Staging

Staging

Staging

Treatment by Stage

For early stage lung cancers, surgery or radiation alone

For larger tumors (>4 cm) and N+, chemotherapy should be added as well

For metastatic disease, chemotherapy and palliative radiation is used

Surgery

Resection remains the preferred local tx modality

For smokers, encourage quitting and waiting 4 weeks smoke-free before surgery

Surgery for Early Stage

Sleeve lobectomy is preferred

Sublobar resection: Segmentectomy is preferred over wedge resection for pts with poor pulm reserve, small nodules of AIS, > 50% ground glass appearance, or long radiological doubling time

Goal of >2 cm margins, and should sample N1/N2 LN stations if possible

VATS vs open thoracotomy

In centers with high volumes of VATS, there are improved early outcomes:

• Reduced pain

• Shortened hospital stay

• Faster recovery

• Fewer complications

• Similar rates of tumor control

Radiation in Early Stage

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) delivers a high, tumor-ablative dose to the target while minimizing normal tissue dose

In Stage I NSCLC, SBRT shows rates of local tumor control (90-98%) and overall survival 30-80%) comparable to lobectomy

Stage III Controversies

Historically Stage IIIA/B have been considered unresectable and definitive chemotherapy and radiation (concurrently or sequentially) is the tx of choice

Two randomized studies have failed to show an OS benefit in adding surgical resection to chemo and RT, but NCCN guidelines still include it as an option to consider

Breaks from neoadjuvant tx for surgical evaluation should be < 1 week

Resection of Stage IIIA (N2)

In addition to N1/N2 dissection, ipsilateral mediastinal LN dissection should be done

Complete resxn (R0) = free margins, systemic LN sampling or dissections, and the highest mediastinal node taken should be negative for tumor

Incomplete: positive margins, unremoved positive LN’s, or positive pleural or pericardial effusion (R1 if microscopic, R2 if gross residual tumor)

Chemotherapy

Multiple randomized trials show the benefit of chemotherapy in Stage II and III NSCLC (maybe even Stage IB with tumor > 4cm)

Platinum-based doublet:

Cisplatin/etoposide

Cisplatin/vinblastine

Carboplatin/paclitaxel

Pemetrexed for nonsquamous histology, gemcitabine for squamous

M1b, Solitary Site

• For solitary brain metastasis: resection + WBI, or SBI + SRS, or SRS alone

• For adrenal metastasis: resection or RT (SBRT) to metastasis

• Then tx the lung per it’s stage without the metastasis

Advanced or Metastatic Disease

• EGFR and ALK testing for non-squamous histologies

• Bevacizumab + chemotherapy in pts with good performance status

• Erlotinib is first line therapy in pts with EGFR mutation

• Crizotinib is first line therapy in pts who are ALK positive

Targeted Therapies

Bevacizumab (Avastin) – VEGF

Erlotinib (Tarceva) – EGFR

Gefitinib (Iressa) – EGFR

Crizotinib – ALK

These targets are mainly applicable in adenocarcinomas, with most SQCC lacking EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement

Cetuximab has shown activity in SQCC’s with high EGFR expression (FLEX)

Future Targets for SQCC

In squamous cell NSCLC’s genomic profiling shows potential targets in PI3K pathway, FGFR1 amplifications and DDR2 mutations

ECLIPSE: Phase III trial of carboplatin/gemcitabine =/- iniparib (a PARP inhibitor) is underway

Phase III trial of carboplatin/paclitaxel +/- ipilimumab (targets the inhibition of cytotoxic T cells)

Follow Up

Physical exam and CT scan every 6 months for 2 years

Exam and CT scan every year after that