioseb stalinis biografiaSi bevri ram saidumlo da auxsneli darCeba. es, upirveles yovlisa, gapirobebulia sando masalis simciriT, an sulac ararsebobiT. Zalze mwiri masala mogvepoveba ioseb stalinis biografiisaTvis, misi politikuri mrwamsis, msoflmxedvelobis gansazRvrisaTvis 1894 wlidan, e. i. im periodidan, roca igi Tbilisis rusuli marTlmadidebluri sasuliero seminariis mowafe gaxda, vidre 1905 wlamde, e. i. roca ruseTSi revolucia daiwyo. am droidan (1905 wlidan) i. stalinis Sesaxeb uxvi da mravalferovani masala dagrovda. 1894-1904 wlebSi ZiriTadad damTavrda ioseb juRaSvilis msoflmxedvelobis formireba, man ukve sabolood gansazRvra cxovrebis mizani. masala, romlis mixedviTac 1894-1904 wlebSi ioseb stalinis biografiis dadgena da msoflmxedvelobis gansazRvra SeiZleba vcadoT, xuT jgufad iyofa: pirveli. saarqivo dokumentebi da masalebi (ZiriTadad Tbilisis, quTaisis, baqos gu-berniebis Jandarmeriis sammarTveloTa masalebi, Tbili-sis oxrankis masalebi, Tbilisis sasamarTlo palatis, Tbilisis saokrugo sasamarTlos masalebi da sxv.); meore. periodul gamocemebSi (ìveria“, `kvali“, `brZo-la“, `proletariatis brZola“) gamoqveynebuli sxvada-sxva xasiaTis masala; mesame. TviT i. stalinis gamonaTq-vamebi misive moRvaweobis calkeuli detalis dazustebi-Ta da SefasebiT; meoTxe. i. stalinis TanamebrZolTa me-

muarebi; mexuTe. i. stalinis politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa memuarebi. wyaroTa am klasifikaciidan pirveli ori yvelaze uf-ro sandoa da maTze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba met-naklebad seriozuli msjeloba ioseb stalinis biografiis cal-keul momentsa da msoflmxedvelobaze. rac Seexeba da-narCen wyaroebs, maTze dandoba Zalze sariskoa. i. stalinis gamonaTqvamebi ar aris sando imitom, rom igi gvian periods ganekuTvneba da Zneli warmosadgenia, 20-30-ian wlebis mwvave Sinapartiul brZolebSi Cabmuli i. stalini mxolod simarTles ambobdes da politikuri koniunqturis mixedviT ar alamazebdes sakuTar warsuls. i. stalinis TanamebrZolTa (namdvilTa Tu gamogonil-Ta) memuarebi siyalbis imodena dozas Seicavs, rom WeSmaritebis dadgenas veraferSi waadgeba. i. stalinis politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa (noe Jordanias, silibistro jiblaZis, karlo CxeiZis, irakli wereTlis da sxv.) memuarebi, marTalia, bevr metad saintereso masalas Seicavs, magram amave dros WeSmaritebasac xSirad scodavs. ai, yovelive is, rac xelTa gvaqvs, raTa ioseb juRa- Svilis fenomeni gaviazroT misi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi. goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlis periodSi (1888-1894 ww.), Tuki ioseb juRaSvili politikuri moZRvrebebiT dainteresdeboda, savaraudoa, rom serio-zul codnas mxolod rusul narodnikul socializmSi miiRebda. imxanad gori narodnikuli moZraobis erT-erT Zlier centrs warmoadgenda. inteligencia (maswavleble-bi, eqimebi da sxv.) didad TanaugrZnobda narodnikuli socializmis ideologias. gadaWriT arafris mtkiceba ar SeiZleba, magram narodnikuli ideologiis gavleniT aris dawerili cota mogvianebiT, 1896 wlis 28 ivliss

`kvalSi“ gamoqveynebuli ioseb juRaSvilis leqsi `moxu-ci ninika“ (`kvali“, 1896, #32). TbilisSi saswavleblad Camosuli ioseb juRaSvili sul ramdenime TveSi uaxlovdeba ilia WavWavaZis ìverias“ da 1895 wlis 14 ivniss am gazeTis pirvel gverdze i. j-Svilis fsevdoni-miT kidec beWdavs leqss `vards gaefurCqna kokori“ (ìveria“, 1895, #123). imave 1895 wels i. juRaSvili soselos fsevdonimiT ìveriaSi“, isev pirvel gverdze kidev oTx leqss aqveynebs. xuTive leqsi TemiTa da ideurobiT savsebiT pasuxobda iveriis mimarTulebas. garda amisa, SesamCnevi iyo, rom axalgazrda ioseb juRaSvili ilia WavWavaZis poeturi stilis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida. 1895 wlis 25 dekembris Semdeg i. juRaSvils ìveria-Si“ aRaraferi gamouqveynebia. cnobilia, rom ilia WavWa-vaZe ìveriaSi“ pirvel gverdze cud leqsebs ar beWdav-da. cxadia, stalins ilia niWier, perspeqtiul poetad Tvlida. amitomac sul eqvs TveSi sruliad ucnob ymaw-vils xuTi leqsi daubeWda. araviTari masala ar mogvepoveba imis gamosarkvevad, Tu ratom miatova ioseb juRaSvilma ìveria“. albaT raRac ganxeTqileba moxda redaqtorsa da poets Soris. amas gvafiqrebinebs is faq-ti, rom 1896 wels leqsi `moxuci ninika“ i. stalinma ìveriasTan“ mkveTrad dapirispirebul `kvalSi“ gamoaq-veyna. `moxuci ninika“ TematikiTa da ideurobiT principulad gansxvavdeba ìveriaSi“ gamoqveynebuli leqsebisagan _ mas, rogorc aRvniSneT, etyoba narodnikuli socializmis ideebis gavlena. iqneb swored `moxuci ninika“ ar dabeWda ìveriaSi“ iliam? cnobilia ilia WavWavaZis mkveTrad gamokveTili uaryofiTi damokidebuleba narodnikul socializmTan. `kvalSi“, garda am erTi leqsisa, i. juRaSvils aRaraferi

daubeWdavs. giorgi wereTeli narodnikul ideologias ar TanaugrZnobda da, savaraudoa, sxva nawarmoebs ioseb juRaSvils aRarc is gamouqveynebda. didxans cnobili ar iyo, dawera Tu ara raime stalinma 1896 wlis ivlisidan (`kvalSi“ leqsis gamoqveynebidan) 1901 wlis seqtembramde (`brZolaSi“ mowinavis dabeWdvamde). yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi gvariT an cnobili fsevdonimiT am periodSi araferi gamoqveynebula. 1896-1901 wlebi yvelaze ufro bundovania i. stalinis biografiaSi. sad iyo, riTi suldgmulobda, ras fiqrobda da ras akeTebda, aravin uwyis. Cvens mier saqarTvelos centralur saxelmwifo sais-torio arqivSi aRmoCenilma erTma dokumentma garkveulwilad gagviadvila msjeloba ioseb juRaSvilis msoflmxedvelobaze `kvalidan“ wasvlis Semdeg `brZolis“ gamocemamde periodSi (1896-1901 ww.). esaa 1899 wels i. stalinis mier Sedgenili muSaTa social-demokratiul wreSi mecadineobis Catarebis gegma (Temebis dasaxeleba da Sesaswavli literaturis vrceli sia). am dokumentis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, 1899 wlisaTvis ioseb juRaSvili socialistia am sityvis farTo gagebiT. i. stalinis oficialuri biografebi gvarwmuneben, rom 1896-1897 wlebSi igi saTaveSi edga Tbilisis sasulie-ro seminariis marqsistul wreebs, rac mtknari sicruea. araviTari marqsistuli wreebi imxanad Tbilisis semina-riaSi ar yofila da saeWvoa, saerTod rom yofiliyo TbilisSi. igive oficialuri biografebi gvauwyeben, rom 1898 wlis agvistoSi i. stalini ruseTis social-demok-ratiuli muSaTa partiis Tbilisis organizaciaSi Sevida. esec mtknari sicruea. 1898 wels, iseve rogorc 1899 da 1900 wlebSi, rsdmp Tbilisis erTiani organizacia

ar arsebula. arsebobda mxolod calkeuli social-de-mokratiuli jgufebi da wreebi. noe Jordanias cnobiT, ioseb stalini am periodSi mu-SaTa erT-erTi marqsistuli (social-demokratiuli) wris propagandisti iyo. Tavad stalinic aRniSnavs, rom man 1898 wels Caibara Tbilisis rkinigzis mTavari saxe-losnoebis muSaTa wre. vin Caabara stalins muSaTa wre? n. Jordania cdeba, roca aRniSnavs, rom wre stalins Tbilisis social-demokratiulma komitetma Caabara. ase-Ti komiteti, rogorc mogaxseneT, 1897-1900 wlebSi ar arsebula. savaraudoa, rom muSaTa wre stalins Tbili-sis social-demokratiulma komitetma ki ara, TbilisSi ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulma social-demokratebma (marq-sistebma) Caabares. Tu muSaTa wre i. stalins marTlac Caabares, es SeiZleba momxdariyo mxolod 1899 wels an cota mogvianebiT. rusuli social-demokratia TbilisSi da, saerTod, saqarTveloSi qarTul social-demokratiasTan (noe Jor-dania, silibistro jiblaZe. isidore ramiSvili, karlo CxeiZe, vladimer darCiaSvili da sxv.) ideuri da orga-nizaciuli kavSiris gareSe damkvidrda da gaZlierda. ueWvelia, ioseb stalini 1899 wlidan swored ruseTi-dan TbilisSi Camosul social-demokratebs daukavSir-da. maTive saSualebiT igi Rrmad da safuZvlianad gaec-noboda rusul social-demokratiaSi Seqmnil mdgo-mareobas, iq mimdinare ideur brZolebs. cxadia, ioseb stalinma kargad icoda qarTuli social-demokratiis arsebobis Sesaxeb, icnobda mis ideur mrwamss, Tvals adevnebda mesamedaseleTa moRvaweobas `kvalSi“. amave xanebSi (1899-1900 ww.) mesamedaselebsa da i. stalins Soris seriozuli konfliqtic momxdara. kerZod, ioseb stalins Sejaxeba mosvlia silibistro jiblaZesTan. usafuZvlod

gvarwmuneben oficialuri biografebi _ i. stalini `mesame dasis“ wevri gaxdao. i. stalini `mesame dasSi“ arasodes Sesula, xolo s. jiblaZesTan konfliqtis Semdeg saerTod aRar gahkarebia daselebs. noe Jordania imasac ki amtkicebs, rom s. jiblaZesTan konfliqtis gamo i. stalini partiidan (igulisxmeba Tbilisis social-demokratiuli organizacia) gavricxeTo. garicxva moxda Tu ara, es jer kidev dasadgenia, magram didi konfliqti rom momxdara, cxadia. ioseb stalini marto darCa. misi, rogorc politiku-ri moRvawis, karieris gagrZeleba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda. i. stalins rusi social-demokratebisaTvis _ marqsistebisTvis _ unda Seefarebina Tavi. asec moiqca. arCevani i. stalinma sabolood 1900-1901 wlebSi gaakeTa. saqarTveloSi moRvawe rusi social-demokratebis banakSi sabolood gadabargeba amave dros niSnavda qarTul erovnul moZraobasTan da, rac mTavaria, qarTul social-demokratiasTan _ `mesame dassa“ da `kvalTan“ _ brZolas. stalinma es gza irCia... ioseb stalinis damokidebuleba qarTul erovnul moZraobasTan Zalze rTuli da Znelad aRsaqmelia. Tu qarTvel social-demokratebTan da socialist-federa-listebTan polemikaSi stalini uxeSi, miuRebeli formebis xmarebasac ar erideboda, ilia WavWavaZesTan damokidebulebaSi gansakuTrebul taqtsa da TavSekavebas iCenda. igi arc 1901-1904 wlebSi da arc Semdgom periodSi ilias winaaRmdeg wamowyebul binZur kampaniaSi ar Cabmula. ilias mier xeldasmul moRvawes kargad esmoda eris mamis damsaxureba, misi adgili saqarTvelos axal istoriaSi. ioseb stalini qarTvelTagan erTaderTi ar iyo, vinc rusuli social-demokratiis platformaze dadga.

daaxloebiT imavdroulad, 1900-1901 wlebSi, kidev ori moRvawe _ vladimer kecxoveli da abel enuqiZe _ aSka-rad miimxres rusma social-demokratebma. ZiriTadad swored maTi ZalebiT 1901 wlis seqtemberSi TbilisSi gamovida rusuli social-demokratiis (g. plexanovi, v. lenini, l. martovi da sxv.) platformaze mdgomi ga-zeTi `brZola“, romlis mowinavec ioseb stalinma dawe-ra (ix. `brZola“, 1901, #1). ioseb stalini kargad icnobda qarTul erovnul moZ-raobas, rusul narodnikul socializms, saerTaSoriso da rusul anarqizms, evropulsa da qarTul social-de-mokratias. ram ganapiroba i. stalinis arCevani, ratom daukavSirda igi maincdamainc rusul social-demokra-tias? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Wirs, Tumca zogierTi varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba. 1. ioseb stalinma sworad ganWvrita, rom qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan seriozuli krizisis stadiaSi Sevida. es moZraoba ukve imaze mets veRar miaRwevda, rasac miaRwia wina aTwleu-lebSi. XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis damdegisaTvis qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba calkeul mimdinareobebad daiSala. erovnuli moZraobis gamTlianeba uperspeqtivod Canda. 2. ioseb stalinma zustad gaaanaliza ruseTSi Seqmni-li viTareba. ruseTis decentralizacia, qveynis federa-lizacia da avtonomizacia sasikvdilo safrTxiT emuqreboda uzarmazar imperias, velikorosebi ki imperiis ngrevas ar dauSvebdnen. swored amitom, qarTvel ers, surda Tu ar surda, imperiis SemadgenlobaSi unda ecxovra da Tavisi uaxloesi momavalic am realobidan gamomdinare ganesazRvra. 3. ioseb stalini darwmunebuli iyo, rom ruseTis ev-ropeizacia SeuZlebeli iyo. ruseTi jer kidev didxans

darCeboda TviTmyofad, mxolod rusul saxelmwifod. ruseTisaTvis miuRebeli iyo politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis gardaqmna-ganaxlebis nebismieri Teoria, maT Soris evropaSi imxanad Zalzed popularu-li socialisturi doqtrina. ruseTs ganaxlebis sakuTa-ri, originaluri gza unda epova. bolo ori daskvna i. stalinze ramdenime wliT adre gaakeTes rusuli social-demokratebis liderebma: g. plexanovma, v. leninma, l. martovma da sxv. stalinma 1900-1901 wlebSi amis Sesaxeb araferi icoda, igi damoukideblad azrovnebda, intuiciiT xvdeboda rusul social-demokratiul moZraobaSi momwifebuli, SeiZleba jer kidev gaucnobierebeli doqtrinis arss. zemoxsenebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare dawera ioseb stalinma gazeT `brZolis“ pirveli nomris saredaqcio werili (`brZola“, 1901, gv. 1-3) da ori cnobili naSromi: `ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi umaxlobelesi miznebi“ (`brZola“, 1901, #2-3, gv. 1-6) da `rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri saki-Txi?“ (`proletariatis brZola“, 1904, #7, gv. 12-18), aseve ori werili quTaisidan, romelic gvian gamoqveynda (i. stalini. Txzulebani. t. 1, Tb., 1953, gv. 55-57, 58-60). ioseb stalini 1901-1904 wlebSi principulad ar iziarebda ilia WavWavaZis, niko nikolaZis, qarTveli so-cial-demokratebis (noe Jordaniasa da mis Tanamoazre-Ta), qarTveli socialist-federalistebis (arCil jorjaZisa da mis TanamebrZolTa) Sexedulebebs. gansakuTrebiT daiZaba i. stalinis urTierToba noe JordaniasTan da arCil jorjaZesTan. am ideur brZolaSi aSkarad Canda, rom noe Jordania da arCil jorjaZe sasurvelisaken, idealurisaken miiswrafodnen, ioseb stalini ki realuris, garduvalisaken midioda. ioseb

stalinis winaswarmetyveleba imxanad aravin iwama. ruseTisa da saqarTvelos momavali yvelas sxvagvarad warmoedgina. qarTuli sazogadoeba eiforiam Seipyro. ioseb stalini daupirispirda TiTqmis mTel qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur moZraobas. i. stalinsa da mis mimdinareobas seriozul Zalad aravin Tvlida, kri-tikis Rirsadac ar agdebdnen. ufro metic, Jandarmeriisa da oxrankis masalebSi ioseb stalini rigiT moRvawed aris warmodgenili maSin, roca noe Jordania, silibist-ro jiblaZe, vladimer darCiaSvili, noe ramiSvili, arCil jorjaZe, varlam CerqeziSvili da sxva moRvaweebi imperiisaTvis uaRresad saSiS pirovnebebad arian miCneulni. Secdnen qarTveli politikuri da sazogado moRvawee-bi, Secdnen Jandarmeriisa da oxrankis gamocdili anali-tikosebi, ar Semcdara mxolod ioseb stalini. man zustad icoda, saiT mieqaneboda uzarmazari imperia. ioseb stalinis ideuri mowinaaRmdegeni Tumca niWieri, Rrmad ganswavluli moRvaweebi iyvnen, magram mainc Cveulebriv adamianebad rCebodnen, ioseb juRaSvili ki gangebam Cveulebrivi adamianebisagan gamoarCia da mas sxva, didi da gamorCeuli misia daakisra. miuxedvad amisa, ioseb stalinma imxanad (1901-1904 ww.) Tavis TanamemamuleebTan: noe JordaniasTan, isidore ramiSvilTan, noe ramiSvilTan, karlo CxeiZes-Tan, parmen WiWinaZesTan, arCil jorjaZesTan _ yvela brZola waago, fexi ver moikida verc TbilisSi, verc baTumSi, verc quTaissa da verc WiaTuraSi. da mainc, Ta-visi arCevanis sisworeSi darwmunebuli i. stalini ara-adamianuri energiiT ganagrZobda brZolas, jiutad imk-vidrebda adgils sazogadoebriv-politikur sarbielze, Tumca yoveli cda amao iyo, _ qarTulma sazo-gadoebrivma moZraobam ioseb stalini ar miiRo.

Tavi II. ruseTSi

ucnauri faqtia, rom ioseb stalini ruseTs moevlina mas Semdeg, rac qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur moZ-raobaSi fexi ver moikida. ufro metic, man Tavis ideur mowinaaRmdegeebTan yvela brZola waago da saqarTvelo rom ar mietovebina, vin icis, saerTod Tu moixseniebdnen mas meistorieni... ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis ruseTi samSoblo ar iyo, ruseTi iyo qveyana, sadac mis zebunebriv niWsa da energias gasaqani unda epova. am paradoqsma ganapiroba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis tragedia... 1900-1901 wlebSi ioseb stalini erTxel da sabo-lood Cadga rusuli social-demokratiis samsaxurSi. Cadga ara SemTxveviT, ubralod, bedis maZieblad, aramed didi fiqrisa da gansjis Semdeg. i. stalinis arCevani, rogorc aRvniSneT, ganapiroba misma msoflmxedvelobriv-ma mrwamsma. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciam daadastura, rom ruse-Ti jer kidev eiforiaSi imyofeboda. sami wamyvani poli-tikuri partia: socialist-revoluciuri (eserebi), konstituciur-demokratiuli (kadetebi) da 17 oqtombris kavSiri (oqtiabristebi) evropaSi aRmocenebuli politikuri moZRvrebebiT cdilobdnen ruseTis ganaxlebas. eiforia mefobda saqarTveloSic. qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri mimdinareobebi: social-demokratebi (menSevikebi), socialist-federalistebi, socialist-revolucionerebi da erovnul-demokratebi realuris nacvlad idealurisaken miiswrafodnen. ruseTis decentralizacia, demokratizacia da evropeizacia am politikur mim-dinareobebs SesaZleblad miaCndaT. qarTveli sazogadoe-bac TiTqmis erTsulovnad uWerda maT mxars.

swored amis Sedegi iyo, rom ioseb stalinma 1905-1907 wlebSi Tavis ZiriTad oponentebTan, social-demok-ratebTan da socialist-federalistebTan, yvela brZola waago. mas daustvines Tbilisis xalxmraval mitingebze, muSaTa auditoriebSi, igi damarcxda baTumSi, quTaisSi, guriaSi... rsdmp IV yrilobaze (1906 wlis april-maisi) ioseb stalins didi Sansi hqonda myarad daemkvidrebina adgili rusuli social-demokratiis elitaSi, magram misi Sexe-dulebebis gamanadgurebelma kritikam, romliTac noe Jordania, isidore ramiSvili, Wola lomTaTiZe, parmen WiWinaZe, noe ramiSvili da sxvebi yrilobaze gamovidnen, dasca i. stalinis avtoriteti. rsdmp IV yrilobaze damarcxebuli ioseb stalini ki-dev ufro Seaviwroves saqarTveloSi. rsdmp V yriloba-ze (1907 wlis april-maisi) i. stalini Tumca akSarad aRar dapirispirebia Tavis Tanamemamuleebs, magram didi damarcxeba mainc ver aicila: saqarTveloSi misi yvelaze didi mowinaaRmdege _ noe Jordania _ yrilobaze cent-raluri komitetis wevrad airCies. amaze imxanad ioseb stalini mxolod Tu iocnebebda... da es xdeboda maSin, roca rusuli social-demokratiis orsave mimdinareoba-Si i. stalinis donis moazrovneTa didi deficiti iyo. i. stalins ukve maSin naTelmxilveliviT zustad war-moedgina ruseTis momavali, imperiis politikuri, eko-nomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. 1905-1907 wlebSi i. stalinma iseTi naSromebi gamoaqvey-na, badali rom ar moepoveba rusul social-demokratia-Si. samwuxarod, am naSromebis didi umravlesoba i. sta-linis TxzulebaTa mravaltomeulSi ar Sesula da am-denad, dRemde yuradRebis gareSea darCenili. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciidan saTavisod ioseb stalinma Semdegi daskvna gaakeTa: saqarTvelos sazoga-

doebriv-politikuri moZraoba mTlianad misi msofl-mxedvelobis sawinaaRmdegod viTardeboda. rogorc 1901-1904 wlebSi, ise 1905-1907 wlebSic i. stalinma veraviTari gavlena qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur moZraobaze ver moaxdina. igi verc perspeqtivas xedavda. piriqiT, i. stalins social-demokratebisa da socia-list-federalistebis kritika arc ki daemTavrebina, rom samoRvaweo asparezze gamoCnda erovnul sakiTxSi Zalze radikaluri erovnul-demokratiuli mimdinareoba. aSkara iyo, Tu i. stalini saqarTveloSi darCeboda, igi rigi-Ti politikuri moRvawis statuss unda dasjereboda da darCenili cxovreba ideur mowinaaRmdegeebTan uaz-ro, uSedego polemikaSi gaetarebina. amave dros i. stalini kargad xedavda, rom rusul social-demokratiaSi mas didi perspeqtiva eloda. rsdmp tamerforsis konferenciaze, rsdmp IV da V yrilobebze i. stalini darwmunda, rom rusuli social-demokratiis grandebi mas verafriT aRematebodnen, piriqiT, iq iseT sakiTxebze davobdnen, stalinisaTvis karga xania naTeli da garkveuli rom iyo. erTi sityviT, ioseb stalini darwmunda: saqarTvelos igi ar sWirdeboda, ruseTi ki mas eloda. imxanad, ra Tqma unda, ioseb juRaSvilma ar icoda, rom am daskvnam ganapiroba ioseb stalinis, sa-qarTvelosa da ruseTis didi tragedia... 1907 wlis ivnisSi ioseb stalini tovebs Tbiliss. mis moRvaweobaSi iwyeba axali periodi. igi Tavdapirvelad baqoSia, Semdeg ruseTsa da bolos _ emigraciaSi. 1907-1913 wlebSi i. stalini kvlavindeburad bevrs wers, Tumca periodi 1907 wlis ivnisidan (saqarTvelos datovebidan) 1913 wlis Tebervlamde (dapatimrebamde) yvelaze unayofoa mis moRvaweobaSi. am periodSi i. stalins araferi Rirebuli ar Seuqmnia. axla Zneli dasadgenia, igi TviTon ar

SesWidebia globalur problemebs da cxovrebis mimdinare sakiTxebma STanTqa misi dro da energia, Tu iyo kidev sxva raime mizezi. cnobilia, rom es periodi Zalze rTuli iyo ara mar-to imiT, rom Zlier daiZaba urTierToba menSevikebsa da bolSevikebs Soris, aramed imiTac, rom TviT bolSevikTa Soris fraqciulobam iCina Tavi. SeiZleba i. stalini ki-dec frTxilobda da dromde ukana rigebSi dgomas arCev-da. erTaderTi naSromi, romelzec man bevri da seriozu-lad imuSava, iyo `marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi“ (1913). am naSromis Rirsebis Sesaxeb kamaTi misi gamosv-lis dRidan daiwyo da dResac grZeldeba. Cven am sa-kiTxs qvemoT davubrundebiT. ioseb stalins rusul social-demokratiaSi adapta-ciis periodi Zalze gauxangrZlivda. mokled rom vTqvaT, mosalodneli aRiareba ver moipova. es maSin, roca misi Tanamemamuleebi, masze gacilebiT naklebi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobis mqone moRvaweebi _ noe Jordania, isidore ramiSvili, irakli wereTeli, karlo CxeiZe _ rusuli social-demokratiis cnobili moRva-weebi gaxdnen, maTze alaparakda mTeli imperia, xolo arCil jorjaZis popularoba saqarTveloSi mosalodnel zRvars gadascda. ioseb stalins TiTqos bedi sdevnida. ideur mowinaaR-mdegeebTan brZolaSi damarcxebulma samSoblo datova, ruseTs miaSura. isini ki TiTqos kvaldakval misdevdnen da iqac ar asvenebdnen. nuTu i. stalini ruseTSiac ver moikidebda fexs? nuTu isev Tanamemamuleebi unda gadasdgomodnen win? am Znelbedobidan i. stalini TiTqos misma bolo dapatimrebam ixsna. 1913 wlis Tebervlidan 1917 wlis martamde igi saerTod qreba politikuri asparezidan.

1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciam ruseTis yve-la politikur partias Tavs zemoT gadauara _ rusma xalxma revolucia politikosTa gegmebis gverdis avliT ganaxorciela. faqtis winaSe mdgomi politikur partiaTa liderebi gamalebiT cdilobdnen samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebas da politikuri situaciis marTvas. aseT viTarebaSi 1917 wlis 12 marts i. stalini peterburgSi brundeba. mas ukve mofiqrebuli hqonda rusi bolSevikebis moqmedebis programa. programa Semdeg daskvnebs emyareboda: 1) 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revolucia bunebrivi gziT ar momwifebula, igi metwilad omis Sedegi iyo. rus xalxs revoluciis miznebi ar esmoda, uaxloesi momavali ver warmoedgina. es ki aucileblad ganapirobebda kontrrevolucias; 2) Teberval-martis revoluciis ideebs gamodevnebuli masa aucileblad gadaabijebda im zRvars, romlis gadalaxvis saSualebasac ar iZleoda ruseTis politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis done. esec kontrrevoluciis mizezad iqceoda; 3) revoluciuri procesis swrafma aRmavlobam politikosebs daaviwya ruseTSi imperiis ukvdavobis idea. imperiis ukvdavobis idea adre Tu gvian isev wamotivtivdeboda da yvelaferi kvlav kontrrevoluciiT damTavrdeboda; 4) evropis karibWeSi TiTqos gasuli ruseTi revoluciuri aRtyinebis dacxromis Semdeg kvlav rusul TviTmyofad samyaroSi Sebrundeboda da kontrrevolucia am SemTxvevaSic gardauvali iqneboda; 5) revoluciasa da kontrrevolucias Soris meryeoba ruseTisaTvis metad saSiS periodSi _ msoflio omis pirobebSi _ mimdina-reobda da amdenad, mTeli saxelmwifosaTvis SeiZleboda Zalze seriozuli, katastrofuli Sedegebi mohyoloda. yovelive zemoT Tqmulis safuZvelze ioseb stalini akeTebs daskvnas: aucilebelia 1917 wlis Teberval-mar-

tis revoluciis Sedegebis likvidacia da ruseTis sa-xelmwifos mosalodneli katastrofisagan xsna, rusu-li `smutis“ Tavidan acileba. amrigad, i. stalini kontrrevoluciis aucileblobis aRiarebamde mivida ara imitom, rom konservatori iyo, aramed imitom, rom ru-seTi obieqturad, kanonzomierad midioda kontrrevoluciisaken. i. stalini ki realurs arasodes gacvlida idealurSi. movlenaTa zemoT mocemuli Sefasebis dacvas isaxavda miznad i. stalinis oTxmocze meti naSromi (statiebi, werilebi, gamosvlebi), dawerili 1917 wlis 14 martidan 24 oqtombramde. ioseb stalini movlenaTa miseuli analiziT, perspeqtivis xedviT yvela politikuri partiis liderze maRla dadga. ruseTis politikuri moRvaweebi Tvlidnen, rom movlenebi revoluciis gaRrmavebis principiT ganviTardeboda da aqedan gamomdinare adgendnen samoqmedo gegmebs. rusi bolSevikebis lideri vladimer lenini petrog-radSi 1917 wlis 3 aprils dabrunda. 7 aprils `pravda-Si“ man gamoaqveyna cnobili àprilis Tezisebi“, romelSic mocemuli iyo momxdaris Sefaseba da bolSevikTa samoqmedo programa. v. leninis àprilis Tezisebis“ ZiriTadi debulebebi aRebulia 1917 wlis martSi gamoqveynebuli i. stalinis Semdegi naSromebidan: `muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebis Sesaxeb“ (14 marti), òmis Sesaxeb“ (16 marti), `ruseTis revoluciis gamarjvebis pirobebis Sesaxeb“ (18 marti), `nacionalur SezRudvaTa gauqmebis Sesaxeb“ (25 marti). amrigad, 1917 wlis 25 martisaTvis i. stalins ukve Camoyalibebuli hqonda 1917 wlis Teberval-martis re-voluciis Sedegebis likvidaciis gegma, romlis yvela ZiriTadi debuleba ucvlelad aiRo v. leninma. aSkara plagiatis faqti dokumenturadaa dadasturebuli. aqve

unda aRiniSnos erTi metad sayuradRebo movlenis Se-saxeb. i. stalinisa da v. leninis aseTi damokidebuleba grZeldeboda 1917 wlis 24 oqtombramde _ gadatriale-bis wina dRemde. i. stalini, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli simartiviTa da azris sinatifiT wamoayenebda raime de-bulebas, imave debulebas, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli rTu-li, gaugebari, sicxades moklebuli eniT ramdenime dRis Semdeg miiTvisebda v. lenini. yovel SemTxvevaSi, plagiatis faqtis dadgenas didi tvinis Wyleta ar un-da, Tumca plagiatis faqtebs iqiT garkveviT Cans erTi WeSmariteba: i. stalinica da v. leninic erTi gegmiT moqmedebdnen, _ kontrrevoluciuri gadatrialeba maT erTobliv mizans Seadgenda. TiTqos gaugebaria, i. stalinisa da v. leninis Sexe-dulebebs ruseTis politikur moRvaweTagan isev da isev social-demokratebSi aRmouCndnen seriozuli oponente-bi. menSevikebis mxriv dasabuTebuli kritikiT gamovidnen giorgi plexanovi, noe Jordania, irakli wereTeli, kar-lo CxeiZe. erTianoba ar igrZnoboda TviT bolSevikeb-Sic. ioseb stalinisa da vladimer leninis platformas daupirispirdnen lev trocki, lev kamenevi, grigori zinovievi, nikolai buxarini da sxv. i. stalini da v. lenini, faqtobrivad, martoni darCnen. ra Tqma unda, daujerebelia, rom i. stalinma da v. leninma 1917 wlis 25 oqtombris kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialeba marto ganaxorcieles. maT mxolod is upiratesoba hqondaT, rom zustad gansazRv-res, saiT mieqaneboda ruseTi. 1917 wlis 25 oqtombris kontrrevolucia 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revolu-ciis kanonzomieri Sedegi iyo. i. stalinisa da v. leni-nis gasaocari aRmoCena swored amaSi mdgomareobda.

Tavi III. leninizmi Tu stalinizmi?

yvelas kargad gvaxsovs sayovelTaod miRebuli lo-zungi: `stalini _ leninis mowafe da misi saqmis

gamgrZelebeli“. am lozungis WeSmaritebaSi didxans aravin daeWvebula, Tumca igi istoriis did codvas malavda. mainc rodis da ra mizeziT Seiqmna miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom ioseb juRaSvili (stalini) vladimer ulianovis (leninis) mowafe da misi saqmis gamgrZelebeli iyo? do-kumenturadaa dadasturebuli, rom 1917 wlis 25 oqtom-bris kontrrevoluciur saxelmwifo gadatrialebamde sajarod stalinisaTvis leninis mowafe aravis uwodebia, maSinac ki, roca 1922 wlis 3 aprils ioseb stalini rkp(b) centraluri komitetis generalur mdivnad airCies. TviT ioseb stalinic ar Tvlida Tavs v. leni-nis `mowafed“. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis Sesaxeb mas ara-feri uTqvams v. leninis 50 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil we-rilSi `lenini rogorc rkp organizatori da beladi“, romelic 1920 wlis 23 aprils daibeWda `pravdaSi“. 23 aprils ioseb stalini sityviTac gamovida rkp(b) moskovis komitetis krebaze, romelic v. leninis dabade-bidan 50 wlisTavs mieZRvna. `mowafeobaze“ raime naTqvami arc aq yofila. `stalini _ leninis mowafe“ _ aseT uazrobas maSin arc aravin daijerebda. yvela cnobilma social-demok-ratma (bolSevikmac da menSevikmac) kargad icoda, vin vin iyo. tyuilis Tqma imxanad gacilebiT Zneli iyo da arc TvalSi nacris Seyras apatiebdnen erTmaneTs. amboben, mexsiereba cenzuras ar emorCilebao. hoda, Zvel partielebs kargad axsovdaT, rom ruseTis social-de-mokratiis amocanebi ioseb stalinma SesaniSnavad Camoaya-liba 1901 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `ruseTis social-demokratia da misi uaxloesi amocanebi“. igive problemebi v. leninma Zalze bundovnad gaaSuqa 1902 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `ra vakeToT?“ v. lenins erTi seriozuli naSromic ar hqonda dawerili erovnu-li sakiTxis Sesaxeb, roca 1904 wels gamoqveynda

i. stalinis cnobili naSromi `rogor esmis social-de-mokratias nacionaluri sakiTxi“. maS, saidan gaCnda miTi, i. stalins v. leninis mowafed rom warmoadgenda? es rTuli sakiTxia da misi garkveva v. leninis an i. stalinis Teoriuli an praqtikuli naRvawis SefasebiT SeuZlebelia. problema gacilebiT Rrmaa. movlenebi, romelmac SeiZleba sakiTxs naTeli mohfinos, ase ganviTarda. socialisturi doqtrina, socialisturi ideologia erTiani arasodes yofila. socialisturi moZRvreba kacobriobis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze konkretuli mimdinareobis saxiT moevlineboda xolme sazogadoebas: utopiuri socializmi, anarqizmi, marqsizmi, leninizmi, nacional-socializmi da sxv., rac swored erTiani socialisturi doqtrinis ararsebobis damadasturebelia. ufro metic, yvela cnobilma socialistma: lui-ogiusten blankma (1805-1881), aleqsandre gercenma (1811-1870), mixeil bakuninma (1814-1876), ferdinand lasalma (1825-1864), vilhelm libknextma (1826-1900), avgust bebelma (1840-1913), Jiul gedma (1845-1922), eduard bernSteinma (1850-1932), karl kauckim (1854-1938), giorgi plexanovma (1856-1918), emil vanderveldem (1866-1938), lev trockim (1879-1940) da sxv. erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul so-cialistur mimdinareobebs daudes saTave. socialist moazrovneTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgi-li uWiravs ioseb juRaSvils (stalins). i. stalinis rolisa da adgilis gansazRvra socialuri samarTlia-nobisaTvis brZolis istoriaSi ar aris advili saqme. es, pirvel rigSi, tradiciul SexedulebaTa usafuZvlobis damtkicebas moiTxovs. winaswarve SevniSnavT, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi cnebebi `socialisturi moZRvreba“, `socialisturi doqtrina“, `socializmi“, `social-dem-okratia“, `marqsizmi“, `leninizmi“, `bolSevizmi“ yo-

velTvis ar ixmareboda misi namdvili mniSvnelobiT. politikuri mizniT, drodadro isini sxvadasxva SinaarsiT ivseboda. ioseb stalini, rogorc moazrovne, cxadia, konkretul istoriul pirobebSi yalibdeboda. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, i. stalinis msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze gavlenas axdenda qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba, rusuli narodnikuli socializmi, anarqizmi, social-demokratiuli moZRvreba... qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba, rusuli narodnikuli socializmi da anarqizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, i. stalinma uSualod pirvelwyaroebidan SeiTvisa... rac Seexeba social-demokratiul moZRvrebas, i. stalini mas Seimecnebda rogorc pirvelwyaroebidan (k. marqsis, f. engelsis, e. berSteinisa da k. kauckis naSromebidan), ise g. plexanovis nawerebis saSualebiT. ruseTSi social-demokratiuli moZRvreba or etapad gavrcelda. pirveli etapi XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebs moicavs da igi giorgi plexanovis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. meore etapi 90-iani wlebis damdegidan iwyeba da igi vladimer leninis saxels ukavSirdeba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom g. plexanovs socializmi da marqsizmi ar gauigivebia, xolo v. leninma faqtobrivad socializmsa da marqsizms Soris tolobis niSani dasva. es ori moazrovne sxva bevriTac gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. giorgi plexanovi socialisti iyo am sityvis farTo gagebiT. mas social-demokratiuli ideebi itacebda saer-To socialuri progresis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT da ara rogorc saSualeba politikuri Zalauflebis dapyrobisa. es sulac ar ewinaaRmdegeba g. plexanovis daskvnas, rom socializmi da politikuri brZola ganuyofelia. narodnikuli ideebis uaryofis Semdeg Tu ratom dadga g. plexanovi marqsizmis poziciaze, Zneli asaxsnelia.

sabolood, didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, ruseTi da marq-sizmi g. plexanovma ver daakavSira _ gasagebad ver axsna, raSi sWirdeboda social-demokratiuli moZRvreba ruseTs. nuTu g. plexanovi ver mixvda, rom ruseTSi sa-xelmwifo iyo ìstoriis Semoqmedi“, xolo k. marqsi ìstorias gaiazrebda saxelmwifos gareSe?“ nuTu g. plexanovi ver mixvda, rom `marqsi _ es literatu-raa. literatura ki Zveldeba, mas sinamdvile amarcxebs an kvdeba“ (Jcdfkl Igtyukth\ Ghecfxtcndj b cjwbfkbpv\ Gtnth,ehu= 1922= c\ 68-69)\ nuTu g. plexanovi ver mixvda, rom marqsizmi ruseTis ganaxlebis ideologiad ver gamodgeboda? nuTu Zneli misagnebi iyo is WeSma-riteba, romelic cota mogvianebiT ase Camoayaliba osvald Spenglerma: @Uhf;lfycndj vbhf (Weltburgertum) 'nj ;fkrfz ahfpf\ Vs k.lb jghtltktyyjuj cnjktnbz= yfwbb= rheuf= nbgf\ "nj ytj,[jlbvst eckjdbz= ghb rjnjhs[ vs vj;tv ghblfnm cvsck b uke,bye yfitve ceotcndjdfyb.= vj;tn ,snm ltzntkzvb= nfr;t gjchtlcndjv ckjdf\ Xtv ,jktt vs pfgjkyztv 'nb lfyyst uhfybws= ntv lfktt ghjcnbhftncz yfif ltqcndtyyjcnm\ Gkfnjy ,sk fabyzyby= Wtpfhm _ hbvkzyby= Utnt _ ytvtw| xnj nfrjdsvb jyb ,skb dctwtkj b ght;lt dctuj= 'nbv j,eckjdktyj b[ dctvbhyj-bcnjhbxtcrjt dkbzybt@ (Jcdfkl Igtyukth\ Ghecf-xtcndj b cjwbfkbpv= c\ 69)\ swored am elementaruli WeSmaritebis ugulvebelyofis Sedegi iyo is, rom XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi da momdevno periodSic g. plexanovi dinebis sawinaaRmdegod moZraobda _ ruseT-Si saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis sayovelTaod cnobil kanonzomierebas SubliT ejaxeboda. sabolood ki g. plexanovma sakuTar moZRvrebas sistemis saxe ver misca. vladimer lenini Caswvda g. plexanovis SecdomaTa arss. v. leninma aRiara, rom marqsizmi ruseTSi socia-luri ganaxlebis ideologiad ar gamodgeboda. miT ume-tes, marqsizmi politikuri Zalauflebis dapyrobas ver

uzrunvelyofda. socialistur mimdinareobaTagan v. leni-ni lui-ogiusten blankis moZRvrebaze SeCerda. es Sem-TxveviTi ar iyo. blankizmi v. leninma politikuri Za-lauflebis dapyrobis realur gzad dasaxa. v. leninma isic ganWvrita, rom blankizmis marcxi ruseTTan Seda-rebiT politikurad, ekonomikurad da socialurad dawi-naurebul evropaSi sulac ar niSnavda, rom es moZRvreba warmatebas ver miaRwevda ruseTSi. politikuri Zalauf-lebis dapyrobis mizniT glexTa sayovelTao ajanyebis narodnikuli ideis kraxi v. leninisaTvis sul axlo warsuli iyo. am gziT v. lenini, cxadia, aRar wavidoda. Zalauflebis swrafi dapyrobis TvalsazrisiT arc marq-sizmi gamodgeboda. rCeboda blankizmi _ SeTqmulebis, ga-datrialebis gziT, politikuri, ekonomikuri da socia-luri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, Zalauflebis dapyroba. irwmuna Tu ara leninma sabolood blankizmis perspeqtiva ruseTSi, axla Zneli dasadgenia, magram, cxa-dia, rom ukve XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebis damdegs igi blankizmis poziciaze idga. blankizms v. lenini aSkarad mxars ver dauWerda. am ideologiam evropaSi marcxi ga-nicada, ris gamoc leninisaTvis politikurad wamgebiani iyo blankistis saxeliT gamosuliyo politikur sarbielze. swored amitom lenini amoefara imxanad Zalze popularul ideologias _ marqsizms. v. lenini marqsisti arasdros yofila, arc XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi da arc 1917 wels. v. leninma sakuTari moZRvreba _ leninizmi _ blankizmze daafuZna, Tumca ufro samarTliani iqneboda gveTqva, rom v. lenin-ma blankizmidan aiRo mxolod cudi, iseve rogorc mxo-lod cudi aiRo anarqizmidan, rusuli narodnikuli socializmidan, marqsizmidan. miuxedvad amisa, v. leninma Tavis moZRvrebas sistemis saxe mainc misca.

v. lenini blankisti ar iyo imitom, rom man blan-kizmSi uaryo mTavari _ gadatrialebis ganxorcieleba didi sisxlisRvris gaSere; lenini anarqisti ar iyo imitom, rom mas ar hqonia masebis rwmena; v. lenini na-rodniki ar iyo imitom, rom socialurad TanasworTa sazogadoebis Seqmna mas azrad ar mosvlia; lenini marq-sisti ar iyo imitom, rom man marqsizmSi uaryo mTavari _ sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis Seu-valoba, politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri pro-cesebis forsirebis SeuZlebloba. mainc ra iyo yvelaze metad miuRebeli leninizmSi? _ istoriuli kanonzomierebis uaryofa, sazogadoebis po-litikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis ka-nonebis ugulebelyofa. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli yvela sxva uaryofiTi movlena leninizmSi (seqtantizmi, eqstremizmi, diqtatura da a. S.). lui-ogiusten blankma vladimer lenins kargi samsa-xuri gauwia, xolo leninma blanks _ mxolod cudi. idealisti blanki istoriaSi gulmxurvale revolucio-nerad darCeboda, rom ar yofiliyo pragmatisti lenini. v. leninis iluzia politikuri Zalauflebis dapyrobis Sesaxeb savsebiT gafanta 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciam. ruseTi is qveyana iyo, sadac mejinibe an gakreWili beri SeiZleboda mefis taxtze damjdariyo, magram ruseTi is qveyanac iyo, sadac mefe-mamis misiis aRsruleba yvelas ar SeeZlo. revoluciam, misma msvlelobam da marcxma lenini, rogorc moazrovne da politikuri moRvawe, gaakotra. igi axals veRarafers qmnida: Tavs isev marqsistad asaRebda, kvlav erT adgils tkepnida. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTSi gangebisagan gansazRvruli misiis aRsrulebas iwyebs ioseb juRaSvili (stalini). ioseb stalins rusi socialistebisagan gansxvavebiT is didi upiratesoba hqonda, rom, erTis mxriv, man

Rrmad da safuZvlianad icoda ruseTis istoria, kargad erkveoda rusuli samyaros ekonomikur da socialur urTierTobebSi, mis TviTmyofadobasa da TaviseburebebSi. meores mxriv, i. stalinma safuZvlianad Seiswavla socialisturi moZRvrebis TiTqmis yvela mimdinareoba, kargad icnobda igi g. plexanovisa da v. leninis naSromebs. ukve XX saukunis damdegs ioseb stalinma gaakeTa uaRresad saintereso daskvnebi: 1) socialisturi moZRvreba, socializmis nebismieri mimdinareoba miuRebeli iyo ruseTisaTvis. ruseTis TviTmyofadoba gamoricxavda iq socialisturi ideebis xorcSesxmas; 2) verc erTi politikuri partia Tu mimdinareoba ruseTSi uaxloes xanebSi Zalauflebas ver daipyrobda _ carizmis socialuri baza sakmaod Zlieri iyo da jerjerobiT uzrunvelyofda politikuri sistemis simtkices (orive daskvnis absoluturi WeSmariteba daadastura 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciam); 3) politikuri partiebis mier Zalauflebis dapyrobis sakiTxi mxolod maSin dadgeboda, roca ruseTi 1905 wlis msgavsad axal did socialur afeTqebamde mividoda, roca carizms socialuri baza gamoecleboda. am procesis daCqareba ki ruseTSi arsebul politikur partiebs ar SeeZloT, igi Tavisi kanonzomierebiT unda momwifebuliyo (am daskvnis siswore daadastura 1907-1917 wlebis movlenebma); 4) ruseTSi 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg Seqmnili situacia savsebiT cxadad adasturebda, rom axali didi so-cialuri afeTqeba axlo momavalSi ar iyo mosalodneli (am daskvnaSi koreqtivi Seitana pirvelma msoflio omma, romelmac Zalze daaCqara revolucia); 5) axali didi socialuri afeTqebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTSi xelisuf-lebisaTvis mebrZol politikur partiaTa Soris yvelaze seriozuli Zala social-demokratia iqneboda.

ra hqonda saerTo i. stalinis am daskvnebs ukve cnobil socialistur mimdinareobebTan, ufro konkretulad ki marqsizmTan an leninizmTan? _ Zalian cota, TiTqmis umniSvnelo. ioseb stalini axal socialistur mimdinareobas, axal socialistur moZRvrebas _ stalinizms _ uyrida safuZvels. ioseb stalinis winaswarmetyveleba axda. 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciam ruseTis imperia daang- ria, politikuri partiebisaTvis farTo samoqmedo asparezi gadaiSala. ioseb stalinis zebunebrivma niWma da energiam gasaqani hpova da stalini Tavisi misiis aRsrulebas Seudga. i. stalins am misiis aRsruleba marqsistis mantiamosxmuls mouxda. imxanad rom i. stalins mis mier axali moZRvrebis Seqmnaze daewyo laparaki, igi unda dapirispireboda v. lenins da mTel bolSevikur partias. es Zalze gaaZnelebda politikuri miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolas. marqsistis samoseli ki i. stalins sulac ar uSlida xels Canafiqris aRsrulebaSi. 1917 wlis 14 martidan dawyebuli ioseb stalini aqveynebs naSromebs: `muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebis Sesaxeb“ (14 marti), òmis Sesaxeb“ (16 marti), `ruseTis revoluciis gamarjvebis pirobebis Sesaxeb“ (18 marti), `nacionalur SezRudvaTa gauqmebis Sesaxeb“ (25 marti), àn _ an“ (26 marti), `federalizmis winaaRmdeg“ (28 marti). es is naSromebia, romelTa safuZvelze v. leninma Seadgina Tavisi cnobili àprilis Tezisebi“ (1917 wlis aprilis damdegi). v. leninis plagiats, àprilis Tezisebs“, ruseTSi socialisturi revoluciis ganxorcielebis gegma ewoda. i. stalinma amjerad CrdilSi darCena arCia. ioseb stalini Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gegmas xvewda, politikuri situaciis cvlilebebs iTvaliswi-nebda. am mxriv metad sayuradReboa 1917 wlis martidan

oqtombramde gazeT `pravdaSi“ gamoqveynebuli misi uamravi naSromi. v. leninma aSkarad igrZno i. stalinis upiratesoba. radgan stalini jerjerobiT lenins ar ebrZoda, mis liderobas safrTxes ar uqmnida, lenini stalinis naazrevs aedevna. mdevris rolSi iyo lenini 1917 wlis 25 oqtombris CaTvliT. farulma aliansma gaamarTla: ioseb stalinma Tavisi misia aRasrula, vla-dimer leninma bolSevikuri partiis lideroba SeinarCu-na, xolo orivem erTad brwyinvaled moiges 25 oqtombe-ri _ ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba istoriis sanagveze moisroles, politikuri partiebi pirSi Calagamovlebu-lebi datoves. 1917 wlis 25 oqtombers kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialeba taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT brwyinvaled iyo gaazrebuli. droebiT mTavrobas sakmaod seriozuli Zala (muSebi, jariskacebi, matrosebi) uWerda mxars. magram im dRes, im momentSi, im wuTSi droebiTi mTavroba mainc marto darCa. droebiTi mTavrobis `simartove“ didxans ar gagrZeldeboda. saaTebi, SeiZleba wuTebi wyvetda yvelafers. swored es `wuTebi“ ar gamoepara stalins. sxva gziT bolSevikebi Zalauflebas ver daeuflebodnen. amrigad, bolSevikuri partiis didi gamarjveba 1917 wlis 25 oqtombers sulac ar iyo ganpirobebuli marq-sizmis yovlisSemZleobiT, igi arc leninizmis triumfs niSnavda. 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciamde ru-seTi istoriuli procesis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebam miiyvana. politikur partiebs revoluciis momzadebasa da ganxorcielebaSi gadamwyveti roli ar uTamaSiaT. po-litikur partiaTaTvis farTo samoRvaweo asparezi Seqm-na Teberval-martis revoluciam. xelisuflebisaTvis mebrZol politikur partiaTa Soris yvelaze organize-buli aRmoCnda bolSevikebis partia, romlis strategia da taqtika efuZneboda ara marqiszms, ara leninizms,

aramed socialisturi moZRvrebis axal mimdinareobas _ stalinizms. maS, saidan gaCnda miTi i. stalini leninis mowafed rom warmogvidgina? es miTi TviT ioseb stalinma Seqmna. movlenebi ki ase ganviTarda. i. stalinma sworad ganWv-rita, rom Zalauflebis xelSi CagdebisaTvis brZola v. leninis sikvdilis Semdeg kidev ufro gamwvavdeboda, i. stalins am brZolaSi gamarjvebis imedi ar unda hqo-noda. araoficialuri reitingiT, igi rkp(b) xelmZRvanel birTvSi l. trockis, l. kamenevisa da g. zinovievis Sem-deg idga. i. stalins meoTxe adgilic ki myarad ar ekava. aq mas SeiZleboda Sescilebodnen n. buxarini da g. pia-takovi. l. trockis samoqalaqo omma warmoudgenlad didi av-toriteti mouxveWa da igi rusi glexis, muSisa da ja-riskacis TvalSi v. leninis gverdiT daayena. l. troc-kis didi avtoriteti hqonda saerTaSoriso muSaTa da komunistur moZraobaSi, kerZod, mesame komunistur internacionalSi. Tu v. leninis sikvdilis Semdeg l. trocki aiRebda Zalauflebas, i. stalini mesame an meoTxe kacad ki ar darCeboda bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi, aramed saerod gaqreboda politiku-ri asparezidan. l. trockisa da i. staliis Serigeba ukve aRar SeiZ-leboda _ samoqalaqo omis wlebSi (1918-1920) isini samkvdro-sasicocxlod daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs. ase rom, 1921 wels i. stalini iwyebs brZolas l. trockis dasamxobad. es iyo Zalze sarisko, SeiZleba iTqvas, uime-do wamowyeba. Tumca, rogorc Semdeg gairkva, i. stalins yvelaferi kargad hqonda gaTvlili. l. trocki Setevas ar eloda, Tvlida, rom misTvis gacilebiT saSiSni l. kamenevi da g. zinovievi iyvnen. is kamenevi, romelic lenins rsfsr saxkomsabWoSi pirvel moadgiled hyavda,

is zinovievi, romelsac leninTan erTad eZina razlivis karavSi. l. trocki varaudobda: Tu stalini Zalaufle-bisaTvis brZolas daiwyebda, mas jer reitingiT masze win mdgomi l. kamenevi da g. zinovievi unda Camoecilebi-na, zurgis gamagrebis mizniT n. buxarinis mocilebaze fiqric ar iqneboda zedmeti... am brZolaSi i. stalins imdeni dro dasWirdeboda, ramdenic l. trockis Zalauf-lebis aRebisaTvis savsebiT eyofoda. i. stalinma zedmiwevniT zustad amoicno l. trockis varaudi da samoqmedo gegmac mis Sesabamisad aago. ioseb stalinma gadawyvita: ar Cabmuliyo l. kamenevTan, g. zi-novievTan da n. buxarinTan xangrZliv brZolaSi, pir-dapir l. trockisaTvis Seetia. Tu i. stalini l. trockis daamarcxebda, l. kamenevi da g. zinovievi av-tomaturad misi mona-morCilni gaxdebodnen, magram Tu i. stalini l. kamenevsa da g. zinovievs daamarcxebda, es sulac ar niSnavda, rom l. trockisac advilad Camoici-lebda gzidan. ase rom i. stalinis gadawyvetileba pirdapir l. trockisaTvis Seetia, erTi SexedviT avanturistuli da uperspeqtivo, sinamdvileSi realuri da momgebiani Canda. cxadia, arsebobda imisi Sansic, rom i. stalins yvelaferi waego. am adamianur SiSs igi ar grZnobda. sikvdilis SiSi i. stalins ukve karga xania dakarguli hqonda. lev trockis winaaRmdeg brZolis pirveli etapi iTvaliswinebda v. leninsa da l. trockis Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis gamomzeurebas, mZafrad warmoCenas. paralelurad yvelaferi unda gakeTebuliyo imisaTvis, rom i. stalini warmodgeniliyo rogorc v. leninis mtkice mimdevari, misi xazis damcveli. `mowafeobisagan“ jerjerobiT i. stalini Tavs ikavebda. 1921 wlis 19 ianvars `pravdaSi“ igi aqveynebs werils `Cveni uTanxmoebani“. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

gabedulebiT i. stalinma l. trockis brali dasdo v. leninTan dapirispirebaSi, saxelmwifo, partiuli da profkavSiruli mSeneblobis anbanis ucodinrobaSi. es Zalze seriozuli braldeba iyo. rkp(b) X yrilobaze (1921 w. marti) i. stalini l. trockis ar Sejaxebia, misi sakeTebeli saqme v. leninma gaakeTa. l. trockim yrilobaze brZola waago, Tumca rkp(b) xelmZRvanelobaSi v. leninis Semdeg igi kvlav pirvel kacad iTvleboda. 1921 wlis ivlisSi i. stalini wers naSroms `rusi komunistebis politikuri strategiisa da taqtikis Se-saxeb“, romelSic Zirfesvianad anadgurebs l. trockisa da sxva gamoCenili bolSevikebis poziciebs. naSromi imdenad mwvaved iyo dawerili, rom misi gamoqveynebisagan i. stalinma Tavi Seikava _ yvelas erTad gadamtereba ar Rirda. es naSromi cota mogvianebiT Zalze efeqturad gamoiyena i. stalinma. manamde ki, 1921 wlis 18 dekembers `pravdaSi“ gamoqveynebul statiaSi `perspeqtivebi“ kvlav moxerxebulad daupirispira v. lenins l. trocki. l. trocki TiTqos kvlav uryevad idga, Tumca i. stali-ni imeds ar kargavda. 1922 weli ioseb stalinma da lev trockim erT banakSi gaatares. ssr kavSiris Seqmnis procesSi isini erTmaneTs ar dapirispirebian, Tumca es dazaveba droebi-Ti iyo. ssrk Seqmnis Semdeg i. stalini kvlav agrZelebs brZolas l. trockis winaaRmdeg. 1923 wlis 14 marts `pravda“ beWdavs i. stalinis statias `rusi komunistebis strategiisa da taqtikis sakiTxisaTvis“. am naSromis Semdeg l. trockis eWvic ki aRar unda Sehparvoda imaSi, rom avtori mas sruliad Segnebulad upirispirebda v. leninsa da mTlianad bolSevikur partias.

i. stalinma nela da ostaturad gaakeTa gadasvla òpozicioneri trockidan“ `moRalate trockize“. ioseb stalini werda warmoudgeneli logikiT, naTlad, gasagebad, ubralod. wvril-wvril faqtebs ar eZiebda, globalur, strategiul sakiTxebs mihyveboda. miuxedavad amisa, lev trockis moRalateoba mainc daujerebeli Can-da. albaT amiTac iyo gamowveuli, rom rkp(b) XII yrilobam (1923 w. aprili) ZalaSi datova Zveli reitingi: trocki _ kamenevi _ zinovievi _ stalini. v. lenini avadaa, yrilobas l. kamenevi xsnis. centraluri komitetis moxseneba or nawilad gaiyo: politikuri angariSi (ufro mniSvnelovani) g. zinovievma gaakeTa, saorganizacio muSaobis angariSi (SedarebiT umniSvnelo) i. stalinma warmoadgina. lideris roli l. trockis ergo. Zalze Tavdajerebuli Canda lev trocki. movlenebi ise viTardeboda, TiTqos bolSevikuri partiis liderad l. trockis gaxdomas mxolod v. leninis mimqrali sicocxleRa aferxebda. es ki droebiTi Seferxeba iyo: v. lenini rom didxans veRar icocxlebda, amaSi eWvi aRaravis epareboda. ioseb stalini ar SeuSinebia rkp(b) XII yrilobis garegnul Sedegebs. man yrilobaze sxva ram dainaxa: lev trockis daucxromeli ltolva partiis liderobisaken Zalze aRelvebda l. kamenevs, g. zinovievsa da n. buxa-rins, amas ki didi mniSvneloba hqonda i. stalinisaTvis. aucilebeli iyo l. kamenevisa da g. zinovievis ganwyobi-lebis gamoyeneba. 1923 wlis 15 dekembers `pravdaSi“ qveyndeba i. stalinis werili metad originaluri saTauriT: `diskusiisa, rafailisa, preobraJenskis da sapronovis statiebisa da trockis werilis Sesaxeb“. yvelas gahkra kbili i. stalinma, l. kamenevi da g. zinovievi ki aSkarad daindo. es ukanasknelni madlierni unda yofiliyvnen. werilSi yvelaze mwvaved lev trocki iyo

gakritikebuli, naCvenebi iyo v. leninisa da l. trockis SexedulebaTa sruli polaruloba. lev trocki ioseb stalinis nawerebze gacilebiT met yuradRebas v. leninis avadmyofobas aqcevda. kvlav fiq-robda, rom v. leninis sikvdiliT ispoboda is ukanaskne-li barieri, romelic aferxebda mis mier bolSevikuri partiis lideris savarZlis dakavebas. amaSi ki l. troc-ki mwared cdeboda... man aSkarad ver Seafasa ioseb stalinis SesaZleblobani. v. leninis gardacvaleba moulodneli ar yofila, mag-ram man mainc didi dabneuloba Seitana rkp(b) umaRles eSelonebSi. ar daibna mxolod ioseb stalini. cxadi iyo, rom bolSevikuri partiis lideri igi jer kidev ver gaxdeboda, amitom gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda l. trockis aRmasvlis SeCereba, Tundac droebiT. lev trockis winaaRmdeg brZolis meore etaps i. sta-linma v. leninis sikvdilisTanave daudo saTave. brZolis Zveli meTodebiT i. stalini mizans veRar miaRwevda. yve-lasaTvis moulodnelad ioseb stalini Seudga v. leni-nis gafetiSebas. pirvelad da SesaniSnavad man es gaakeTa sabWoebis sruliad sakavSiro II yrilobaze 1924 wlis 26 ianvars Tavis cnobil naSromSi `leninis gardacvale-bis gamo“. yvela daibna: raSi sWirdeboda v. leninis gaRmerTeba ioseb stalins? ra mizans emsaxureboda sa-jarod warmoTqmuli sicrue? sul cota xnis win, 1920 wels, i. stalini saerTod arafers ambobda v. leninis zeadamianur Tvisebebze, piriqiT, mis Secdomebzec Ta-visuflad laparakobda. imxanad v. lenini stalinisaTvis partiis Cveulebrivi lideri iyo da ara RmerTkaci. i. stalinis orive naSromi (`lenini rogorc rkp organi-zatori da beladi“; `sityva rkp(b) moskovis komitetis krebaze v. i. leninis 50 wlisTavis gamo“), miZRvnili v. leninis iubilisadmi, Zalze TavdaWerilad aris da-

werili, ufro zustad _ obieqturad warmoadgens saqmis viTarebas. i. stalinis varaudi Zalze martivi iyo. mTeli bolSevikuri partia, mTeli xalxi unda darwmunebuliyo: zekac vladimer lenins ubralo mokvdavi lev trocki ver Secvlida. i. stalins aSinebda is, rom l. trocki dauyovnebliv ar gamxdariyo bolSevikuri partiisa da ssr kavSiris politikuri lideri. am SemTxvevaSi misi Tavidan mocileba Zalze Zneli iqneboda. maS, vin unda yofiliyo axali lideri? i. stalins pasuxi ukve mofiqrebuli hqonda: aravin. v. leninis adgili aravis unda daekavebina. i. stalins aucileblad sWirdeboda Sualeduri periodi (ùmefobis xana“). Tu i. stalini amas miaRwevda, igi, sul mcire, or rames mainc moigebda: pirveli. l. trockis avtoriteti Seiryeoda, mas yvela damarcxebul politikur moRvawed CaTvlida; meore. l. trockis sabolood gasanadgureblad i. stalins kidev rCeboda dro. ZalTa aseTi ganlagebiT kmayofili darCebodnen l. kamenevi, g. zinovievi da n. buxarini _ partiisa da saxelmwifos lideris carieli savarZeli maTac garkveul imedebs utovebda. ioseb stalinma mizans miaR-wia. rkp(b) XIII yrilobam (1924 w. maisi) partiuli rei-tingi ucvlelad datova. lideris adgili vakanturi iyo, Semdeg modiodnen: lev trocki, lev kamenevi, grigo-ri zinovievi, ioseb stalini, nikolai buxarini. es iyo ioseb stalinis didi gamarjveba. 1924 wlis 26 ianvars, rogorc aRvniSneT, i. stalin-ma v. lenini RmerTkacad gamoacxada. ori dRis Semdeg ki naTeli gaxda ioseb stalinis kidev erTi Canafiqri. 28 ianvars kremlis kursantTa saRamoze warmoTqmul sityvaSi (mogonebaSi) `leninis Sesaxeb“ (gamoqveynda `pravdaSi“ 1924 wlis 12 Tebervals) ioseb stalinma Tavi v. leninis `mowafed“ warmoadgina. aqamde i. stalini

v. leninis TanamebrZoli iyo, amieridan ki _ `mowafec“. kidev vis SeiZleboda hqonoda v. leninis `mowafeobis“ pretenzia? l. trocki amas arasgziT ar ikadrebda. l. kamenevi, g. zinovievi da n. buxarinic v. leninis Tana-mebrZolebad Tvlidnen Tavs. iqneb maT `mowafeobazec“ ar eTqvaT uari? magram ukve gvian iyo. ioseb stalinma sxvebs daaswro da didi upiratesobac miiRo. `mowafe“ `maswavleblis“ gandidebis gziT midioda. i. stalinis konkurentebi ukve momxdaris gaazrebasac ver aswrebdnen, `mowafe“ maT morig siurprizs sTavazobda. 1924 wlis aprilis damdegs ioseb stalinma sverdlovis universitetSi waikiTxa leqciebi saerTo saTauriT `leninizmis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb“, romelic eyrdnoboda adre daweril, magram gamouqveynebel naSroms `rusi komunistebis politikuri strategiisa da taqtikis Sesaxeb“. 1924 wlis maisSi i. stalinma gamosca broSura `leninisa da leninizmis Sesaxeb“, sadac Sevida `mogoneba leninis Sesaxeb“ (kremlis kursantTa saRamoze warmoTqmuli) da `leninizmis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb“ (sverdlovis universitetSi wakiTxuli leqciebi). lev trockim igrZno, rom ioseb stalini mas bolSe-vikuri partiis istoriaSi moRalated warmoaCenda, par-tiis momavalSi ki adgils aRar utovebda. gamwarebulma da gaborotebulma l. trockim scada Selaxuli av-toritetis aRdgena naSromiT òqtombris gakveTilebi“. l. trockim erTi dakvriT moindoma i. stalinisaTvis sa-magieros gadaxda. revanSi ar Sedga. 1924 wlis 19 noem-bers i. stalini vrceli sityviT gamovida profkavSirTa sruliad ruseTis centraluri sabWos komunisturi fraqciis plenumze. 26 noembers i. stalinis sityva saTauriT `trockizmi Tu leninizmi?“ gazeT `pravdaSi“ gamoqveynda. es naSromi warmoadgens l. trockis sabral-debo daskvnas. lev trockis liderobaze ukve lapara-kic ki aRar SeiZleboda.

ioseb stalinis naSromi `leninizmis safuZvlebis Se-saxeb“ Seafases, rogorc `mowafis“ mokrZalebuli cda, `maswavleblis“ moZRvrebis sistemaSi moyvanis mizniT Seqmnili. sinamdvileSi, msgavsi ram i. stalins fiqradac ar mosvlia, `mowafes“ `maswavleblis“ nawerebSi qeqva ar sWirdeboda. ioseb stalins ukve mofiqrebuli hqonda ssr kavSirSi politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sistemis mSeneblobis sakuTari gegma, romelsac leninis naazrevTan saerTo Zalian cota, TiTqmis araferi hqonda. es iyo unikaluri gegma, romlis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZola i. stalinma male daiwyo. i. stalinis naSroms `leninizmis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb“ Semdeg wlebSi sxva naSromebic daemata da 1926 wels gamovida ioseb stali-nis naSromebis krebuli `leninizmis sakiTxebi“. i. sta-lins muSaoba ar Seuwyvetia, krebuli `leninizmis sa-kiTxebi“ misi axali naSromebiT ivseboda. sul 1952 wlamde xsenebuli krebuli TerTmetjer gamoica. zemoTac aRvniSneT da kvlav vimeorebT: imas, rasac ioseb stalini leninizms uwodebda, sinamdvileSi bevri araferi hqonda saerTo v. leninTan, miT umetes, arc k. marqssa da f. engelsTan. i. stalini azrovnebda sru-liad damoukideblad, araordinalurad. is, rasac i. stalini leninizms uwodebda, sinamdvileSi warmoad-genda stalinizms, _ sruliad axal moZRvrebas. msgavseba leninizmTan mxolod garegnuli, moCvenebiTi iyo. cxadia, ioseb stalini lev trockisac stalinizmiT ebrZoda, v. lenini am SemTxvevaSi im droSis rols TamaSobda, romlis garSemo SeiZleboda Zveli bolSevikebis darazmva. droSa ki xelT stalins epyra... l. trocki i. stalinma stalinizmiT daamarcxa, stalinizmiT iqnen damarcxebulni sxva oponentebic: lev kamenevi, grigori zinovievi, nikolai buxarini.

bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: raSi dasWirda ioseb stalins mis mier Camoyalibebuli moZRvrebis vladimer leninisaTvis miwera? es ganpirobebuli iyo 1924 wlis damdegs Seqmnili politikuri situaciiT. am periodisa-Tvis i. stalinis mdgomareoba ar iyo mtkice. bolSeviku-ri partiis lideris postisaTvis gamwvavebul brZolaSi igi marto Tavisi Tavis imedad ver iqneboda. sanam i. stalini bolSevikuri partiis lideri da uzarmazari qveynis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli ar gaxdebo-da, mokrZalebulad unda darCeniliyo. 1924 wlis damdegs rom i. stalins sajarod ganecxadebina stalinizmis, axali moZRvrebis, arsebobis Sesaxeb, mas aucileblad mospobdnen. i. stalini yvelafers erTad dakargavda. mis mier Camoyalibebuli moZRvrebac daviwyebas miecemoda. Tu i. stalini v. lenins amoefareboda, gacilebiT didi Sansi hqonda konkurentebic Camoecilebina, bolSevikuri partiisa da ssr kavSiris politikuri liderobac xelT egdo da sakuTari moZRvrebac gadaerCina. ioseb stalinma meore gza airCia. ioseb stalins imdenad didi miznebi hqonda, rom igi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas arc ki aniWebda, am miznamde `leninizmiT“ mividoda, Tu `stalinizmiT“. aseT SemTxvevaze ityvian: mizani amarTlebs saSualebas. ase fiqrobda ioseb stalinic. 1924 wels ioseb stalins rom mis mier Camoyalibebu-li moZRvreba _ stalinizmi _ sacnauri gaexada, mTeli Tavisi sisruliT warmoeCina, nakuw-nakuw daglejdnen, zarbaznis lulaSi Cadebdnen da samxreTisaken gamoisrodnen. es ar iqneboda ioseb stalinis tragedia, es ruseTis tragedia iqneboda. Tumca mogvianebiT ioseb stalinis neSts mainc ar ascda Seuracxyofa, magram amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aRar hqonda. ioseb stalini ukve msoflio istoriis

ganuyofeli nawili iyo da misi gasamarTleba Cveuleb-riv mokvdavebs aRar xelewifebodaT.

Tavi IV. socialuri

da ekonomikuri sistema

XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis damdegisaTvis, batonymobis gauqmebisa da 60-70-iani wlebis reformebis wyalobiT, ruseTSi Camoyalibda socialuri sistema, romelic TiTqos iZleoda burJuaziul urTierTobaTa samudamod da umtkivneulod damkvidrebis garantias. miuxedavad krizisebisa,

uzarmazari saxelmwifo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT swrafad viTardeboda, ixveweboda socialuri urTierTobani. axal ekonomikur da socialur urTierTobebs fexs veRar uwyobda, maT ganviTarebas aferxebda politikuri sistema _ carizmi (monarqia), romelsac petre didis epoqis Semdeg TiTqmis araviTari seriozuli cvlileba ar ganucdia. XIX saukunis dam-degis reformebs mxolod kosmetikuri xasiaTi hqonda, misi Sedegebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi ukve aRar igrZ-noboda. axal reformebze ukanaskneli monarqi, niWieri da erudirebuli adamiani, nikoloz II, samwuxarod, ar fiqrobda. albaT bediswerac iyo. politikuri sistemi-saTvis damRupvel nabijs warmoadgenda mxolod sxva sa-xelmwifoTa interesebiT nakarnaxevi omis dawyeba iapo-niasTan. ruseT-iaponiis omma (1904-1905 ww.) Zlieri dartyma miayena qveynis jer kidev sabolood Camouyalibebel eko-nomikur da socialur sistemas. socialuri da ekonomi-kuri viTareba swrafad daiZaba. lavirebis unarmoklebu-li politikuri reJimi, romlis saTaveSi ganaTlebuli, magram unebisyofo monarqi idga, bolomde erTgulad asrulebda mokavSire saxelmwifos dakveTas _ aSkarad wagebul oms ar wyvetda. sadRac, wynari okeanis sanapiroze warmoebuli omi sul ufro Zabavda viTarebas. Sedegmac ar daayovna _ 1905 wlis ianvarSi ruseTSi revolucia daiwyo. ivane bolotnikovis, stefane razinisa da emeliane pugaCovis Semdeg ruseTs kvlav gadauara didma socialurma buntma. ekonomikurma da socialurma sistemam amjerad politikuri sistemis uunarobas gauZlo. 1905 wlis mRelvare movlenebis Semdeg ruseTi kvlav aRmavlobis gzaze dadga. es metwilad didi politikuri moRvawis p. stolipinis damsaxureba iyo. Tumca, p. stolipinis reformebi,

obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebis gamo, did winaaRmdegobas waawyda, xolo Tavad reformatoris mkvlelobis Semdeg kidev ufro Seferxda. miuxedavad amisa, udavoa, rom 1907-1914 wlebSi ruseTis imperia aRmavlobas ganicdida. 1914 wels monarqiam meore, amJamad ukve gamousworebeli, Secdoma dauSva _ ruseTi msoflio omSi Caeba. am oms Seewira kidec romanovebis imperia _ 1917 wlis Teberval-martSi ruseTSi revolucia moxda. omisagan ukiduresad gamwvavebulma ekonomikurma da socialurma krizisma aafeTqa politikuri sistema _ carizmi. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi socia-luri wonasworobis aRdgena mainc SesaZlebeli gaxda. 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg ki igi warmoudgenlad gaZnelda. revoluciis talRaze qveynis politikuri cxovrebis saTaveSi mosuli moRvaweebi: nikoloz (kar-lo) CxeiZe, irakli wereTeli, matvei skobelevi, droe-biTi mTavrobis yvela Semadgenloba misi Tavmjdoma-reebiT da ministrebiT ganwirulni aRmoCndnen imitom, rom qveyanaSi politikuri krizisa da moaxloebuli samxedro katastrofis Tavidan acilebas gonivrulad gaazrebuli ekonomikuri da socialuri sistemis gareSe cdilobdnen. ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze (1917 wlis marti-oqtomberi) daaxloebiTac ver moxaza qveynis socialuri sistemis modeli. kraxi gardauvali iyo. 1917 wlis 25 oqtombris kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialeba swored ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis ugunuri socialuri politikis Sedegi iyo. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda ara-viTari socialuri politika, orientirebuli Tundac erT Zlier socialur fenaze. aRarafers vambobT yvela socialuri fenisaTvis met-naklebad misaReb politikaze.

saxelmwifoSi socialuri politikis ararseboba yvela socialur fenas ukarnaxebda TviTon ezruna Tavisi inte-resebis dacvaze. es ki badebda anarqias, qaoss, Zaladobas, amkvidrebda ùkanono kanonierebas“. moZraobaSi modioda uzarmazari masa, romelic cdilobda, ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi sakuTari intuiciis karnaxiT gadaeWra. sul ufro da ufro cxadi xdeboda, rom es masa male politikaSic Caereoda. Zveli socialuri sistema politikuri reJimis ugu-nurebam Seiwira, axali politikuri sistema socialuri sistemis Seqmnis uunarobam imsxverpla. saerTo Sedegi ki aseTi iyo: ruseTSi ar arsebobda aranairi eko-nomikuri da socialuri politika. ruseTis saxelmwifo didi gansacdelis winaSe idga. brZolis unardakarguli armia Zlivs akavebda germaniis, avstria-ungreTisa da TurqeTis jarebis Semotevas. msoflio omis wlebSi da 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Sedegad moZraobaSi mosuli uzarmazari masa _ warmoudgeneli damangreveli Zalis mqone sxvadasxva socialuri fenis nakrebi, _ politikuri sistemis si-sustisa da uunarobis Jams Tavisi Zala rom igrZno, quCaSi idga, idga funqciadakarguli, rwmenadakarguli, uideod da uwinamZRolod. Tu ruseTs petre didis msgavsi politikuri moRvawe ar gamouCndeboda, maSin aucileblad gamoCndebodnen axali drois bolotnikove-bi, razinebi, pugaCovebi. mesame gza ar arsebobda. aseT umZimes pirobebSi Caibares ruseTis saxelmwifo bolSe-vikebma. bolSevikebis lideri vladimer lenini arc petre didis da arc emeliane pugaCovis rolSi ar gamodga: petre didoba ver SeZlo, emeliane pugaCovis rolSi gamosvlisa aSkarad SeeSinda. 1917-1920 wlebSi ngreva

ruseTSi intensiurad, kidev ufro didi masStabiT grZeldeboda. ganuxrelad qveiTdeboda mosaxleobis cxovrebis done. ar Canda socialuri sistemis monaxazic ki. v. leninis sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom man mainc SeZlo uzarmazari umarTavi socialuri Zala (glexoba, muSebi, armia) 1918-1920 wlebSi xan samoqalaqo omSi daesaqmebina _ Zveli politikuri sistemis restavraciis momxreTa winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina, xan ucxo saxelmwifo-Ta intervenciis mosagerieblad daerazma. magram es iyo droebiTi RonisZieba, ar iyo gaazrebuli axali ekonomi-kuri da socialuri sistemis modeli. sul ufro da ufro cxadi xdeboda, rom uzarmazari saxelmwifos mar-Tva ase ar SeiZleboda. bolSevikebis xelisufleba gan-wiruli Canda... v. leninis avadmyofobis periodSi ruseTis cnobili politikuri moRvaweebi: lev trocki (bronSteini), lev kamenevi (rozenfildi), grigori zinovievi (radomisls-ki), nikolai buxarini da sxvebi, _ axali socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnaze ki ar fiqrobdnen, aramed sul imis cdaSi iyvnen, rogorme xelSi CaegdoT Zalauf-leba. erTaderTi politikuri moRvawe, romelsac v. le-ninis sikvdilis momentisaTvis (1924 w.) ruseTis xsnis gegma aRmoaCnda, ioseb juRaSvili (stalini) iyo. ioseb stalinis socialuri sistemis modeli, rome-lic sruliad usamarTlod bolSevikuri (komunisturi), an, kidev ufro uaresi, leninuri socialuri sistemis modelis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, iqca ruseTis xnis Ruzad. am sistemaze i. stalini, cxadia, didi xnidan fiqrobda, dasrulebuli saxe ki man 1917 wlis 25 oq-tombris kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdgom periodSi miiRo. es sistema Tavidan bolomde ioseb juRaSvilis mier iyo gaazrebuli, mas araferi aqvs saerTo k. marqsis, f. engelsisa da v. leninis

ideebTan da amdenad, mTeli Tavisi sidiadiTa da nakliT mxolod ioseb stalinis kuTvnilebaa. ruseTSi Seqmnili viTareba zogadad zemoT davaxasia-TeT. axla ganvixiloT, Tu ras warmoadgenda ruseTi so-cialur ZalTa ganlagebis TvalsazrisiT 1917-1924 wle-bisaTvis. ruseTis soflis Zveli socialuri sistema mTlianad moSlili iyo, aRar funqcionirebda. sabWoTa xelisuf-leba soflad mxolod administraciul Zalauflebas inarCunebda, radgan emyareboda samxedro Zalas. rusi glexoba ukve karga xania daSlili iyo Semdeg fenebad: a) uRaribesi glexoba (60-65%), b) saSualo glexoba (30-35%), g) kulakoba (7-8%). uRaribes glexobas eko-nomikuri saxsari, arsebobisaTvis stabiluri saSualeba ar gaaCnda. saSualo glexobisaTvis SimSilis problema ar idga, igi ekonomikurad welSi gamarTuli iyo da mSvidobiani ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi perspeqtivac kargi hqonda. kulakoba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Zlieri socialuri fena iyo da perspeqtivac SesaniSnavi gaaCnda. ruseTis glexobis samive fena erTmaneTTan mkveTrad iyo dapirispirebuli. Cveulebriv Tvlian, rom erTmaneTs mxolod uRaribesi glexoba da kulakoba ebrZoda. es mcdari Sexedulebaa: ruseTis glexobis samive fena erTmaneTs ebrZoda da maTi morigeba da soflad socialuri zavis Camogdeba SeuZlebeli iyo. evropis qveynebSi am socialur fenaTa Serigeba SesaZlebeli iqneboda (ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi soflis mosaxleobis socialur fenaTa Soris dapirispireba XIX saukuneSi, faqtobrivad, ukve gadaWril problemad iTvleboda). ruseTSi ki socialuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebani, rusuli cxovrebis TviTmyofadoba SeuZlebels xdida soflad socialuri zavis Camogdebas. es iyo ioseb stalinis pirveli da didi

aRmoCena axali socialuri sistemis modelis Seqmnis gzaze. rac i. stalinma aRmoaCina, mas Tavis droze ver mixvda p. stolipini, ver mixvdnen verc v. lenini da verc l. trocki. am aRmoCenis Semdeg i. stalins unda efiqra soflad socialuri konfliqtis mospobis (da ara mogvarebis) gegmaze. soflad socialuri konfliqtis mospobis erTaderT SesaZlebel gzad ioseb stalinma rusi glexobis ekonomikuri gaTanabreba dasaxa, rasac Sedegad socialuri Tanasworobis damyareba unda mohyoloda. es iyo i. stalinis meore didi aRmoCena. ioseb stalinma kargad icoda, rom evropis qveynebi fermeruli meurneobis Seqmnis gziT wavidnen. fermeruli meurneoba ayvavda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic. magram am gziT i. stalini ver wavidoda. am gziT wavida p. stolipini da damarcxda kidec. p. stolipini Zveli rusuli samyaros (sasoflo Temis) ngrevis gzas daadga, Zveli patriarqaluri socialuri urTierTobani mospo, glexobas socialuri da ekonomikuri damoukidebloba mianiWa. p. stolipinis reformas Cafiqrebuli fermeruli meurneobis bumi ar mohyolia. kulakobis fena raodenob-rivad, marTalia, sakmaod didi iyo, magram procentulad, mTeli glexobis raodenobaze gadaangariSebiT, Zalian cota _ 7-8%. es ki p. stolipinis ideis marcxs niS-navda. kulakobis (fermerebis) fena ruseTSi p. stoli-pinis reformidan 10 wlis Semdeg mTeli glexobis 70-80% rom gamxdariyo, ruseTSi sul sxva socialuri su-raTi gveqneboda. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, ruseTSi fermeruli meur-neobis bumi ar Sedga. glexobam Zveli, mama-papuri wesebiT arCia cxovreba da ùari Tqva“ gamdidrebaze. burJuaziul urTierTobaTa damkvidrebis nacvlad p. stolipinma aseTi Sedegi miiRo: Zveli socialuri

sistema daingra, Zveli socialuri ujredi _ sasoflo Temi _ moiSala, axalma socialurma sistemam, axalma socialurma ujredma _ fermerulma meurneobam _ sayovelTao xasiaTi ver miiRo, ver gabatonda. patriarqaluri samyarodan gamosuli rusi glexi Sua gzaze SeCerda. Sua gzaze SeCerda ruseTic. slavuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli primitiuli socialuri Tanasworobis idea, mTeli rusuli TviTmyofadi samyaro win gadaeRoba stolipiniseul axal socialur urTierTobaTa damkvidrebas. Tumca p. stolipinis reformebis Semdeg Zveli socialuri urTierTobebis aRdgenac warmoudgeneli iyo. yovelive es naTlad dainaxa ioseb stalinma. dro ar iTmenda: soflad an didi socialuri afeTqeba, rusuli bunti daiwyeboda, an Sua gzaze SeCerebul rusul sofels da mTlianad ruseTs raRac gza unda gamoenaxa. maS, ase: soflad didi socialuri afeTqebis Tavidan acilebis gzad ioseb stalini glexobis ekonomikur gaTanabrebas da amis safuZvelze socialuri Tanasworobis miRwevas saxavda. mainc rogor unda momxdariyo yovelive es? i. stalini ase fiqrobda: soflad memamuleebisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwis fondisaTvis miematebina kulakebisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwebi da igi usasyidlod gadaeca uRaribesi glexobisaTvis, rac uRaribes glexobas saSualo glexobis rangSi aiyvanda. miwis CamorTmevis Semdeg ku-lakic ekonomikurad saSualo glexobas gauTanabrdeboda. es ki imas niSnavda, rom soflad darCeboda erTaderTi socialuri fena ekonomikurad welSi gamarTuli da socialurad saxelmwifosagan daculi glexobisa. yo-velive es advilad gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebas ar warmoadgenda, mas uamravi dabrkoleba eRobeboda win. me-mamuleTa klasi ukve welSi gatexili iyo, ufro

zustad, aRarc arsebobda, magram kulakoba miwas advilad ar daTmobda. memamuleTa kuTvnili miwebi, iseve rogorc saxazino, saeklesio da sakabineto miwebi 1917 wlis 26 oqtombris `miwis Sesaxeb“ dekretiT gadaeca saxelmwifos. kulakobis miwebs xsenebuli dekreti ar Sehxebia, radgan kulaki glexTa klass miekuTvneboda. dekreti imave mizeziT arc saSualo glexis kuTvnil miwas exeboda, aRarafers vambobT uRaribes glexobaze. ase rom, kulakisaTvis miwis CamorTmevis formac unda gamoZebniliyo da, rac mTavaria, unda gansazRvruliyo miwiT sargeblobis wesi. ioseb stalins glexobis ekonomikuri da socialuri gaTanabrebisaTvis kidec rom mieRwia, sad iyo imisi ga-rantia, rom es erTiani socialuri fena isev ar daiSle-boda or an ramdenime fenad, isev ar gamoiyofoda gaRa-takebuli glexobis fena, rac kvlav Seqmnida socialuri afeTqebis saSiSroebas. i. stalinma es problema brwyinvaled gadaWra. Tu miwa saxelmwifos xelSi darCeboda da igi mkacrad gansazRvruli raodenobiT droebiT sargeblobaSi miecemoda glexobas, kanoniT aikrZaleboda miwis yidva-gayidva da gaCuqeba. soflad ekonomikuri diferenciacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda, e. i. SeuZlebeli iqneboda socialuri diferenciaciac da gaRatakebuli glexobis fenis warmoqmna. swored amis gamo iyo, rom i. stalinma miwa faqtobrivad saxelmwifos ganuyofel sakuTrebad aqcia. xSirad aRniSnaven: i. stalinma koleqtiuri meurneobis SeqmniT Zveli rusuli sasoflo Temi aRadginao, rac mTlad zustad ar asaxavs sinamdviles. sasoflo Temi mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze miwas (saTemo miwas) realurad flobda, mis udavo sakuTrebas Seadgenda. rac Seexeba koleqtiur meurneobas, mas miwa realur sakuTrebaSi arasdros

hqonia, miwa faqtobrivad saxelmwifos ganuyofel sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. ioseb stalins imTaviTve gamouCndnen oponentebi. l. trocki da n. buxarini ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebi-dan utevdnen i. stalinis gegmas. l. trocki amtkicebda: glexoba socializmis mteria, igi socializmis mSeneb-lobaSi monawileobas ar miiRebs, amitomac sabWoTa xe-lisuflebam glexoba welSi unda gatexos samxedro-administraciuli da ekonomikuri RonisZiebebiT. cxadi iyo, rom l. trocki samoqalaqo omisa da e. w. `samxed-ro komunizmis“ epoqis gavlenidan ver gamosuliyo da rusuli soflis dasjis saSinel gegmebs saxavda. es ki qveyanas axal samoqalaqo oms uqadda, rac Seqmnil saSi-nao da sagareo viTarebaSi, aucileblad damTavrdeboda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mospobiT. es safrTxe droze igrZno i. stalinma da gadaWriT aRudga win l. trockis avanturistuli ideis ganxorcielebas. n. buxarini, piriqiT, amtkicebda, rom soflad ferme-ruli meurneobis ganviTarebas unda SevuwyoT xelio. marTalia, fermeruli (kulakuri) meurneoba kerZo sa-kuTrebaze iyo damyarebuli, magram n. buxarini Tvlida, rom kulakoba sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis did safrTxes ar warmoadgenda, SesaZlebeli iyo kulakobis Sezrda sabWoTa wyobilebasTan. cxadi iyo, rom n. buxarins p. stolipinis marcxis mizezi ar esmoda, ver grZnobda, rom rusuli soflis didxans am mdgomareobaSi datoveba aRar SeiZleboda _ iq dawyebuli socialuri afeTqeba mTel politikur sistemas daRupavda. sofels droze undoda Svela: aucilebeli iyo socialur ZalTa dabalanseba sabWoTa wyobilebis sasargeblod. n. buxarinis gegma ki xangrZliv gardamaval periods iTvaliswinebda. i. stalinisa da n. buxarinis polemika didxans gagrZelda. n. buxarini socialistad Tvlida

Tavs da amitom kerZo sakuTrebis (kulakuri meurneobis) momxred aSkarad ver gamovidoda, amitomac amtkicebda: kulaki sabWoTa wyobilebas Seezrdebao. n. buxarinTan polemikaSi i. stalinma garkveviT aRniSna: sabWoTa sistemaSi, romelic sazogadoebriv (saxelmwifo) sakuTrebas emyareboda da amdenad, uaryofda kerZo sakuTrebas, kulakuri (fermeruli) meurneoba, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis saxeoba, mudam ucxo sxeulad dar-Ceboda. kulakoba ekonomikurad gaZlierdeboda, miim-xrobda saSualo glexobas da, nacvlad imisa, rom Sezrdoda sabWoTa wyobilebas, sastik brZolas gamou-cxadebda mas. msxvili da wvrili fermerebis, anu kula-kobisa da saSualo glexobis, bloki soflad sabWoTa xelisuflebis mospobas niSnavda. magram movlenaTa ganvi-Tareba amiT ar dasruldeboda. erTmaneTs mkveTrad dau-pirispirdeboda kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTarebis gziT mimavali sofeli da sazogadoebriv (saxelmwifo) sakuTrebaze mdgari qalaqi. dapirispirebis mo-mentisaTvis, cxadia, ufro susti qalaqi iqneboda, romelsac axali ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnisa da marTvis araviTari gamocdileba ar hqonda. gacilebiT Zlieri iqneboda sofeli, romelic ukve aprobirebul ekonomikur sistemas eyrdnoboda. qalaqSi mrewveloba Camkvdari iyo, amitomac qalaqs sofelze ekonomikuri zemoqmedebis saSualeba ar hqonda. samagierod, sofels qalaqze ekonomikuri zemoqmedebis Zlieri da efeqturi saSualeba gaaCnda _ mxolod mas xelewifeboda puriTa da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT qalaqis momarageba. sabWoTa xelisuflebas SeeZlo soflis winaaRmdeg samxedro Zalis (armiis) gamoyeneba, magram am SemTxvevaSi konfrontacia samoqalaqo omSi gadaizrdeboda, rac Seiwiravda kidec politikur sistemas. i. stalinis

oponentebi aRniSnavdnen: dae, dawyebuliyo samoqalaqo omi, socialuri amboxi, romelic mospobda sabWoTa sistemas, ris Semdegac damyardeboda burJuaziuli urTierTobani da qveyanac progresis gziT wavidoda. dRes yvelasaTvis cxadia: ruseTSi araviTari burJuaziuli urTierToba ar damyardeboda, damyardeboda is, rac ager aTi welia Cvens Tvalwin myardeba _ ekonomikis arnaxuli daqveiTeba, socialuri sistemis moSla, politikuri krizisebis uwyveti jaWvi. yovelive amis Sedegic naTelia: uzarmazari derJava nawilebad daiSala, ruseTi faqtobrivad dasavleTis samyaros naxevarkoloniad iqca, mas msoflio politikaSi seriozul Zalad aRar ganixilaven. miuxedavad amisa, `velikorosia“ `tuzemcebis“ orTaviani arwivis klanWebidan gaSvebas mainc ar apirebs. orive mxarisaTvis damRupveli konfrontacia grZeldeba da, rogorc Cans, arc Tu ise male damTavrdeba. raRac amgvari (Tu uaresi ara) eloda ruseTs 20-ian wlebSic. da Tu es ar moxda, amas ruseTi mxolod da mxolod ioseb stalins unda umadlodes. i. stalinma ruseTi ixsna arnaxuli socialuri buntisagan, im bunti-sagan, romlis Sesaxebac aleqsandr puSkini werda: @Yt ghbdtlb ,ju dbltnm heccrbq ,eyn _ ,tccvscktyysq b ,tcgj-oflysq@\ yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan cxadi unda iyos, rom l. trockisa da n. buxarinis socialuri politikis marcxi da i. stalinis gamarjveba umniSvnelovanesi, gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo ruseTis saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi. soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciiT (1927-1933 ww). da axali socialuri ujredis _ koleqtiuri meurneobis _ SeqmniT i. stalinma Tavisi socialuri sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili aqcia realobad. ra moigo i. stalinma soflis koleqtivizaciiT? 1)

ekonomikurad da socialurad gaTanabrebul sofelSi socialuri afeTqebis safrTxe moixsna, rusuli sofeli dawynarda da misTvis damaxasiaTebel mSvid cxovrebas Seudga; 2) moispo ekonomikuri safuZveli axali socia-luri diferenciaciisaTvis, e. i. moispo soflad axali socialuri konfrontaciis safuZveli; 3) SimSilobisaTvis ganwirulma glexobis mravalmilionianma masam miiRo myari socialuri garantia: samuSao adgili da arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli ekonomikuri saxsari, aseve sxva socialuri garantiebi; 4) saxelmwifos gaaCnda myari garantia purisa da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis damzadebaze, ramac saSualeba misca mTavrobas gamoekveba qalaqis mosaxleoba da armia, puris eqsportiT Seevso oqros maragi, an mis sanacvlod mieRo aucilebeli samrewvelo produqcia da sxv.; 5) soflis axali socialuri fena _ kolmeurne glexoba _ sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtkice dasayrdenad iqca. 20-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis rusuli qalaqi aseT suraTs iZleoda: warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualebani sabWo-Ta xelisuflebis mier iyo eqsproprirebuli da saxelmwifos ganuyofel sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. msxvil burJuazias ukve dakarguli hqonda ekonomikuri poziciebi da socialuri funqcia. jerjerobiT ekonomikur poziciebs (e. i. socialur funqciasac) inarCunebda wvrili burJuazia. sabWoTa xelisufleba wvrili burJuaziis aqtiurobis xarjze cdilobda gamoesworebina mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis sferoSi arsebuli didi Cavardna. muSaTa klasi raodenobrivad Semcirda. misi nawili pirvel msoflio omsa da samoqalaqo omSi daiRupa, nawilma samoqalaqo omis Semdeg SimSilis safrTxis Tavidan acilebis mizniT sofels miaSura, e. i. Zveli socialuri funqcia dakarga. swored amitom 1921 wlis damdegisaTvis ruseTSi

profesional muSaTa raodenoba sul 1 milion 700 aTasi kaciT ganisazRvreboda, Tumca samuSao adgilebi arc maTTvis kmaroda. omma mTlianad moSala rkinigzis transporti, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda orTqlmavlebisa da vagonebis parki. mZime industria Rrma kriziss ganicdida. fabrika-qarxnebis didi nawili ar muSaobda, nawili samxedro produqcias uSvebda. ar muSaobda Saxtebis umetesi nawilic. umZimesi mdgomareoba iyo msubuq mrewvelobaSi. ruseTi moswyda tradiciul nedleulis bazebs Sua aziaSi, amierkavkasiaSi, iranSi. yovelive amas zed erTvoda sursaTisa da pirvel rigSi puris nakleboba. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri afeTqebis safrTxe qalaqad gacilebiT naklebi iyo, vidre sof-lad. sabWoTa xelisufleba qalaqSi Zlier socialur Zalas eyrdnoboda. aq igi poziciebs advilad ar daT-mobda. Tumca es imas ar niSnavda, rom qalaqis socialu-ri problemebi dauyovnebliv reagirebas ar saWiroebda. ioseb stalini mivida im daskvnamde, rom qalaqad misi socialuri sistemis modelis gansaxorcieleblad auci-lebeli iyo Semdegi amocanebis gadaWra: a) puriTa da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT qalaqis momarageba-Si stabiluri mdgomareobis Seqmna; b) muSaTa klasis uzrunvelyofa samuSao adgilebiT; g) wvrili burJua-ziis gamodevna qalaqis socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebi-dan. pirveli problema i. stalinma imiT gadaWra, rom kulakobis didi raodenobiT puri CamoarTva, SedarebiT msubuqad dabegra saSualo glexoba da Seqmnili maragiT SeZlo qalaqis mosaxleobis gamokveba. aseTi politika grZeldeboda koleqtivizaciis gatarebamde. puriTa da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT qalaqis organizebulma (saxelmwifo) momaragebam Seasusta wvrili burJuaziis poziciebi, iklo spekulaciam. sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasayrdeni qalaqad

mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda. wvril burJuazias i. stalinma funqcia sabolood maSin daukarga, roca daakmayofila qalaqis moTxovnileba msubuqi mrewvelobis produqciaze. 1925 wlis dekemberSi sakavSiro kp(b) XV yrilobam industrializaciis kursi dasaxa, Tumca i. stalinisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom imxanad industrializaciis dawyeba SeuZlebeli iyo. SeuZlebeli iyo imitom, rom axali fabrika-qarxnebis ageba ki ara, mefis droindeli samrewvelo simZlavreebic ar muSaobda. faqtobrivad, samrewvelo produqciis warmoebis verc erTi monacemiT sabWoTa ruseTi (ssr kavSiri) 1925 wlisaTvis 1913 wlis dones ver utoldeboda. industrializacia iTxovda didi raodenobiT ucxour valutas, rac saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda. valutis miReba mxolod puris eqsportiT SeiZleboda, xolo puris eqs-portisaTvis gegmiuri xasiaTi SeiZleboda miecaT mxo-lod soflad axali social-ekonomikuri sistemis Seqm-nis, e. i. koleqtivizaciis gatarebis Semdeg. puri kidev ufro meti raodenobiT dasWirdeboda qalaqs, radgan axali samrewvelo simZlavreebis amoqmedeba gazrdida sa-muSao adgilebis raodenobas, e. i. gaizrdeboda qalaqis mosaxleoba. marTalia, industrializaciis kursi (1925 w. dekemberSi) win uswrebda koleqtivizaciis kurss (1927 w. dekemberi), magram industrializacia realurad daiwyo gacilebiT gvian, 1930-1931 wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac soflad i. stalinis socialurma sis-temam pirveli dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. xSirad aRniSnaven, rom industrializacia ssr kavSirSi sagareo sesxebis gareSe gatarda, rac sruli simarTlea. magram aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom kapitaldabandebani indus-trializaciisaTvis i. stalinma soflad moipova. mxedve-lobaSi gvaqvs puris eqsportiT miRebuli Semosavali.

savaluto maragis Seqmnas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli nedleulis eqsportma (navTobi, qvanaxSiri, xe-tye da sxv.). amrigad, koleqtivizaciis gatarebiT soflad Seiqmna kolmeurne glexobis mravalmilioniani, ekonomikurad welSi gamarTuli da saxelmwifosagan socialurad da-culi fena (klasi). am fenam i. stalins soflad sab-WoTa xelisuflebis SenarCunebis garantia misca, pu-riTa da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT uzrun-velyo rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo bazari. koleqti-vizacia, rogorc sabWoTa wyobilebis gadarCenis saSua-leba, SesaniSnavad iyo gaazrebuli, Tumca man Zalze Seaferxa saerTo ekonomikuri progresi. koleqtivi-zaciis Sedegebs daemyara Semdgom wlebSi sabWoTa to-talitaruli sistema. industrializaciis mTavari so-cialuri Sedegi is iyo, rom Seiqmna ekonomikurad uz-runvelyofili da saxelmwifosagan myari socialuri garantiebiT daculi profesional muSaTa fena (klasi), politikuri sistemis Zlieri sayrdeni. indust-rializaciis bazaze Seiqmna uzarmazari samxedro-sam-rewvelo kompleqsi, SesaZlebeli gaxda msoflio mniSv-nelobis mecnieruli aRmoCenebis praqtikulad gan-xorcieleba. industrializacias, rogorc ekonomikur movlenas, hqonda Tavisi àqilevsis qusli“ _ igi mTlianad saxelmwifo sakuTrebas efuZneboda da, amdenad, isev totalitaruli reJimis dasayrdens warmoadgenda. 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis ioseb stalinis zea-damianuri niWisa da energiis wyalobiT rusebs ukve hqondaT Dtkbrfz Lth;fdf\ ruseTi (ssr kavSiri) ukve ga-mosuliyo `didebisa da keTildReobis gzaze“. sofelsa da qalaqSi axali socialuri sistemis damkvidrebiT ioseb stalins ukve SeeZlo sxva

socialuri problemebis gadaWra. uaRresad did mniSvnelobas iZenda inteligenciis socialurad dacvis sakiTxi. cxadia, Zveli inteligenciis sabotaJis mizezi marto ideur SeurigeblobaSi ar unda veZioT. inteligencia ruseTis imperiaSi ekonomikurad kargad uzrunvelyofili socialuri fena iyo, gaaCnda Sesabamisi socialuri garantiebi. 1917 wlidan inteligencia mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda (mxedvelobaSi ara gvaqvs gamoCenili mecnierebis, mwerlebis, mxatvrebis, musikosebis da a. S. mcire raodenoba) _ Tavisi SromiT minimaluradac ver ikmayofilebda yoveldRiur moTxovnilebebs. es exeba rogorc Zveli, ise axali Taobis inteligencias. transportisa da mrewvelobis moSlam faqtobrivad ulukmapurod datova pedagogiuri kadrebi, profesura, eqimebi, mwerlebi, xelovnebis muSakebi. socialuri dacvis Zveli sistema aRar funq-cionirebda, sabWoTa saxelmwifo ki veraviTar socialur garantias ver iZleoda _ verc axal samuSao adgilebs qmnida da verc ukve dasaqmebulT uzrunvelyofda gaweuli Sromis realuri anazRaurebiT. axal inteligencias, e. w. `wiTel inteligencias“, po-litikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, SeeZlo dromde aetana ekonomikuri siduxWire, magram Zveli inteligencia amas ar Tanxmdeboda. arada, `wiTel inteligencias“ Zveli inteligenciis Tanadgomis gareSe ar SeeZlo im mZime da sapasuxismgeblo tvirTis zidva, romelic mas arguna bedma. yovelive es SesaniSnavad icoda ioseb stalinma. koleqtivizaciisa da industrializaciis pirvelma warmatebebma SesaZlebeli gaxada inteligenciisaTvis minimaluri socialuri garantiebis Seqmna, rac faqtobrivad samuSao adgiliT, Sromis realuri anazRaurebiTa da biniT uzrunvelyofas iTvaliswinebda. es wyaloba `wiTelma inteligenciam“

didi aRfrTovanebiT miiRo, rac Seexeba Zvel inteligencias, mas es aRtaceba didad ar gauziarebia. sabWoTa wyobilebas araviTari saSualeba ar hqonda inteligenciisaTvis iseTi pirobebi Seeqmna, rogoric Tundac ruseTis imperiaSi arsebobda. Zveli in-teligenciis Seurigebloba ukve TandaTan kargavda mniSvnelobas. 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi samoRvaweo aspa-rezze gamovida inteligenciis axali Taoba, romlis mo-qalaqeobrivi mrwamsi sabWoTa sinamdvileSi Camoyalib-da. am adamianebs swamdaT `diadi gardaqmnebisa“, maTi umravlesoba erTgulad emsaxureboda mindobil saqmes. inteligenciis axalma Taobam Seavso is danaklisi, romelic Zveli inteligenciis opoziciuri ganwyobilebiT Seiqmna. ioseb stalins swored am inteligenciis imedi hqonda da saTanadod afasebda kidec maT damsaxurebas. es rac Seexeba inteligencias zogadad. ukve 30-iani wlebis damdegidan ssr kavSirSi moRvawe did mecniers, mwerals, musikoss, mxatvars, arqiteqtors, msaxiobs da sxv. gaaCnda myari socialuri garantiebi. isini materialurad maqsimalurad iyvnen uzrunvelyofilni, maTTvis yoveldRiuri sayofacxovrebo problemebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar arsebobda. es piradad ioseb stalinis neba iyo. amiT imis Tqma sulac ar gvinda, rom TiTqos i. stalinma inteligenciis elitaruli fena Seqmna. ara, es bunebrivi movlena iyo. i. stalini inteligenciis Sromis SefasebaSi gaTanabrebas ver dauSvebda. aq sxvagvari midgoma iyo saWiro. soflad da qalaqad miRweulma warmatebebma ioseb stalins saSualeba misca gadaeWra socialuri probleme-bi armiaSi. armia ruseTis cxovrebaSi tradiciulad did rols TamaSobda. swored amitom armiis socialuri dac-vis sakiTxi mudam aqtualuri iyo. es kargad esmoda

i. stalins. bolSevikebs uari ar uTqvamT im samxedro-strategiul interesebze, romelic ruseTis imperias gaaCnda evropasa da aziaSi. ufro metic, i. stalini cdi-lobda politikuri da samxedro gavlenis sferoebis ga-farToebas. i. stalinisaTvis imTaviTve naTeli iyo, rom dRes Tu ara xval ruseTs (ssr kavSirs) Sejaxeba moux-deboda evropisa da aziis did saxelmwifoebTan. es Se-jaxeba ganpirobebuli iqneboda ara marto imiT, rom i. stalinma saqveynod gamoacxada socializmis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, aramed upirvelesad imiT, rom pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba, omisSemdgomi ZalTa ganlageba evropasa da aziaSi aucileblad gamoiwvevda axal konfrontacias did saxelmwifoTa Soris. cxadia, ssr kavSiri axal saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi meorexarisxovan rols ar dasjerdeboda. Zlieri armiisa da samxedro flotis Seqmna gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda. armiis Seqmna urTulesi saqmea. Cven amjerad es problema ar gvainteresebs., gvinda SevCerdeT mxolod armiaSi socialuri sakiTxis gadaWris istoriaze. i. stalinis mier armiis socialuri funqciis sworad gansazRvra, samxedro mosamsaxureTa socialuri dacvis meqanizmis SemuSaveba gaxda erT-erTi umTavresi piroba msoflioSi uZlieresi armiisa da flotis Seqmnisa. armiis Seqmna Zalze Zviri ujdeboda saxelmwifos. axali SeiaraRebis warmoebas rom Tavis davaneboT, ra xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli piradi Semadgenlobis uzurvenyofa sursaTiT, tansacmliT, biniT da a. S.! swored amitom samoqalaqo omis Semdeg ruseTSi daiwyo armiis Semcireba. sxva gamosavali imxanad ar arsebobda. socialurad cudad daculi da mSieri armiis Senaxvas azri ar hqonda.

armiaSi ukmayofilebis warmoSoba 20-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi yovlad dauSvebeli iyo. didi socialuri afeT-qebis SemTxvevaSi armia i. stalins erTaderT imedad miaCnda, Tumca aqamde saqme ar misula. calkeul SemTxve-vebSi armias mainc mouxda wesrigis damcvelis funqciis Sesruleba _ damsjeli eqspediicis rolSi gamosvla. i. stalini imTaviTve mixvda, rom ase didxans ar SeiZle-boda gagrZelebuliyo. damsjel eqspediciebSi armiis ga-moyeneba Zalze utexda am ukanasknels saxels mosax-leobis yvela fenaSi. mosalodneli iyo ukmayofilebis dawyeba armiaSi. samxedro nawils ar surda damsjel eqspediciebSi monawileoba. i. stalinma gadawyvita, ar-miisaTvis erTxel da samudamod Camoecilebina qveynis SigniT wesrigis damcvelis funqcia. es funqcia Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis specialur samsaxurs ga-daeca. armia gaemijna rTul Sidapolitikur procesebs. mas darCa erTaderTi funqcia _ saxelmwifos dacva gareSe Zalis xelyofisagan. marTalia, funqciaTa aseT gadanawilebas Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis Se-sanaxi xarjebis gazrda mohyva, magram am SemTxvevaSi i. stalinma politikuri TvalsazrisiT moigo. profesio-nali samxedroebi i. stalinis gadawyvetilebas didi mo-wonebiT Sexvdnen. 30-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis ukve moqmedebda armiis socialuri dacvis meqanizmi. sxvadasxva donis samxedro saswavleblebis kursantebi da samxedro akademiebis msmenelebi gacilebiT ukeT iyvnen materialurad uzrunvelyofilni, vidre samoqalaqo umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi da aspirantebi. samxedro specialistebisaTvis ar arsebobda samuSao adgilis problema, xolo samxedro piris realuri xelfasi, im SeRavaTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac saxelmwifo samxedro mosamsaxureebs aZlevda, saSualoze bevrad

maRali iyo, generalitetisa ki _ kidev ufro meti. TiTqmis gadaiWra dabali da saSualo rangis oficerTa biniT uzrunvelyofis problema, ufrosi oficrebisa da generalitetisaTvis ki es sakiTxi ukve aRarc idga. sazogadoebaSi samxedro mosamsaxuris prestiJsa da avtoritets marto saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis damcvelis funqcia ar gansazRvravda, igi samxedro mosamsaxureTa socialuri dacvis swori politikis Sedegi iyo. metad sainteresoa ioseb stalinis socialuri politika partiuli, sabWoTa da sameurneo kadrebis mimarT. partiuli kadrebiT i. stalini gacilebiT adre dainteresda, imaze adre, vidre igi uzarmazari qveynis erTpirovnuli mbrZanebeli gaxdeboda. samoqalaqo omis wlebSi (1918-1920 ww.) i. stalini rkp(b) centralur komitetSi moRvaweobas nakleb dros uTmobda. igi ZiriTadad dakavebuli iyo rsfsr erovnebaTa saqmeebis saxalxo komisariatiTa da samoqalaqo omis frontebiT. imxanad rkp(b) centralur komitetSi pirveli an generaluri mdivnis Tanamdeboba ar arsebobda. centraluri komiteti mcirericxovani da amdenad, mobiluri organo iyo _ mTel partiul da saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebs is uZRveboda. mudmivad funqcionirebda da yoveldRiur saqmianobas warmarTavda rkp(b) centraluri komitetis politbiuro. imxanad, marTalia, arsebobda rkp(b) centraluri komitetis mdivnebis Tanamdebobebi (mdivnebad muSaobdnen: i. sta-lini, g. zinovievi, v. molotovi da sxv.), magram cent-raluri komitetis mdivnebis gavlenas da samoRvaweo asparezze maT rols Zalze zRudavda rkp(b) centra-luri komitetisa da misi politbiuros yoveldRiuri saqmianoba. centraluri komitetis mdivani mxolod umniSvnelo sakiTxebs Tu wyvetda. centraluri

komitetisa da politbiuros sxdomebs v. lenini Tavmjdomareobda. samoqalaqo omis Semdeg i. stalini aqtiurad monawi-leobs centraluri komitetis muSaobaSi. rigiT mdivnad muSaoba ukve xels aRar aZlevda stalins. male man miaRwia imas, rom 1922 wlis 3 aprils rkp(b) centra-luri komitetis plenumma i. stalini v. leninis reko-mendaciiT centraluri komitetis generalur mdivnad airCia. amdenad, i. stalini centraluri komitetis sxva mdivnebze win unda damdgariyo. magram v. leninis sico-cxleSi da centralur komitetSi l. trockis moRva-weobis periodSi generaluri mdivnis posti ver gaxda mniSvnelovani _ raime upiratesoba i. stalinma ver miiRo. komunisturi partiisa da sabWoTa saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Casagdebad i. stalins sxva rame unda eRona. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom generaluri mdivnis posti i. stalins mxolod politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa (l. trocki, l. kamenevi, g. zinovievi, n. buxarini da sxv.) Tvalis asaxvevad sWirdeboda. jer kidev 1921 wlidan i. stalini did yuradRebas uTmobs rkp(b) centraluri komitetis saorganizacio biuroSi (orgbiuro) muSaobas. ras warmoadgenda orgbiuro? saSinao da sagareo politikis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs rkp(b) centraluri komiteti da misi politbiuro wyvetda. orgbiuros evaleboda SedarebiT umniSvnelo sakiTxebis gadaWra, raTa centraluri komitetisa da politbiuros sxdomebi ar gadatvirTuliyo. roca i. stalinma v. leninisagan miiRo Tanxmoba, gasZ-Roloda orgbiuros muSaobas, misma politikurma mowinaaRmdegeebma amaSi veraviTari saSiSroeba ver dainaxes. piriqiT, raki generaluri mdivani i. stalini

drois umetes nawils orgbiuroSi atarebda, isini kmayofilnic ki unda darCeniliyvnen. radgan i. stalini ZiriTadad orgbiuroSi moRvaweob-da, v. leninis avadmyofobis periodSi masve daevala centralur komitetSi saorganizacio saqmeTa gaZRola. imavdroulad centralur komitetSi politikur saqmeTa xelmZRvaneloba g. zinovievs daekisra. garegnulad ise Canda, rom g. zinovievma i. stalinTan SedarebiT upira-tesoba miiRo. ase fiqrobda yvela, garda TviT i. stali-nisa. ioseb stalins umizezo daTmoba ar uyvarda. arc amjerad dauTmia umizezod. orgbiuroSi i. stalini Tav-dapirvelad arafer mniSvnelovans ar akeTebda, Cveuleb-rivi, mimdinare organizaciuli sakiTxebiT iyo dakave-buli. orgbiuros kompetencia Zalian zogadad iyo gansazRvruli. amiT isargebla i. stalinma da nel-nela xelSi Caigdo partiuli, xolo Semdeg sabWoTa da sameurneo kadrebis daniSvnis ufleba. rkp(b) centraluri komiteti da politbiuro kadrebis sakiTxs saTanadod ver afasebda. kadrebis SerCeva, daniSvna da gadaadgileba, gansakuTrebiT ki wmenda did drosa da energias iTxovda. amiT isargebla i. stalinma da sul male es Zneli da arcTu prestiJuli saqme TiTqmis saerTod gamoiyvana centraluri komitetisa da politbiuros kontrolidan. ioseb stalinis xelSi moeqca partiuli kadrebis SerCevis, daniSvnisa da gadaadgilebis saqme mazrebSi (raionebSi), qalaqebSi, olqebsa da mxareebSi. adgilebze partiuli kadrebis daniSvnis uflebis mopovebiT i. stalinma kontroli daawesa sabWoTa da sameurneo xelmZRvanelTa daniSvnaze mTeli qveynis masStabiT. yovelive aman ioseb stalins saSualeba misca kontroli daewesebina rkp(b), xolo Semdeg sakavSiro kp(b) yrilobebisa da konferenciebis delegatTa

arCevaze, rac TavisTavad niSnavda, rom i. stalini akontrolebda yrilobebisa da konferenciebis muSaobasac. amis aSkara niSnebi gamoCnda ukve rkp(b) XII (1923 w.) da rkp(b) XIII (1924 w.) yrilobebze. i. stalinis politikuri xazis triumfi sakavSiro kp(b) XIV (1925 w.) da sakavSiro kp(b) XV (1927 w.) yri-lobebze metwilad imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom yrilobe-bis delegatTa umravlesobas delegatis mandati faqtob-rivad i. stalinisagan hqonda naboZebi, yoveli delegati asgzis iyo Semowmebuli. imave meTodiT ioseb stalinma kontroli daawesa sru-liad ruseTis (SemdegSi sruliad sakavSiro) sabWoebis yrilobebis delegatTa arCevnebze da yrilobis muSao-baze, riTac TavisTavad akontrolebda mTel sakanonmdeb-lo saqmianobas. v. leninis sikvdilamde i. stalins gauWirda sakadro politikaSi prioritetis mopoveba rogorc rkp(b) cent-ralur aparatSi, ise rsfsr saxkomsabWoSi _ mTavrobaSi. magram es mxolod droebiTi Seferxeba iyo. v. leninis gardacvalebis momentisaTvis i. stalins ukve mzad hyavda Tavis mierve SerCeuli partiuli, sabWoTa da sameurneo kadrebi. es i. stalinis didi gamarjveba iyo. misi politikis momxre kadrebs i. stalinma Tavi mouyara ideuri da piradi erTgulebis principiT. imxanad i. stalins araviTari saSualeba ar hqonda socialurad daecva, materialurad daeinteresebina partiuli, sabWoTa da sameurneo muSakebis uzarmazari armia. i. stalinma kargad icoda, rom, Tu mis mier Tavmoyril kadrebs socialurad daucvels datovebda, es gamoiwvevda maT an moralur da ideur gadagvarebas, an ubralod i. stalinis politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi gadasvlas. Tu es movlena i. stalinis marcxs ar gamoiwvevda, mis poziciebs

seriozulad Searyevda, rasac, cxadia, i. stalini ver dauSvebda. partiuli, sabWoTa da sameurneo kadrebis moraluri da ideuri saxis SenarCunebis aucilebel pirobad i. stalini materialur uzrunvelyofas Tvlida. cdeba, vinc Tvlis, rom i. stalini mxolod revoluciuri fana-tizmiT aRtyinetul adamianebs eyrdnoboda. yvela nomenklaturuli partiuli, sabWoTa Tu sameurneo mu-Saki i. stalinis xelisuflebis dros kargad iyo uz-runvelyofili. qveynis ekonomikuri winsvlis paralelu-rad ganuxrelad umjobesdeboda kadrebis cxovrebis done. i. stalinma isic kargad icoda, rom materialuri uzrunvelyofa yovelTvis ver daicavda kadrebs gadag-varebisagan. yofiTi problema-mogvarebuli partiuli mu-Sakic SeiZleboda korufciis WaobSi Cafluliyo. am sa-SiSroebas i. stalini gamudmebiT ebrZoda. erT-erT efeq-tur saSualebad iTvleboda kadrebis xSiri gadaadgi-leba. es meTodi SeZlebisdagvarad gamoricxavda xelmZR-vaneli muSakis garSemo ojaxuri, megobruli atmosferos Seqmnas da saxelmwifo interesebis ugulebelyofas. vidre ucxo garemoSi daniSnuli xelmZRvaneli muSaki `Sinaur kacad“ iqceoda, mas ukve sxva adgilze uwevda muSaobis gagrZeleba, isev ucxo garemoSi. i. stalini partiuli, sabWoTa da sameurneo muSakebis mosyidvas ar awareobda. yoveli muSakis Sromis anazRaureba zustad Seesabameboda mis mier gaweul Sromas, im politikur, ekonomikur da socialur funqcias, romelsac igi asrulebda. socialurad kargad daculi partiuli, sabWoTa da sameurneo muSaki Tavis mxriv aravis anebebda Selaxuli-yo muSis, glexis, inteligenciis socialuri garantiebi. is, rasac ioseb stalinma socialur urTierTobaTa sferoSi miaRwia, rogorc gaazrebis, ise praqtikulad

ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, unikalur movlenas war-moadgenda socialuri TanasworobisaTvis brZolis is-toriaSi. i. stalinma realobad aqcia is, risac TiTqmis aravis ar sjeroda, rac utopia egonaT _ Seqmna TanasworTa sazogadoeba. cxadia, igulisxmeba iseTi Tanasworoba, romlis ganxorcielebasac SesaZlebels xdida ruseTis ganviTarebis saerTo done, istoriuli tradiciebi da Taviseburebani. ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnilma politikurma, ekonomi-kurma da socialurma sistemam ruseTi gamoiyvana umZime-si krizisidan, im krizisidan, romlis iqiTac ukve iwyeboda saSineli katastrofa: saxelmwifoebriobis ngreva, sayovelTao qaosi da anarqia. nacvlad amisa umokles droSi lamis gapartaxebulma qveyanam saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTo doniT, mecnierebisa da kulturis miRwevebiT namdvilad gaakvirva civilizebuli msoflio _ moyvarec da mteric. am warmatebebSi, mis mopovebasa da ganmtkicebaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda i. stalinis mier Seqmnil socialur sistemas. saxelmwifo sistema, romelic ioseb stalinis xelmZ-RvanelobiT aSenda 20-30-ian wlebSi, iseT urTules saSinao da sagareo pirobebSi iqna gaazrebuli da praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli, rom ver gamoricxavda Zalis, iZulebis moments. iZulebis faqtors ver ga-moricxavda aramarto TviT saxelmwifo sistemis mSeneb-loba, aramed sistemis SenarCuneba da srulyofac ki. iZulebiTi momentis gareSe, mxolod demokratiul principebze dayrdnobiT yovlad warmoudgeneli iyo nebismieri sistemis mSenebloba 20-30-iani wlebis ruseTSi (ssr kavSirSi). amas adasturebs ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis moRvaweoba (1917 wlis marti-oqtomberi), misi saSinao da sagareo politikis sruli kraxi. ufro metic, pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom

periodSi evropis didi da patara qveynebi, romelTac demokratizmis tradiciebi hqondaT, diqtatoruli reJimebis Seqmnisa da ganmtkicebis gziT wavidnen (italia, germania, espaneTi, poloneTi da sxv.). demokratiuli wyobilebiT ganTqmul qveynebSic ki (inglisi, safrangeTi) aRiniSna politikuri reJimis gam-kacreba. uamisod, rogorc Cans, SeuZlebeli iyo I msof-lio omis Sedegebis daZleva. aseT viTarebaSi sulac ar unda iyos sakvirveli, rom ruseTSi, qveyanaSi, romelSic saxelmwifoebrioba warmoudgenel kriziss ganicdida, karze iyo momdgari didi socialuri amboxi, gamoricxuli ar iyo farTomasStabiani omi mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, ioseb stalinis mier gaazrebuli saxelmwifo sistema Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe ver aSendeboda. ufro metic, movlenaTa ganviTareba ruseTs miiyvanda srul saxelmwifoebriv da erovnul katastrofamde. ioseb stalinma SeuZlebeli SeZlo. ekonomikurad gaCa-nagebuli, didi socialuri afeTqebis zRvarze misuli qveyana aramarto `didebisa da keTildReobis gzaze“ ga-moiyvana, aramed Seqmna sazogadoeba, sadac yoveli socia-luri fena pativs scemda danarCenTa interesebs, xolo yvelani erTad qeds ixridnen saxelmwifos interesebis winaSe. ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo sistemis ngreva upiratesad socialur urTierTobaTa ngreviT daiwyo. i. stalinis socialurma sistemam Zalian bevrs gauZlo. roca ssr kavSiris politikuri sistemis gadag-vareba da ekonomikuri krizisi aSkara gaxda, socialuri sistema darCa im dedaboZad, romelsac emyareboda uzarmazari qveyana. Tumca ase didxans veRar gagrZeldeboda. moiSala politikuri sistema, moiSala

ekonomika da socialurma sistemamac TandaTan funqcionireba Sewyvita.

Tavi V. politikuri sistema

politikur sistemas, romelic ruseTSi (ssr kavSir-Si) ioseb stalinis Canafiqris mixedviT Seiqmna, jerje-robiT zusti saxeli ara aqvs. `muJikuri socializmi“, `rusuli socializmi“, `komunisturi sistema“, `sabWoTa sistema“ da a. S. mxolod migvaniSneben im wyobilebaze, romelic i. stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT aSenda 20-30-ian wlebSi da romelmac sul sxva kuTxiT warmoaCina rusi

xalxi msoflio istoriaSi, TviT msoflios ki uamravi Tavsatexi gauCina... ioseb stalini Segnebulad ar wavida arc ivane mris-xanis, arc petre didis gziT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mis gegmebs advilad amoicnobdnen, advilad daamarcxebd-nen. i. stalinma kargad icoda, rom mefe-mamis brmadmorw-mune rus muJiks erTi nabiji aSorebda mefis mgmobeli meamboxisagan. misTvis aseve kargad iyo cnobili rusuli smutis klasikuri scenari. swored amitom i. stalini originaluri gziT unda wasuliyo. mas mefe-mamis mesame tipi unda Seeqmna ruseTis istoriaSi. 1917 wlis 25 oqtombris kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg vladimer lenins rom arsebiTad araferi gaukeTebia axali politikuri sistemis gansazRvrisaTvis, es dokumenturadaa dadasturebuli. v. lenini sikvdilamde mxolod xelisuflebis SenarCunebaze zrunavda, globalur perspeqtiul problemebs igi arc ki SesWidebia. `socializmis mSeneblobis leninuri gegma“ mxolod miTia, romelic politikuri mosazrebiT i. stalinma Seqmna da romelic SemdegSi aitaca i. stalinis naazrevs adevnebulma sabWoTa istoriografiam. ase rom, i. stalini azrovnebda da qmnida sruliad damoukideblad aramarto leninisagan, aramed misi TanamebrZolebisaganac. i. stalinis Tanamedrove politikuri moRvaweebi axali politikuri sistemis Teoriuli safuZvlebis SemuSavebaSi imaze gacilebiT nakleb rols TamaSobdnen, vidre ivane mrisxanisa da petre didis kariskacebi Tavis droze. i. stalinis kariskacebi gacilebiT uniaTebi iyvnen, vidre zemoT xsenebuli mefe-mamebisa. axla Znelia dadgena, isini aseTni daibadnen, Tu i. stalinma aqcia aseTebad.

ioseb stalini mainc madlieri unda yofiliyo vladimer leninisa. marTalia, man i. stalins dautova dangreuli da gaubedurebuli qveyana, magram samagierod, sabWoTa xelisuflebis opozicia samoqalaqo omma (1917-1922 ww.) welSi gatexa, brwyinvaled moqmedebda uzarma-zari represiuli aparati. v. leninisa da l. trockis iniciativiT Seqmnili sakoncentracio banakebSi ukve itanjeboda aTasobiT politpatimari. Tumca i. stalins damSvidebis safuZveli ar hqonda: welSi gatexili TavadaznaurTa klasis nacvlad sabWoTa xelisuflebas daupirispirda kulakobis uzarmazari ma-sa. eqsproprirebuli msxvili burJuaziis nacvlad ara-naklebi safrTxe Seqmna saSualo da wvrilma burJuaziam. bolSevikuri didmpyrobluri erovnuli politika nel-nela agrovebda `ficx masalas“ uzarmazar imperiaSi. v. leninis sikvdilis Semdeg ukiduresad gamwvavda Sinapartiuli brZola bolSevikuri partiis umaRles xelmZRvanelobaSi. gamoricxuli ar iyo sagareo konfliqtebi, farTo-masStabiani omic ki. viTareba 20-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi ruseTSi Zalze waagavda XVI saukunis 30-40-iani wlebis mdgomareobas, roca moRvaweobas iwyebda ivane mrisxane. kidev ufro meti msgavseba SeiniSneboda XVII saukunis dasasrulis ruseTSi Seqmnil situaciasTan, roca moR-vaweobas iwyebda petre didi. ivane mrisxanesa da petre didis wyalobiT ruseTi orjer gadaurCa warmoudgenel `smutas“ _ uzarmazari energia sxva mimarTulebiT gaedina, ruseTi orgzis iSva xelaxala da amiT mesame romi realobad iqca. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ru-seTi imave problemis winaSe idga: an `smuta“, ngreva, qaosi da daknineba an... an is, rac ukve kargad hqonda mofiqerubli axal mefe-mamas _ ioseb juRaSvils, is, risTvisac Cven jerjerobiT saxelic ver dagvirqmevia...

umTavres problemas ioseb stalinisaTvis rusi gle-xoba warmoadgenda. sabWoTa wyobileba swored am socia-luri fenis interesebs Seexo. kulakoba da saSualo glexoba ver Seegueboda sabWoTa wyobilebas. ruseTi ivane bolotnikovis, stefane razinisa da emeliane pugaCovis samSoblo iyo. es kidev erTxel naTlad dadasturda 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros _ glexuri buntis yvelaze organizebuli gamovlinebiT. didma politikurma moRvawem p. stolipinma glexuri buntisagan ruseTis saxelmwifos xnis gza, rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, uxsovari droidan SemorCenili Zveli rusuli Temis daSlaSi dainaxa. p. stolipinis gegmiT, ruseTi miwismflobeli (fermeri) glexobis qveynad unda gadaqceuliyo. es gegma TiTqmis idealuri, magram ganuxorcielebeli aRmoCnda. Zneli Seiqna Zveli rusuli Temuri wyobilebis darRveva. p. stolipins surda glexobisaTvis miwis kerZo sa-kuTrebaSi gadacemiT gamoewvia soflis meurneobis ganvi-Tarebis bumi. ruseTi unda gadaqceuliyo sasoflo-sa-meurneo produqciis udides mwarmoebel qveynad, rac mospobda kidec patriarqalur urTierTobas. fermerTa axali socialuri fena ki politikuri sistemis sayrde-ni unda gamxdariyo. magram rusi glexobis udidesma na-wilma ùari Tqva“ gamdidrebaze da Zveli wesebiT arCia cxovreba. glexuri buntis mizezi ruseTSi p. stlipinma ver mospo. misma marcxma mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra i. stalinis gegma. i. stalins unda moefiqrebina iseTi ram, rasac umtkivneulod miiRebda rusi glexoba. gamosavali i. stalinma Zveli rusuli Temis principebis aRdgenaSi dainaxa. es, upirveles yovlisa, pasuxobda ru-si glexobis warmoadgenas socialur Tanasworobaze, ama-

ve dros arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri saxsris garantiasac aZlevda. i. stalinma isic sworad gansazRvra, rom, Tu rusuli Temi miwis realurad, saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad flobda, axla es dauSvebeli iyo, dauSvebeli iyo imi-tom, rom ukve veravin SeaCerebda glexobis fenebad daS-las da gaRatakebuli glexobis miswrafeba rusuli bun-tisaken gardauvali iqneboda. swored amitom ioseb sta-linma Zveli rusuli Temi aRadgina, mas koleqtiuri meurneoba (koleqtivi) uwoda, oRond am ukanasknels, Te-misagan gansxvavebiT, miwa realur mflobelobaSi araso-des hqonia. miwa saxelmwifos ganuyofel sakuTrebaSi aRmoCnda. gamoiricxa miwis yidva-gayidvis, gaCuqebis da a. S. SesaZlebloba. glexoba socialurad gaTanabrda, kula-koba welSi gatyda, saSualo glexoba materialurad dakninda, mdidari glexis problema ki moixsna. miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis mospobiT rusi glexi sa-xelmwifos mona-morCili gaxda, Zvel rusul samyaroSi Sebrunda. bevri ram dakarga rusma glexma, magram misi moTxovnileba primitiul socialur gaTanabrebaze dakma-yofilebul iqna. glexuri buntis saSiSroeba i. stalin-ma brwyinvaled gadaWra. marTalia, koleqtivizaciis gatarebis Sedegad 1932-1933 wlebSic ki ruseTis (ssr kavSiris) soflis meurneobis produqciis saerTo raode-noba ver utoldeboda ruseTis imperiis dones (1914 w.), magram cxadi iyo sxva Sedegi: soflad ioseb stalinis mier Cafiqrebul politikur sistemas safrTxe aRar emuqreboda. qalaqis (mrewvelobis) problema ioseb stalinisaTvis meorexarisxovani iyo, Tumca Tavad sapirispiros amtki-cebda. qronologiurad industrializaciis kursi (1925 w.) win uswrebda koleqtivizaciis kurss (1927 w.). es mxolod taqtikuri mosazrebiT iyo gamow-

veuli. qalaqad kapitaldabandebaTa gadaqaCva (rac faq-tiurad amowuravda pirvel xanebSi industrialiaziis kursis arss) soflis ekonomikur dauZlurebas isaxavda miznad. dauZlurebul sofelSi gacilebiT advili iqneboda i. stalinis gegmis ganxorcieleba. Torem 1925 wels ra industrializaciaze SeiZleboda laparaki, roca ruse-Tis imperiis samrewvelo simZlavreTa naxevaric ki ar moqmedebda?! i. stalinisaTvis qalaqis problema meorexarisxovani iyo imitom, rom 1917-1922 wlebSi msxvili burJuaziis politikuri da ekonomikuri daTrgunviT umTavresi saki-Txi gadaiWra. sabWoTa wyobilebis Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdege _ inteligencia _ samoqalaqo omis dasasrulisaTvis an fizikurad iyo ganadgurebuli, an emigraciaSi imyofeboda. qalaqi socialurad TiTqmis erTferovani _ proletaruli _ gaxda, Tu ar CavTvliT e. w. sabWoTa inteligencias, romelic aseve proletaruli iyo. iseve rogorc rusul sofelSi, qalaqSic primitiuli socialuri gaTanabreba ganxorcielda, socialuri konfliqtis wyaro moispo. qalaqi i. stalinis nebas daemorCila. koleqtivizaciiTa da industrializaciiT i. stalin-ma moigo politikurad. Tumca qveyanam ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT didad iza-rala _ ekonomika daqveiTda, socialuri progresi Se-Cerda, sazogadoebrivi azri Cakvda. noe Jordaniam SeniS-na: ssr kavSirSi yvelafris nacionalizaciiT, yvelafris gansaxelmwifoebriobiT aRmosavluri despotiis damyare-bisaTvis winapirobebi momzaddao. noe Jordanias garda, ioseb stalins oponenti sxvac bevri hyavda. oponentebi bevri hyavdaT ivane mrisxanesac da petre didsac, Tumca samTagan verc erTs oponentebma

alternatiuli gza ver SesTavazes. dRes albaT garkve-viT SeiZleba iTqvas: alternativa arc arsebobda. ivane mrisxane, petre didi da ioseb stalini erTad-erTsa da swor gzas adgnen. cnobilia, rom i. stalinis oponentebma _ l. trockim, g. zinovievma, l. kamenevma, n. buxarinma da sxvebma veraviTari alternatiuli gza ver dasaxes. yovel maTganSi `patara stalini“ ijda da `did stalinobaze“ ocnebobda. Tu stalinuri kursis sa-winaaRmdego gzis msgavsi ram marTlac Caisaxeboda, igi safuZvelSive angrevda rusuli saxelmwifos arsebobis principebs, ruseTs ubiZgebda smutisaken, xolo Tu ra mohyveboda am ukanasknels, amis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZ-lebeli iyo. ruseTi arc safrangeTi iyo da arc inglisi, aq dawye-buli SfoTi da janyi SeiZleboda sabediswero gamxdari-yo qveynisaTvis, im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelsac sauku-neebis manZilze ufrTxildebodnen jer riurikebi, xolo Semdeg _ romanovebi, amjerad ki misi bedi ioseb juRa- Svils ebara... verc Sromis nayofierebiT, verc erT sul mosaxleze warmoebuli produqciiT 20-30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa ru-seTi (ssr kavSiri) ver utoldeboda ruseTis imperiis dones. maS, raSi mdgomareobda ioseb stalinis politi-kuri sistemis upiratesoba? i. stalinis mier Seqmnil politikur sistemaSi sazogadoebis yvela wevri (muSa, glexi, inteligenti), yvela fabrika, qarxana, koleq-tiuri meurneoba qmnida zemodan dagegmil raRac auci-lebels, minimums, romelic sakmarisi iyo socialuri Tanasworobis SesanarCuneblad, socialur ryevaTa Tavi-dan asacileblad. es raRac aucilebeli, minimumi ki ruseTSi saxelmwifos siZlieris safuZvels, ufro me-tic, arsebobis pirobas warmoadgena. i. stalinma masebis

iniciativa, masebis Semoqmedeba Secvala saxelmwifos (faqtobrivad stalinis) iniciativiTa da SemoqmedebiT. i. stalinma kargad icoda, pirovnebis iniciativa da Semoqmedeba yovelgvari progresis safuZveli rom iyo. es kargad icoda p. stolipinmac. am ukanasknels surda saxelmwifos iniciativa da Semoqmedeba pirovnebis ini-ciativiTa da SemoqmedebiT Seecvala, magram igi damarcxda. misi marcxi istoriuli aucileblobiT iyo gamoweuli. Tu p. stlipinis marcxi patriarqaluri rusuli TviTmyofadi samyaros SeuvalobiT iyo ganpirobebuli, i. stalinis warmateba am samyaros amocnobam uzrunvelyo. ioseb stalinma SeZlo praqtikulad ganexorcielebina principi: yovel pirovnebas saxelmwifosaTvis unda mie-ca aucileblis, minimumis Sesrulebis garantia, saxelm-wifos yoveli pirovnebisaTvis unda gaenaRdebina ar-sebobisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri socialuri garan-tiebi. es iyo ruseTSi saxelmwifos arsebobis umTav-resi piroba. amiT gansxvavdeboda ruseTi evropisaganac da aziisaganac. yovelive amis aRmoCena Tu mainc ada-mianuri SesaZleblobebis farglebSi moiazreba, misi gan-xorcieleba adamianur Zalmosilebas namdvilad aRema-teba. ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnil politikur sistemaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebac originalurad iyo mowyobi-li. 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciam warmoSva xelisuflebis organo _ muSaTa, jariskacTa, matrosTa da glexTa deputatTa sabWoebi. sabWoebis sistema, rogorc xelisuflebis axali organo, sul sxvagarad esmodaT karlo (nikoloz) Cxei-Zes, metvei skobelevs, irakli wereTels, aleqsandre ke-renskisa da sxva gamoCenil politikur moRvaweebs, vid-re vladimer leninsa da ioseb stalins. 1917 wlis 25

oqtombris kontrrevoluciuri saxelmwifo gadatriale-bis Semdeg v. leninma ganaxorciela brwyinvale taqtiku-ri manevri _ sabWoebze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo xeli-sufleba waarTva damfuZnebel krebas. damfuZnebeli krebis beds sabWoebi ver gaiziarebdnen, saxelmwifo xelisuflebas formalurad xom mainc unda earseba. i. stalinis Canafiqris mixedviT, xelisuflebis umaR-lesi organo _ sabWoebis yriloba _ umaRlesi sabWoTi Seicvala. ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWo stabilurad morCil sakanonmdeblo organod iqca. misi marTva gaci-lebiT advili iyo. ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sakanonmdeb-lo organo _ umaRlesi sabWo _ iyo klasikuri nimuSi sakanonmdeblo organos sruli atrofiisa. igi qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi imaze gacilebiT nakleb rols TamaSob-da, vidre ruseTis imperiaSi saxelmwifo saTaTbiroebi, romelsac sakanonmdeblo organos funqcia arc ki hqonia dakisrebuli. ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnilma politikurma sistemam ruseTs misca stabilurobis absoluturi garantia, qve-yanas Tavidan aacila permanentuli qaosi da ngreva, romelsac sabediswero Sedegebi eqneboda aramarto ruseTisaTvis, aramed mezobeli xalxebisaTvis, aziisa da evropis bevri saxelmwifosaTvis. xSirad i. stalinis epoqis stabilurobas ganixilavdnen rogorc didi masStabis represiebis Sedegs, rac, cxadia, sicruea. marto represiebze dayrdnobiT ruseTis marTva, socialur ryevaTa, qaosisa da ngrevis Tavidan acileba rom iluziaa, amaSi eWvi dRes aRaravis epareba. represiebi i. stalinisaTvis stabilurobis miRwevis saSualeba ki ar iyo, aramed misi kontrolis, destruqciuli Zalebis, socialuri konfrontaciis xelovnurad gamomwvevTa daTrgunvis saSualebas warmoadgenda. politikuri konfrontacia da

konfliqtebi ki qveyanas gacilebiT did zians miayenebda, vidre i. stalinis mier ganxorcielebulma represiebma miayena... rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rom i. stalinis periodis represiebi lamis im epoqis yvela didi warmatebis safuZvlad gamoacxadon. es sinamdviles ar Seefereba. i. stalinma yovelgvari represiebis gareSe moigo faru-li brZola rkp(b) XII (1923 w.) da XIII (1924 w.) yrilobebze. aSkarad mougo opozicias sakavSiro kp(b) XIV (1925 w.) da XV (1927 w.) yrilobebze. 1922-1927 wlebSi i. stalins oficialurad arsebuli represiuli aparati ar emorCileboda, xolo miTqma-moTqma saxelmwi-fosagan farulad arsebuli represiuli aparatis Sesa-xeb mtknari sicruea. ase rom, ioseb stalini partiuli da sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi moeqca yovelgvari terorisa da sisxliani represiebis gareSe. es udavoa iseve, rogorc udavoa is, rom 30-iani wlebis damdegidan, gansakuTrebiT ki 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi i. stalins mis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo sistemis gada-sarCenad marTlac mouxda warmoudgeneli masStabis rep-resiebis gatareba. Tumca ruseTi (ssr kavSiri) did sisxlian represiebs im SemTxvevaSic ver aicilebda Ta-vidan, i. stalini saerTod rom CamoecilebinaT xeli-suflebisaTvis. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSi iqneboda, rom represiebs maSin gamarjvebuli opozicia gaatarebda. rep-resiebi yofil opozicionerebs dasWirdebodaT i. sta-linis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo sistemis msxvrevis SemTxvevaSic da im SemTxvevaSic, Tu sistemis fasadis Selamazebis gziT wavidodnen, xolo TviT Senobas ki ucvlelad datovebdnen. hqonda ki raime mniSvneloba, vin gaatarebda represiebs _ ioseb stalini (juRaSvili), lev trocki (bronSteini), lev kamenevi (rozenfeldi), grigori zinovievi (radomislski) Tu kidev sxva vinme?

ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili politikuri sistema Tavidan bolomde erTi kacis _ ioseb juRaSvilis _ mier iyo mofiqrebuli da, rogorc Semdeg gairkva, misi marTvac erT kacs _ ioseb stalins _ SeeZlo. ra Tqma unda, Zneli iyo im qveynis marTva, sadac yvelaferi fiqcia iyo: bolSevikuri partiis yrilobac, partiis centraluri komitetic da TviT bolSevikuri partia mTlianad, uzenaesi sabWoc da mTavrobac, fiqcia iyo konstituciac. rusi xalxisaTvis gaugebar am organoebs zemoT idga misTvis kargad nacnobi mefe-mama, romelSic xalxi xedavda yvelafers, rac codvil dedamiwasa da RmerTs Soris arsebobda, rac maRla dgas yovelive adamianurze da TiTqmis uaxlovdeba RmerTs. ioseb stalinis politikuri sistema, cxadia, Seicavda progresis Semaferxebel momentsac. amis pirveli niSnebi aSkara gaxda i. stalinis gardacvalebamde ramdenime xniT adre, xolo 60-ian wlebSi Zlieri krizisis saxec mii-Ro. cxadia, i. stalins esec gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda. marTalia, i. stalini ganaxlebis aucileblobas grZnob-da, magram rogorc unda vaidealebdeT mas, erTi ram uciloblad aRiarebis Rirsia: ioseb stalins axali, di-di eqsperimentisaTvis SesaZleblobani aRar iyo. es exe-ba mxolod fizikur da sulier SesaZleblobebs. i. sta-lini xom mainc adamiani iyo da samyaros kanonebs misi sxeulic emorCileboda. ioseb stalini imasac grZnobda, rom misi gmobis, misi uaryofis, misi ocdaaT vercxlad gacemis droc modioda, amitomac gafacicebiT eZebda TormetTa Soris erTs _ iudas. ver ipovida, radgan TormetTa Soris TerTmeti gamcemi, moRalate, uniWo, ususuri da uRirsi aRmoCnda. es ar iyo ioseb stalinis tragedia, es ruseTis tragedia iyo...

ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili politikuri sistemis Semaferxebeli momenti Tu Cvens Tvalwin damangrevel Za-lad iqca (Tu aqcies), es ioseb stalinis didi eqsperimentis naklze ki ar metyvelebs, aramed i. stalinis Semdgomi periodis politikur moRvaweTa uniWobasa da ususurobaze. maT politikis, ekonomikisa da socialuri urTierTobis sferoSi axali veraferi Seqmnes. ioseb stalinis ganmqiqebelni imavdroulad ganwiruliviT eWidebodnen isev imas, rac i. stalinma moiazra. am saxelmwifo moRvaweebs arc ngrevis, arc gardaqmnis, arc axlis Senebis niWi ar aRmoaCndaT. es arc iyo moulodneli. ioseb stalini gangebam gamoarCia adamianTagan, xolo misi memkvidreebi RmerTisgan daviwyebulni aRmoCndnen, amitomac ase usaxelod gadaegnen. ruseTis saxelmwifo didebisa da keTildReobis gzaze mxolod iseT moRva-weebs gamohyavdaT, rogorebic iyvnen ivane mrisxane, petre didi da ioseb stalini...

Tavi VI. mkvlevari Tu politikosi?

ioseb stalini ar yofila mklevari, mecnierebis arc-erTi dargi misTvis seriozuli dainteresebis sagnad ar qceula. Tumca mas SeeZlo gamxdariyo didi enaTmecnieri, didi istorikosi, didi ekonomisti, didi filosofosi... stalinma sxva gza airCia. miuxedavad amisa, mas mouxda Tavisi azri gamoeTqva enaTmecnierebis, istoriis, ekono-mikisa da filosofiis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze. misi Sexedulebebi dResac polemikis sagania. Cven amjerad SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT stalini isto-rikosis rolSi: stalini, rogorc erovnuli sakiTxis mkvlevari. ioseb juRaSvili erovnuli sakiTxis did mcodned iTvleboda ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiaSi. ufro didi avtoriteti social-demokratTa Soris ar yofila rsdmp Seqmnidan vidre 1917 wlis 25

oqtombris kontrrevoluciur saxelmwifo gadatrialebamde. Semdgom xanebSi ki i. stalinis avtoriteti kidev ufro gaizarda: uzarmazari mravalerovani qveynis erovnuli problema (Teoriac da praqtikac) mxolod mas ekiTxeboda. es didi aRiareba ioseb stalinma savsebiT damsaxurebulad moipova. ilia WavWavaZis ìveriaSi“ fexadgmuli ioseb juRa- Svili erovnuli sakiTxiT ukve ymawvilobis periodSive unda dainteresebuliyo. cxadia, igi aramarto leqsebs aqveynebda ìveriaSi“, aramed ecnoboda im unikalur masa-las, romelsac erisa da erovnuli moZraobis Sesaxeb ga-zeTi aqveynebda. marto ilia WavWavaZis nawerebi rad Rirda! ìveriis“ Semdeg i. stalini `kvalSi“ gadadis, sadac eri da erovnuli moZraoba erT-erTi wamyvani Tema iyo. ase rom, farTo politikur asperezze gamosvlis momentisaTvis (1900-1901 ww.) ioseb stalins ukve saku-Tari koncefcia unda hqonoda erovnul sakiTxze. Semdeg wlebSi (1901-1904 ww.) i. stalini erovnul sakiTxze polemikaSi Caeba noe JordaniasTan, irakli wereTelTan, arCil jorjaZesTan. cota mogvianebiT i. stalini mixako (mixeil) wereTlis nawerebsac gaecno. amrigad, ioseb stalins erovnuli sakiTxis Rrmad da safuZvlianad Ses-wavla Tu surda, maswavlebelic kargi hyavda (ilia Wav-WavaZe) da oponentebic (noe Jordania, irakli wereTeli, arCil jorjaZe, akaki Cxenkeli, mixako wereTeli). ra poziciaze idga i. stalini erovnul sakiTxSi 1900-1901 wlebamde, Zneli dasadgenia. mis mier ìveriaSi“ gamoqvey-nebuli leqsebiT Tu vimsjelebT, ioseb juRaSvili im patriot axalgazrdaTa ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT, rom-lebic ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, iakob gogeba- Svilisa da sxvaTa tradiciebze izrdebodnen da ìve-riis“ meSveobiT gamodiodnen literaturul Tu poli-

tikur asperezze. 1901-1904 wlebSi i. stalinis pozi-cia erovnul sakiTxSi social-demokratiulia. mainc ratom ar gahyva ioseb stalini ilia WavWavaZis gzas, ìveriaSi“ fexadgmuli poeti, ramdenime brwyinvale leqsis avtori ratom mivida social-demokratebTan? vfiqrobT, es arCevani erTaderTma mizezma ganapiroba. ioseb stalinma ukve XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis damdegs aSkarad dainaxa: qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba Rrma da seriozuli krizisis periodSi Sedioda _ politikur partiebad da mimdinareobebad iSleboda. ilia WavWavaZis gzis mgmobelebma imZlavres. didi socialuri kataklizmebis epoqaSi erTiani erovnuli frontis Seqmna uperspeqtivo Canda. i. stalinma isic kargad dainaxa, rom erovnuli moZraobebis didma epoqam (XIX saukune) adgili dauTmo didi socialuri moZraobebis epoqas. yvela didi imperia (ruseTi, avstria-ungreTi, germania) gadaurCa erovnul moZraobas, magram aravin icoda, ras umzadebda maT ukve azvirTebuli socialuri moZraoba, romlis Zalasa da perspeqtivebze jer mxolod miaxloebiT SeiZleboda msjeloba. aseT SemTxvevaSi ioseb stalini rom qarTul erovnul moZraobaSi darCeniliyo, rogorc politikur moRvawes, winaswarve unda gaewira Tavi. marTalia, Tavisi niWis wyalobiT i. stalins SeeZlo am SemTxvevaSic Tu pirve-li ara, `rCeulTa“ Soris mainc yofiliyo, magram im moZraobaSi yofna, romelic xangrZlivi krizisi epoqaSi Sevida, winaswarve zRudavda ioseb stalinis perspeq-tivas. amas ki i. stalini ver dauSvebda. man Tavisi Se-saZleblobanic kargad icoda da mis garSemo myof poli-tikur moRvaweTa Zalebsac zustad afasebda. gangebisagan rCeuli grZnobda, Tu saiT midioda ruseTis imperia da saiT eweoda mis samSoblos _ saqarTvelos.

ioseb stalini realisti iyo. igi realurs arasodes gacvlida idealurSi. ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis idealuri ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba iyo, realuri ki _ ruseTis social-demokratia da socialuri moZraoba. roca ruseTis social-demokratias ukavSirdeboda, ioseb juRaSvils Rrmad swamda, rom aramarto qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba, aramed ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi yvela dapyrobili eris erTiani azvirTebac ki imperias ver daangrevda. imperiis dangreva SeeZlo mxolod did socialur qariSxals. winaaRm-deg SemTxvevaSi ioseb juRaSvili qarTul erovnul moZraobaSi Caebmeboda da iqneb misi saxiT ilia WavWavaZis saqmes Rirseuli gamgrZelebelic ki gamosCenoda... ai, am gansjis, am daskvnis Sedegi iyo i. stalinis naSromi `rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri sakiTxi“, romelic 1904 wels gamoqveynda gazeT `pro-letariatis brZolaSi“. i. stalinma garkveviT miuTiTa: qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba uperspeqtivoa, igi sul ufro sustdeba da cxadia, mizans ver miaRwevs. i. stalinis oponentebi Tvlian, rom am naSromiT igi qarTul erovnul moZraobas ebrZoda. srulebiTac ara! i. stalini mxolod miuTiTebda, rom qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba mizans ver miaRwevda, ruseTis imperias erovnuli moZraoba ver daangrevda da cxadia, verc erebi miiRebdnen Tavisuflebas. amasTan i. stalini mianiSnebda imperiis damangrevel realur Zalaze _ social-demokratiasa da mis erovnul programaze. dRes albaT Zalze gulubryviloc ki ar daijerebs, rom i. stalins maincdamainc moswonda da srulqmnilad miaCnda rsdmp erovnuli programa, miRebuli rsdmp II yrilobaze 1903 wels.

rsdmp erovnuli programa rom SezRuduli iyo da ve-likorusuli azrovnebis nayofs warmoadgenda, es rsdmp II yrilobazeve gaxada naTeli noe Jordaniam, magram yri-lobis umravlesobam qarTvel delegats mxari ar dauWi-ra. am SemTxvevaSi momavali menSevikebi da bolSevikebi erTsulovanni iyvnen. cota mogvianebiT rsdmp erovnuli programa gaakritika arCil jorjaZem, xolo 1908 wels _ lado darCiaSvilma. rsdmp erovnuli programis dasabuTebuli kritika warmoadgina akaki Cxenkelma. amitom warmoudgenelia, rsdmp II yrilobaze miRebuli erovnuli programa idealurad CaeTvala ioseb stalins. da Tu i. stalini presaSi sajarod ar gmobda rsdmp erovnul programas, es sul sxva mizeziT iyo gapirobebuli. ruseTis ganmaTavisuflebelma (socialurma) moZraobam a. radiSCevidan dawyebuli ver SeimuSava swori erovnuli programa _ arad Caagdo dapyrobil xalxTa bed-iRbali. es exebaT dekabristebs (p. pesteli, n. muraviovi), revoluciur-demokratebs (b. belinski, n. dobroliubovi, a. gerceni, n. CerniSevski) da narodnikebs (m. bakunini, p. lavrovi, p. tkaCovi, l. tixomirovi, g. plexanovi). ruseTis ganmaTavisuflebeli (socialuri) moZraobis liderebi erovnul moZraobas ar ganixilavdnen mokavSi-red. am sakiTxSic TviT giorgi plexanovic ki veliko-derJavul poziciaze idga. aseTi memkvidreoba TiTqmis ucvlelad miiRes ruseTis social-demokratiis cnobil-ma warmomadgenlebma v. leninma (ulianovma), l. martovma (cederbaumma), a. martinovma (pikerma), l. trockim (bronSteinma), b. kolcovma (ginzburgma), m. liadovma (mandelStamma), p. aqselrodma, l. deiCma, v. zasuliCma da sxvebma. erovnul moZraobas socialuri revoluciis mokavSired arc isini ganixilavdnen, piriqiT, mas reaq-ciul Zaladac ki miiCnevdnen. bundisa da misi liderebis

m. liberisa (goldmani) da sxvebis damsaxureba iyo is, rom ruseTis social-demokratiis medroSeebma saerTod miaqcies yuradReba erovnul sakiTxs. yovelive es kargad uwyoda ioseb stalinma, man isic kargad icoda, rom rsdmp erovnuli programis kritikas mas aravin apatiebda. velikoderJavul poziciaze mdgomi ruseTis social-demokratiis liderebi imasac nanobdnen, rac erovnuli programis miRebis dros daTmes. swored amitom i. stalinma gaCumeba arCia. ufro metic, 1904 wels rsdmp xelmZRvanelobas man uaRresad saWiro naSromi _ `rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri sakiTxi“ _ miaSvela, maTi poziciebi gaamagra. magram es sulac ar aris mTavari i. stalinis naSromSi. mTavari aq isaa, rom i. stalinma rsdmp mesaWeebi ostaturad Caaxeda umniSvnelovanes strategiul (da ara taqtikur) sakiTxSi: dapyrobili xalxebis erovnuli moZraoba rsdmp unda ganexila, rogorc ruseTis imperiis mospobiT sisxlxorceulad dainteresebuli Zala. yovelive es i. stalinma gaakeTa Zalze frTxilad, taqtianad, radgan bundis poziciiT gaRizianebuli partiuli TanamebrZolebi kidev ufro ar gaeRizianebina. amrigad, 1904 wels ioseb stalinma ormagi Suamavlis roli iTamaSa: qarTul erovnul moZraobas (e. i. dapyrobili xalxebis erovnul moZraobas) mianiSna imperiis damangrevel realur Zalaze _ ruseTis social-demokratiaze, xolo ruseTis social-demokratias mianiSna realur mokavSireze _ qarTul erovnul moZraobaze (e. i. dapyrobili xalxebis erovnul moZraobaze). vinc Tvlis, rom am SemTxvevaSi i. stalini qarTul erovnul moZraobas Ralatobda da velikorusuli poziciidan msjelobda, Cveni azriT, aSkarad cdeba. piriqiT, i. stalini velikoderJavul poziciaze mdgar rsdmp liderebs mianiSnebda imaze, rom

angariSi gaewiaT dapyrobili xalxebis erovnuli su-liskveTebisaTvis. ioseb stalini Zalze Sors ixedeboda. 1904 wels mas SeuZlebelia ar scodnoda, rom Tu social-demokratebi miaRwevdnen didi socialuri moZraobis azvirTebas, Tu rus glexs, muSasa da jariskacs aajanyebdnen politiku-ri reJimis winaaRmdeg, isini erovnul moZraobasTan kav-Siris gareSec gaimarjvebdnen. es ki imas niSnavda, rom gamarjvebuli social-demokratia SemdegSi saerTod arafrad Caagdebda dapyrobili xalxebis erovnul moZ-raobas da ar iyo gamoricxuli, rom saerTod mtrul Za-lad ganexila igi. es iqneboda dapyrobili erebis didi tragedia, radgan maTi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena Zalze gaZneldeboda. swored amitom ukve 1904 wels ioseb stalini Zalze frTxilad cdilobs rsdmp liderebi daarwmunos dapyrobili xalxebis erovnul moZraobasTan kavSiris aucileblobaSi, velikoderJavuli erovnuli programis Secvlis garduvalobaSi. es iyo ioseb stalinis didi misia, romlis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolas igi Semdeg wlebSiac mondomebiT cdilobda. ra bedi ewia ioseb stalinis ormag Suamdgomlobas? i. stalinma rsdmp liderebs TiTqmis Seasmina Tavisi azri. marTalia, rsdmp erovnuli programa ar SeucvliaT, magram partiis moRvaweobaSi erovnul sakiTxs meti yuradReba daeTmo. es iyo ioseb stalinis didi gamarj-veba. samagierod, i. stalinis Suamdgomloba ar miiRo qarTulma erovnulma moZraobam _ igi kvlav Zveli gziT midioda. XIX saukuneSi miRebuli inerciiT agrZelebda svlas ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi TiTqmis yvela dapyrobili xalxis erovnuli moZraoba. es arc iyo moulodneli: rasac gangebisagan rCeuli ioseb stalini sruliad garkveviT xedavda, sulac ver xedavdnen Cveu-

lebrivi mokvdavebi _ dapyrobili xalxebis erovnuli moZraobis liderebi, maT Soris qarTvelebic. rsdmp Seqmnidan TiTqmis aTi weli gavida. ruseTis social-demokratias, arc bolSevikebs da arc menSevi-kebs, erovnul sakiTxSi ioseb stalinze didi avtori-teti ar gamosCeniaT. swored amitom moulodneli ar iyo, rom rsdmp saxeliT erovnul sakiTxze saprogramo naSromis dawera i. stalins daevala. mcdaria azri imis Sesaxeb, rom erovnul sakiTxze saprogramo naSromis da-wera i. stalins v. leninma daavala. i. stalini naSroms werda mTeli partiis saxeliT, igi unda ganxiluliyo rogorc saerTo partiuli dokumenti da mowonebis Sem-TxvevaSi safuZvlad dasdeboda rsdmp axal erovnul programas. magram 1912 wlis ambebis Semdeg (rsdmp pra-Ris konferencia, e. w. agvistos antipartiuli bloki) menSevikebi da bolSevikebi sul ufro dascildnen erTmaneTs. swored amitom iyo, rom ioseb stalinis saprogramo naSromi bolSevikebis kuTvnilebad darCa. ioseb stalini 1912 wlis bolos miemgzavreba avst-ria-ungreTSi. aq igi ecnoba saWiro masalas da 1913 wlis ianvarSi venaSi asrulebs naSroms èrovnuli saki-Txi da social-demokratia“. naSromi v. lenins Zalian moewona. misive rekomendaciiT i. stalinma naSromi l. trockis miutana da gazeT `pravdaSi“ gamoqveyneba iTxova. l. trockim i. stalini avtoritetad ar miiCnia da dabeWdvaze uari uTxra. es iyo i. stalinisa da l. trockis pirveli seriozuli Sejaxeba. SemdegSi l. trockis albaT aRarc axsovda masTan redaqciaSi mi-suli qarTuli social-demokrati. samagierod, ioseb stalinma es Sexvedra ar daiviwya. marTalia, l. troc-kim i. stalins civi uari uTxra, magram erTi keTili saqme mainc gaukeTa: n. buxarinTan misca rekomendacia, romlis daxmarebiTac 1913 wels i. stalinis naSromi

`nacionaluri sakiTxi da social-demokratia“ Jurnal `prosveSCenieSi“ daibeWda. i. stalinma n. buxarins did-xans ar dauviwya es keTilSobiluri saqcieli. 1914 wels i. stalinis naSromi peterburgSi gamoica calke broSuris saxiT Secvlili saTauriT `nacionaluri saki-Txi da marqsizmi“. sabolood ki igi istoriaSi darCa saTauriT `marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi“. ioseb stalinis `marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi“ mecnieruli gamokvleva ar aris. mecnieruli gamokvle-vis dasawerad i. stalins imxanad ar ecala. igi werda naSroms, romelic safuZvlad unda dasdeboda rsdmp axal erovnul programas. e. i. i. stalini politikur dokuments adgenda, rac garkveulwilad zRudavda avtors, xolo TviT naSroms Tavisebur daRs asvamda. i. stalinis naSromis pirveli nawili erisa da erovnuli moZraobis raobis garkvevas eZRvneba. i. stalini eris cnebas ase ayalibebs: @Yfwbz tcnm bcnjhbxtcrb ckj;bdifzcz ecnjqxbdfz j,oyjcnm k.ltq= djpybrifz yf ,fpt j,oyjcnb zpsrf= nthhbnjhbb= 'rjyjvbxtcrjq ;bpyb b gcb[bxtcrjuj crkflf= ghjzdkz.otujcz d j,oyjcnb rekm-nehs@ (B\ D\ Cnfkby= Cjxbytybz\ Njv 2\ V\= 1947= cnh\ 296)\ qarTul TargmanSi: èri aris adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari erToba, warmoSobili enis, teritoriis, ekonomikuri cxovrebisa da im fsiqi-kuri wyobis erTobis bazaze, romlis gamoxatulebaa kulturis erToba“ (i. b. stalini. Txzulebani, t. 2, Tb., 1947, gv. 319). i. stalinis mier eris cnebis gansazRvrisas gamoyene-buli oTxive niSani cnobili da miRebuli iyo jer kidev XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis damdegs, e. i. karga xniT adre, vidre i. stalini Tavisi naSromis we-ras Seudgeboda. mivuTiTebT mxolod sayovelTaod cnobili avtorebis ramdenime naSroms, kerZod, rudolf

Springeris `saxelmwifo da nacia“, èrovnebaTa brZola avstriaSi“; oto baueris èrovnuli sakiTxi da social-demokratia“, `nacionaluri avtonomia“, `social-demok-ratiuli muSaTa partiis erovnuli programa“; engelbert pernerstorferis `social-demokratia da na-cionaluri sakiTxi avstriaSi“; karl kauckis èrTa gan-Tavisufleba“; v. medemis `social-demokratia da erov-nuli sakiTxi“ da sxv. eris Sesaxeb konceptualuri Se-xeduleba mocemuli iyo avstriis social-demokratiuli partiis briunis yrilobis (1899) masalebSi. ucxoeli Teoretikosebic rom ara, i. stalins qarTul sinamdvileSi, qarTul enaze daweril naSromebSic SeiZleboda moenaxa eris oTxi niSnis vrceli daxasiaTeba. am problemaze bevrs werda ilia WavWavaZe, rac, ueWvelia, i. stalins kargad moexseneboda. noe Jordaniasa da arCil jorjaZis Sromebis codna ki i. stalins maTTan polemikaSi xom aucileblad esaWiroeboda. romeli erTi unda davasaxeloT. 1907 wels Jurnal ìsarSi“ ibeWdeboda arCil jorjaZis werilebis seria saerTo saTauriT àdaTi da kanoni, sakuTreba da saxelmwifo“, romelSic erovnul sakiTxs didi adgili eTmoba. swored amitom werilebis es seria mogvianebiT, axali gamocemisas, avtorma ase daasaTaura: `masalebi erovnebis warmoSobis istoriis Sesaswavlad“. 1908 wels Jurnal àmiranSi“ gamoqveynda arCil jorjaZis meore seriali saTauriT `samSoblo da mamuliSviloba“, sadac i. stalinisaTvis saintereso bevri masala iyo. erisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebze vrclad msjelobda noe Jordania adreuli periodis naSromebSi èkonomikuri warmateba da erovneba“ (1894) da `gaz. ìveria“ da erovnoba“ (1897), aseve 1908 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `sadao ki-Txvebi“. bolosdabolos i. stalins xelT hqonda 1910

wels calke wignad gamocemuli mixako (mixeil) wereT-lis gamokvleva èri da kacobrioba“, aseve erovnuli sa-kiTxisadmi miZRvnili akaki Cxenkelis metad saintereso naSromebi. amdenad, i. stalinis mier eris cnebis dad-genisas gamoyenebuli niSnebi sulac ar iyo misi aRmo-Cenili. mecnierebaSic da publicistikaSic am niSnebze msjeloba karga xnis dawyebuli iyo. i. staliniseuli eris cnebis gansazRvraSi mTavari oTxi niSani ki ar aris, aramed imis xazgasma, rom eri arsebobs mxolod maSin, Tu oTxive niSani gaaCnia. es ki TavisTavad niSnavda imas, rom eri, rogorc aseTi, SeiZ-leboda Camoyalibebuliyo mxolod kapitalizmis epoqaSi, radgan ekonomikuri erToba mxolod kapitalizmis epoqa-Si gaxda SesaZlebeli. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom arc es debulebaa mTlianad i. staliniseuli. msgavsi miniSneba SeiZleba sxva avtorebTanac davadasturoT. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom i. stalinamdeli avtorebi ukan dasaxev gzas itovebdnen, frTxilobdnen _ eris cnebas oTxi niSniT ar gansazRvravdnen, mxolod miniSnebiT kmayofildebodnen. ioseb stalinma ki problema mTeli kategoriulobiT daayena da eris gansazRvrebasac wesis, kanonis saxe misca. amitom savsebiT samarTliania, rom eris cnebis gansazRvra misi `sidiadiTa“ da `nakliT“ mxolod i. stalins miewereba. ioseb stalinis mier mocemuli eris gansazRvrebis mecnieruli dasabuTebis Sefaseba Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens. Cven mxolod i. stalinis poziciis axsnas vecdebiT, radgan sakiTxis mxolod politikuri mxare gvainteresebs. maS, ase: ioseb stalini amtkicebs, rom eri da erovnuli moZraoba mxolod kapitalisturi epoqis nayofia da erovnuli moZraoba mxolod kapitalisturi epoqis movlenaa, eri da erovnuli moZraoba

winakapitalistur xanaSi ar SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. i. stalinis aseT mtkicebas Zalze mtkivneulad ganvicdiT qarTvelebi da albaT igive grZnoba eufleba yvela eris warmomadgenels, romelTa saxelmwifoebrioba mraval saukunes moiTvlis da ucxoel dampyroblebTan brZolis xangrZlivi istoria aqvT, rom araferi vTqvaT uZveles kulturaze. Tumca savsebiT cxadia, rom i. stalins am SemTxvevaSi didi da mcirericxovani eri, dampyrobeli da dapyrobili erTmaneTisagan ar gaurCevia. mainc ra politikuri mosazrebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli ioseb stalinis mier am aSkarad sadavo debulebis wamo-yeneba? yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq social-demokratiis dakve-Tis kvali ar Cans, raime dafaruli miznis miRwevas i. stalini ar cdilobs. rsdmp liderebisaTvis araviTa-ri politikuri mniSvneloba ar hqonda, rodis warmoiSva eri da erovnuli moZraoba: kapitalizmis Tu winakapita-listur epoqaSi. sxva sakiTxia, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sworia Tu ara i. stalinis debuleba. es urTulesi sakiTxia da mi-si gadaWra mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenel-Ta erTobliv kvlevas moiTxovs. 60-ian wlebSi, ioseb stalinis uaryofis periodSi, iyo seriozuli cda, ga-daesinjaT eris gansazRvreba, romelic i. stalinma mogv-ca 1913 wels. ufro mecnieruli, ufro dasabuTebuli da arawinaaRmdegobrivi veravin veraferi moiazra. pole-mika Semdeg wlebSic gagrZelda, romlis Sedegi mokled aseTia: dRes saerTod ara gvaqvs eris metnaklebad misa-Rebi gansazRvreba, Tu raime racionaluri Seiqmna, yvela-feri aSkarad an farulad isev i. staliniseuli ganmartebis gadamRerebaa. Zalian Zneli gamodga ioseb stalinis uaryofa saer-Tod da konkretulad erisa da erovnuli moZraobis sakiTxSi.

da bolos. ioseb stalini amtkicebs, rom kapitalizma-mde ar arsebobda eri, ar iyo erovnuli moZraoba, ar iyo erovnuli erTianobis (ganuyoflobis) grZnoba (Seg-neba). meti sicxadisaTvis i. stalins qarTvelebis maga-liTi mohyavs: `reformamdel xanaSi qarTvelebi saerTo teritoriaze cxovrobdnen da erT enaze laparakobdnen, miuxedavad amisa, isini arsebiTad erT ers ar Seadgendnen, vinaidan danawilebuli iyvnen mTel rig erTmaneTisgan mowyvetil samTavroebad, ar SeeZloT saerTo ekonomikuri cxovrebiT ecxovraT, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi eomebodnen da anadgurebdnen erTmaneTs, erTimeores usisinebdnen sparselebsa da Turqebs. samTavroTa efemeruli da SemTxveviTi gaerTianeba, rasac zogjer esa Tu is iRbliani mefe axerxebda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mxolod zedapirul-administraciul sferos exeboda da male irRveoda mTavrebis JinianobiTa da glexebis gulgrilobiT. sxvagvaradac ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo saqarTvelos ekonomiuri daqucmacebis pirobebSi... saqarTvelo, rogorc eri, mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaCnda, roca batonymobis gauqmebam da qveynis ekonomikis momZlavrebam, gzebis ganviTarebam da kapitalizmis warmoSobam daamyara Sro-mis ganawileba saqarTvelos olqebs Soris, sabolood Searyia samTavroTa sameurneo karCaketiloba da erT mTelad SeakavSira isini (i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. t. 2. gv. 317-318). i. stalinma saqarTvelos istoria kargad icoda. mag-ram ratom moiyvana magaliTebi saqarTveloSi gviani feo-dalizmis epoqidan _ qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dak-ninebis xanidan da ara XI-XII saukuneebidan? amas Sem-TxveviTobas ver mivawerT. isic daujerebelia, rom i. stalini ver Caswvdeboda giorgi merCules (X s.) sityvebis Sinaarss: `qarTlad friadi qveyanai

aRiracxebis, romelsac Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis“. yovelive es eWvis qveS ayenebda i. stalinis mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom eri da erovnuli grZnoba, aseve `myari erToba“ winakapitalistur xanaSi ar arsebobdao. i. stalins kargad unda scodnoda, rom qarTveli eris `myari erToba“ TandaTan yalibdeboda erTiani qarTuli monarqiis warmoqmnis wina periodSi (IX-X ss.). erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmna jer ideurad momzadda da praqtikulad mxolod amis Semdeg ganxorcielda (X-XII ss.). qarTveli eris `myari erToba“ moiSala ara Sinagani ganviTarebis kanonzomierebiT, aramed gareSe Zalis zemoqmedebiT erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis pirobebSi. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis erTmaneTisagan gaucxoeba swored erTiani qar-Tuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg daiwyo. es gaucxoeba grZeldeboda ramdenime saukune (XV-XVIII ss.). XIX saukuneSi swored am gaucxoebis daZleva moxda da TandaTan aRdga `myari erTobac“. zemoT motanil azrs i. stalini 1913 wels icavda. 1876 wels gamoqveynda ilia WavWavaZis publicisturi werili `zogierTi ram“, romlis werac avtors 1866 wels dauwyia. ilia WavWavaZe metad mniSvnelovan azrs aviTarebs qarTveli eris erTianobis, saerTo-qarTuli erovnuli grZnobis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis magaliTze. movitanT ramdenime adgils ilias am didebuli werilidan: `qarTvelebi ar arian, maS ra aria-no? arian Tavadni, aznaurni, mRvdelni, vaWarni, glexni, Cinianni da uCinoni _ yvelani arian, da qarTveli ki arsad aris. Tavads aznauri sZuls, aznaursa _ Tavadi, glexsa _ orive, nuTu eseni qarTvelni arian, erTis de-dis saqarTvelos ojaxis Svilni? Tavadis azri _ saTa-vadoa, aznauris _ saaznauro, glexis _ saglexo, vaWri-

sa _ savaWro, nuTu eseni qarTvelni arian, erTisa da igive xorcisa da sulisa nayofni da erTis dedis sa-qarTvelos ZuZuTi gazrdilni?“ (ilia WavWavaZe. Txzu-lebani. sruli krebuli xuT tomad. tomi 2, Tb., 1941, gv. 52). cota qvemoT ilia WavWavaZe wers: àba daiZaxe: qarTveli-Tqo, Tu Savis zRvidam moyolebuli kaspiis zRvamde marto Rip-gadmogdebulis qarTlelis metma (e. i. goris mazraSi mcxovrebelma) Semogxedos vinmem, da Tu gaWirda, iqneba kaxelmac Tavisi sxvili kiseri Senken moiRrijos, sxvani ki yursac ar gaTxoveben, TiTqo amaT ar eZaxio, TiTqo isini ki qarTvelebi ar ariano“ (iqve, gv. 53). ilia WavWavaZe sakiTxs ase ayenebs: `Tqven me miCveneT is adgili, saca maT TviTeulis gzebi erTad iyreba sayovelTao saqarTvelos sikeTisaTvis, maSin mec vityvi: qarTveli ager iq aris-meTqi. is saerTo niSani miCveneT, saiTkenac TviTeulis Cvenganis Wkva, goneba, fiqri, grZnoba, survili erTad, xalisianad da Seupov-rad miiwevdes sayovelTao saqarTvelos keTildReobi-saTvis, maSin mec vityvi: qarTveli ager aris-meTqi. saer-To lxini miCveneT, saerTo Wiri mainca, magram sad aris: Cemi lxini Seni lxini ar aris, Seni Wiri Cemi Wiri ar aris. qarTveli sayovelTao saxelia da kidev amas gki-Txav: sayovelTao ra gvaqvs? CvenSi aris: me Tu Sen, Sen Tu me, da oriveni erTad ki arao“ (iqve, gv. 52-53). rogorc vxedavT ioseb stalini 1913 wels amtkiceb-da, rom qarTveli eri yalibdeba XIX saukunis meore na-xevarSi _ reformebis Semdgom periodSi, e. i. 60-70-iani wlebidan. cxadia, i. stalinis mixedviT saerTo-qarTuli erovnuli Segnebac am periodidan unda gaCeniliyo. ilia WavWavaZe ki aRniSnavs, rom XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi saerTo-qarTuli erovnuli grZnoba jer kidev ar arsebobda. Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom ilia WavWavaZe da ioseb stalini erTsa da imaves amtkiceben.

iqneb es Zalian Tamamad naTqvamic iyos, magram sakiTxi dafiqrebad Rirs. ise ar mogvivides, rom ioseb sta-linisaTvis moqneuli, Cvenda uneburad, ilia WavWavaZes moxvdes. ioseb stalinma naSromebSi `rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri sakiTxi“ (1904) da `marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi“ (1913) aSkarad mianiSna sam um-Tavres tendenciaze, romelsac sabediswero mniSvneloba hqonda ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebis dapyrobili erebi-saTvis. ai, es tendenciebi: 1) ruseTis imperias, mis po-litikur, ekonomikur da socialur sistemas imperiaSi mcxovrebi dapyrobili xalxebis erovnuli moZraoba ver daangrevda, Tundac yvela Cagruli eri erTdroulad rom ajanyeboda metropolias; 2) Soreul momavalSic ki warmoudgeneli iyo ruseTis saxelmwifos iseTi demokra-tizacia, rom qveynis politikur xelmZRvanelobas dapy-robili erebisaTvis avtonomiebi da federaciebi eboZe-bina. piriqiT, mosalodneli iyo velikorusuli Soviniz-mis mkveTri gaZliereba, patara erebis asimilaciis daC-qareba; 3) ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi dapyrobili xal-xebis erovnuli moZraoba arsad ar cnobda socialuri moZraobis primats da ar apirebda damorCileboda mas. `socializmis samoTxis“ dapirebiT erovnuli moZraobis `moTviniereba“ SeuZlebeli iyo. am winaswarmetyveluri daskvnebiT ioseb stalini erTbaSad ramdenime TaviT maRla dadga mis Tanamedrove gamoCenil politikur moRvaweebze. vinc es daskvnebi gaakeTa, misTvis cxadi iyo ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi dapyrobili erebis uimedo mdgo-mareoba. imperiis aRsasrulis gareSe dRis wesrigidan ar moixsneboda patara erebis gadagvarebisa da sruli asimilaciis safrTxe. imperia ki TiTqos uryevad idga...

ager ukve oTxmoc welze metia, grZeldeba polemika erovnul sakiTxSi ioseb stalinis koncefciis Sesaxeb. am polemikaSi didi enTuziazmiT monawileobdnen vladimer lenini, lev trocki, nikolai buxarini, noe Jordania, Semdegi Taobis politikuri moRvaweebi, mecnierebi, mwerlebi _ ioseb stalinis damcvelni da misi uarmyofelni. yvela cxadad grZnobda: problemis gadaWris nacvlad mojadoebul wreSi brunavdnen... mojadoebul wreSi vbrunavT dResac.

b o l o T q m a

stalinis didi eqsperimenti Sedga. mainc saiT miisw-rafoda ioseb stalini? ris miRwevas cdilobda aseTi gulmodginebiT? stalinis mizani iyo burJuaziuli sa-xelmwifo sistemis alternativis Seqmna da, albaT, kapi-talizmis saboloo likvidaciac. ioseb stalinma burJua-ziul saxelmwifo sistemas daupirispira socialuri Ta-nasworobis ideaze damyarebuli saxelmwifo sistema. miuxedavad imisa, rom ioseb stalinma socialuri TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi umagaliTo precendenti Seqmna, rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, socialuri TanasworobisaTvis yvela cnobili mebrZoli ukan Camoitova, saboloo mizans mainc ver miaRwia. marTalia, stalini am qveynidan daumarcxebel politikur moRvawed wavida, magram mis mier Cafiqrebuli da praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli eqsperimenti kapitalizmTan brZolaSi mainc damarcxda. socialuri Tanasworobis ideis realizacia yovelTvis warmoSobda seqtantizms, eqstremizms, Zaladobas, rac mTavrdeboda diqtatoruli politikuri reJimis dam-yarebiT. swored diqtatoruli reJimia is aucilebeli piroba, romelic iZleva saSualebas droebiT SenarCu-nebuli iqnas met-naklebi socialuri Tanasworoba. amdenad, socialuri Tanasworobis ideis realizacia, Tu Tavidanve ara, raRac etapze mainc aucileblad aferxebs

politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul prog-ress. es ki imas niSnavs, rom socialuri Tanasworobis ideis realizaciis Sedegad Seqmnili saxelmwifo sistema adre Tu gvian ganwirulia marcxisaTvis. am kanonzomie-rebas Seewira stalinis didi eqsperimentis Sedegad Seqmnili saxelmwifo sistemac. miuxedavad amisa, socia-luri Tanasworobis ideis realizaciisaTvis brZola sa-boloo jamSi mainc ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas uaryofiT movlenad. es is movlenaa, romelic azrs aZlevs dabali da saSualo fenebis arsebobas im sazogadoebaSi, romlisaTvisac miuRebelia socialuri Tanasworobis idea. icoda Tu ara ioseb stalinma, rom mis eqsperiments, mis mier Seqmnil zesaxelmwifos kraxi eloda? unda vivaraudoT, rom icoda. Tumca, ra unda gaigo im adamianis naazrevsa da naRvawSi, romelic werda, rom istoriaSi gadamwyvet rols didi adamianebi ki ara, masebi asruleben, imavdroulad ki mTeli cxovrebis manZilze praqtikulad amtkicebda, rom istorias mxolod didi adamianebi qmnian.

s a r C e v i

winaTqma ................................................................................................... 5

Tavi I. saqarTveloSi ........................................................................ 7

Tavi II. ruseTSi ................................................................................. 17

Tavi III. leninizmi Tu stalinizmi? ..................................... 25

Tavi IV. socialuri da ekonomikuri sistema ................ 44

Tavi V. politikuri sistema ..................................................... 71

Tavi VI. mkvlevari Tu politikosi? ................................... 83

boloTqma ........................................................................................... 100

sabeWdi qaRaldi 60X84 1/16

pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 6,5

saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 5,5

SekveTa #302 tiraJi 300

fasi saxelSekrulebo

gamomcemloba `meridiani“

Tbilisi, akaki wereTlis gamziri #112

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DTKBRBQ "RCGTHBVTYN CNFKBYF

VFNTHBFKS R GJKBNBXTCRJVE GJHNHTNE

(yf uhepbycrjv zpsrt)

Bplfntkmcndj @Vthblbfyb@

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2000

stalinis didi eqsperimenti - SANGU · kargad esmoda eris mamis damsaxureba, misi adgili saqarTvelos axal istoriaSi. ioseb stalini qarTvelTagan erTaderTi ar iyo, vinc rusuli socialdemokratiis

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