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Ksigarnia Akademicka
Studia Turcologica Cracoviensia
Kamil Stachowski
Names of Cereals
in the Turkic Languages
K.Stachowski
NamesofCerealsintheTurkicLanguages
STC
11
Kamil Stachowski
(born ) is an assistant lecturer in the Chair ofLanguages of
Central Asia and Siberia at the Jagiel-lonian University. His main
fields of interest are ety-mology and historical linguistics. He
studied urkishphilology at the Jagiellonian University. He
publishedseven articles (one currently in print), took part intwo
international conferences and held a lecture atthe Polish Academy
of Sciences.
Names of Cereals in the urkic Languages
Te work presents etymologies of the urkic namesfor the seven
most important cereals: barley, corn,millet, oats, rice, rye and
wheat. Altogether, namesare discussed.As yet, this subject has not
been dealt with as a whole.Propositions for etymologies of various
names in sin-gle languages are scattered in dictionaries and
arti-cles, usually only accompanied by a brief explanation.Here,
the author tries to provide a possibly compre-hensive
commentary.Each entry presents a list of phonetic variants of
theword, an overview of previous etymologies and theauthors
standpoint expressed as ex haustively as pos-sible but without
loquacity.Te work closes with an enumeration and brief com-mentary
of the most common naming patterns andsemantic types which can be
distinguished in thepresented material.
stcstcstc
www.akademicka.pl
ISBN 978-83-7188-098-8
9 7 8 8 3 7 1 8 8 0 9 8 8
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Jagiellonian University Institute of Oriental Philolology
StudiaTurcologicaCracoviensia
Edited byStanisaw Stachowski
Krakw
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Jagiellonian University Institute of Oriental Philolology
Kamil Stachowski
Names of Cerealsin the Turkic Languages
Krakw
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Recenzja wydawnicza:prof. dr hab. Henryk Jankowski
Korekta:Kinga Maciuszak
Projekt okadki:
Kamil Stachowski
Copyright byKamil Stachowski andKsigarnia Akademicka,Krakw
Ksika dofinansowana przezWydzia FilologicznyUniwersytetu
Jagielloskiego
ISBN ----
Ksigarnia Akademicka
ul. w. Anny , Krakwtel./fax: ()
tel.: wew. [email protected]
www.akademicka.pl
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millet . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abbreviations . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . Index o non-urkic orms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I
A S WTe aim o this work is to work out the etymologies o the
names o the seven most im-
portant cereals (barleyHordeumL., cornZea maysL.,
milletPanicumL., oatsAvenaL., riceOryza SativaL., ryeSecale
CerealeL., andwheatTriticumL.) in the urkic languages.
Te current, rather uneven state o comparative dialectology and
lexicography o theurkic languages does not allow us to perorm ull
comparisons. We have thereore lim-ited ourselves to literary names,
and only included selected dialectal orms. For the samereason, the
names o subspecies and varieties have been excluded.
S A SOur subject has not as yet been dealt with as a whole. O
the papers in the urkic languagesthat are devoted to the names o
plants (not just cereals) the most detailed has been writtenL.V.
Dmitrieva (). Tis, however, only contains an extremely limited
commentary. Ety-mological propositions or various names in single
languages are scattered in etymologicaldictionaries, generally only
accompanied by a brie explanation, and in numerous articles
where a more comprehensive commentary is usually provided.Te
bulk o the sources used in this paper are dictionaries, mainly
Russian post-rev-
olutionary ones (abbreviated RKirgS, uwRS &c.), also
etymological dictionaries (an
especially large amount o data is to be ound in SJa), various
articles and publicationsdevoted to the vocabulary and/or grammar o
single languages, and descriptions o dialects(mainly urkish).
S E Alphabetical list o orms ordered by pronunciation Enables a
preliminary investigation o the phonetical diversity o names. All
variants
are ordered alphabetically and linked with a system o
cross-reerences. Alphabetical list o orms ordered by languages
Presents the diversity o the names in one language. Comparing
the stock o names inlanguages rom one group can help to find out
which orms should be treated as thestandard ones.
Brie overview o previous etymologies For lesser investigated
words, we have tried to summarise the entire literature
available
to us. For those which are better known, we have only selected
the most importantworks. All papers have been treated equally,
including the ones which we cannot beready to accept, given the
present state o art.
Commentary Te commentary consists o a discussion with the
propositions summarised beore and
a presentation o our own views.
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INTRODUCTION
We have tried to present all urkic orms in a unified,
phonological transcription. Te dis-tinction between palatal k,g:
velar q, has only been preserved or OUyg., Uyg. and Uzb.,as in all
the other languages it is unequivocally determined by the position.
By the sametoken, we have abandoned the marking o labialization o
ain Uzb. (as resulting system-atically rom the orthography) and o
spirantization o sand zin rkm.; however, wehave preserved it in Bk.
where it has a phonological significance. Apart rom this, a
dualtranscription has been employed or e: wide vs narrow eor
languages where they areseparate phonemes, and neutral eor the
others.
I am grateul to many people or helping me in various ways. Most
o all, I would like toexpress my special gratitude to
(alphabetically):
Proessor rpd Berta (Szeged, Hungary) or expert advice and access
to his workingmaterials,
Lszl Kroly, MA (Szeged, Hungary) or helping me access some o the
more inac-cessible literature,
Doctor Kinga Maciuszak (Cracow, Poland) or proessional advice
and Iranistic help, Proessor Andrzej Pisowicz (Cracow, Poland) or
proessional advice and Iranistic help, Proessor Marek Stachowski
(Cracow, Poland) or a great amount o help and time without
which this work would not be completed, Proessor Alexander Vovin
(Honolulu, USA) or Sinological help.
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.
Barley was one o the first domesticated cereals in the world. Te
oldest grains o spelt arethought to be nine thousand years old, and
have been ound in Jarmo, Kurdistan romwhere it probably originates.
Its cultivation had spread westwards rom this region aroundthe
thmillennium BC, to Mespotamia, Egypt and elsewhere.
Domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare) is believed to have
originated rom the eastern parto the Central Asian Centre, rom
where it spread West and South-West, i.e. to India,
Persia,Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt, and later to Greece and Italy
(thc. BC) and even urther.
Te area between Siberia and the Pacific is now used or the
cultivation o barley, but
the plant was only introduced there in the thc.Compared to other
cereals, especially to wheat which is equally old, or perhaps
even
older, barley has very ew varieties: species, including stable,
but they already existedin the second hal o the thmillennium BC. In
the ancient world, barley was very popular;almost every higher
culture cultivated it.
Names or barley are most uniorm in the urkic languages. Almost
all languages havethe word arpa, and all the other names only have
a very limited range. Interestingly, barleyis quite ofen identified
or conused with oats, and while el.sulabarley < oats, all
the
other examples o this conusion display just the opposite
direction o development. Tisis understandable given the chronology
o domestication o these two cereals c. com-mentary onjulaf(point ),
and arpakanand harvaoats, and ootnote .
:apa arpaarba arpaarbaj arpaarpa
arp arpaarpaganarpagn arpaganarpakan arpaganarva arpaarvaj
arpa
asa aserpe arpaharva arpa
jamekeke keneimien ehimiennehimien ehimieneimien ehimien
esemen ehimienorpa arpa
sulaar
tak-takurpa arpaesemen ehimienehehimien ehimienesemen
ehimien
:Az.:arpaBlk.:arpaBrb.:aBk.:arpa
Com.:arpaCrm.:arpaCat.:arpaag.:arpa
uv.:orpa,urpaGag.:arpaKar.:arpaKarC:arpa
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arpa || BARLEY
ARPA:
apa Uyg.:Raquette , SJa, Dmitrieva arba Khak.:Dmitrieva , SJa,
Dmitrieva , evilek || Kr.: R I t,
Rsnen : , Joki , Eren || Kyzyl:Joki , || MTkc.MK: Egorov ||
MTkc.Zam: Egorov || Oyr.: R I t, Rsnen : , Joki ,
Egorov , RAltS, VEW, Dmitrieva , SJa, Dmitrieva , Eren ,evilek
|| Sag.: Joki || Tel.: R I t, Rsnen : , Joki
,Ryumina-Srkaeva/Kuigaeva , Eren
arbaj Tuv.:RuwS, Egorov , atarincev , evilek arpa Az.: Rsnen : ,
Joki , RAzS, Egorov , Dmitrieva ,
SJa || Blk.: SJa || Bk.: RBkS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren||
Crm.:Joki || CTat.:Zaatov , SJa || ag.:Rsnen : , Joki ,VEW || Gag.:
SJa || Kar.:Joki || KarC: KRPS, Levi || KarH: Mard-kowicz , KRPS ||
KarT: Kowalski , KRPS || Khal.: Doerer/ezcan ,
Doerer || Kirg.: Maanov , RKirgS-Ju, RKirgS-Ju, Egorov
,Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren || Kklp.: RKklpS-BB, RKklpS-S, Egorov
,RKklpS-B, Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren || Kmk.: Rsnen : , Joki ,RKmkS,
Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa || Kr.Blk.: RKrBlkS, Dmitrieva||
Kzk.:RKzkS-, Rsnen : , Joki , RKzkS-, Egorov , Dmitrieva, SJa,
DFKzk, Eren || MTkc.: Rsnen : || MTkc.H: ) Houtsma) || MTkc.IM: VEW
|| MTkc.KD: Golden || MTkc.MK:Joki ,Dankoff/Kelly || MTkc.Zam:
Egorov , Dmitrieva || Nog.: RNogS,Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa||
Oghuz.Ir.:Doerer/Hesche || OTkc.:Rsnen: , Joki , Dmitrieva || Ott.:
,) Wiesentahl , Rsnen : )
Joki , VEW || OUyg.: evilek || Tat.: Voskresenskij , Imanaev
,aniev , Rsnen : , Joki , RatS-D, Egorov , Dmitrieva
KarH:arpaKar:arpaKhak.:arba,as,keKhal.:arpaKirg.:arpa,arpakanKklp.:arpaKmk.:arpaKr.Blk.:arpaKr.:arbaKyzyl:arbaKzk.:arpa,tak-takMkc.:arpaMkc.H:arpa
Mkc.IM:arpa
Mkc.KD:arpaMkc.MA:arba, arpaMkc.MA.B:arpMkc.MK:arba,arpa,
arpagnNog.:arpaOghuz.Ir.:arpaOkc.:arpa,arpaganOtt.:arpa,arOUyg.:arpaOyr.:arbaSag.:arbaSarUyg.:arva,harva
r.:a
at.:arpa,arpaganat.Gr.:arpael.:arba,sulaksh.:arpaksh.dial.:eho.:jamerkm.:arpa,arpaganuv.:arbaj,arvaj,keUyg.:apa,arpa,erpeUzb.:arpaYak.:neimien,nehimien,
eimien,esemen,esemen,ehimien,
esemen
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BARLEY || arpa
, SJa, RatS-G || Tat.Gr.: Podolsky || Tksh.: Egorov , Dmitrieva
,SJa, evilek || Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji , Rsnen : , RrkmS,
Nikitin/Kerbabaev , Egorov , Dmitrieva , Eren , Dmitrieva ||
Uyg.:Raquette, Rsnen : , Joki , RUjgS, Egorov , VEW, SJa,
Dmitrieva, , Jarring : , evilek || Uzb.:
-Nalivkin , Lapin , Smolenskij , RUzbS-A, Egorov , RUzbS-,
Dmitrieva , SJa
arp MTkc.MA.B:Borovkov : arva SarUyg.:evilek arvaj Tuv.:SJa,
Dmitrieva erpe Uyg.:evilek harva SarUyg.:evilek urpa uv.:Nikolskij
, RuvS-D, RuvS-E, Egorov , VEW, RuvS-A,
Dmitrieva , , Eren
:Az.:arpa || Blk.: arpa || Bk.: arpa || Com.: arpa || Crm.: arpa
|| CTat.: arpa || ag.: arpa|| uv.: orpa, urpa || Gag.: arpa ||
Kar.: arpa || KarC: arpa || KarH: arpa || KarT: arpa ||Khak.: arba
|| Khal.: arpa || Kirg.: arpa || Kklp.: arpa || Kmk.: arpa ||
Kr.Blk.: arpa ||Kr.: arba || Kyzyl: arba || Kzk.: arpa || MTkc.:
arpa || MTkc.H: arpa || MTkc.IM: arpa|| MTkc.KD: arpa || MTkc.MA:
arba, arpa || MTkc.MA.B: arp || MTkc.MK: arba,arpa || Nog.: arpa ||
Oghuz.Ir.: arpa || OTkc.: arpa || Ott.: arpa || OUyg.: arpa ||
Oyr.:arba || Sag.: arba || Tat.: arpa || Tat.Gr.: arpa || Tel.:
arba || Tksh.: arpa || Trkm.: arpa|| Tuv.: arbaj, arvaj || Uyg.:
apa, arpa, erpe || Uzb.: arpa
: : Rsnen: : limits himsel to a comparison with Mo. arbaj, Ma.
arfa,Agh. rbah, Gr. [sic; c. KWb and Steblin-Kamenskij ]
: Joki: the Altaic orms belong to the same group as Agh. and
Gr., but not directly against uniting PIE *albhi-, Gr. and Alb.
ep[ebi] : MEN : kc. > Mo. (> Sal., uv.; Ma.), Hung. et al.
against the possibility o PIE *albhi- > Ir. *arpa-, but does not
exclude the pos-
sibility o IE origin in general : Egorov: limits himsel to
enumerating orms rom various kc. languages
: VEW: limits himsel to providing bibliography and remarking
that Hung. rpabarley < uv. urpa : Clauson: ? < IE (? och.)
(reerring to MEN ) : SJa: limits himsel to summarizing previous
propositions : KWb: puts together kc. arpajand Ma. arfa, Agh. rbah,
Gr. : Dmitrieva .: < OIr. or old IE; or common in Alt. and IE
Mkc.MA arbaj, uv. arvaj< Mo. : Steblin-Kamenskij: puts together
Agh. orbi, urbeiet al. < ? *arpasy- (afer
EVP) and maybe Gr. , (pearl) barley (porridge); flour : Rna-as:
: quotes the comparison with Gr. alton, Alb. epand Ir. *arb/pa
allowing the possibility o < Ir. *arb/pa, but remarks that
the Ir. orm has onlybeen reconstructed basing on the kc. ones; Ma.
arfa, Mo. arbaj< kc.
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arpa || BARLEY
: EWU: probably rom some IE language Hung. rpabarley rom some
kc. language, c. Uyg., Com. arpa, uv. urpa,
orpa&c. : Jarring: : probably < IE (? och.) : Eren:
limits himsel to summarizing previous propositions : atarincev:
*ar- to multiply onesel, to be numerous + -pintens. + -a Jokis
proposition not grounded sufficiently : ietze: limits himsel to
quoting Doerers : opinion on borrowing rom
Mo. to kc. : NEVP: unclear expression: i Pashto orbaet al. <
*arpasy, then c. kc. arpa : evilek: accepts Clausons
proposition:
Tis word is unusually common in the kc. languages, and, at first
glance, the phonetic
diversity o all its orms is surprisingly small.Tis commonality
might be understoodas a sign that the kc. people became acquainted
with barley very early on, perhaps asone o the first cereals. Te
uniormity o the sounding should probably be attributedto the
phonetically very simple structure o the word, which does not
provoke any seri-ous changes by itsel.Te meaning o the word is the
same everywhere, too, except or.SarUyg. harvawhich means both
barley and oats (c.), .or an obvious influenceo Russ. in Bk., at.
and ksh. meanings o stye (afer SJa; see also VEW), and.or a simple
semantic shif in Az.dial. ladies barley grain shaped decoration
&c.(afer SJa).
Te name is also present in the Mo. and Ma. languages, where it
is probably a loan-word rom kc. c. SJa or urther bibliography.
Almost all the etymologists dealing with this word limit
themselves to quoting previ-ous works (ofen quite inaccurately)
about the possible Ir. origin.Only some o themadd their own
commentary, which is usually not particularly innovative.
Perhaps Sal. arfaand uv. arvadeserve a bit more interest, as the
spirantization o pcould beregarded as a trace that these orms are
not a continuation o Okc. *arpa, but rather borrowingsrom one o the
Mo. languages (c. Klmk.dial. arva however, meaning oats), or
alternately,
though this does not seem very probable due to
cultural-historical reasons, rom Ma. arfaoats;barley (c.julafoats).
However, it might be equally probable that the spirantization is a
trivialinnovation in these languages, c. SarUyg. harvaoats.
Also Sal. ahrunbarley flour < arfa un(Kakuk : ) has a strange
sounding which doesnot seem to be explicable by any regular
phonetic law.
However, beyond the kc. languages the situation is not so simple
any more. A Ma. orm arfaquoted by Rsnen and Ramstedt is not
entirely clear phonetically. Cincius : . givestwo examples o such a
correspondence: Ma. gabta- shoot a bow = Even, Evk., Nan., Sol.,Ul.
-rp-, Mo. -rv- and Ma. arfuku = Even, Evk., Ul. -rp-, both qoted by
Benzing: ; but the derivation, and additionally the wordgabta- are
marked with a question mark
(although the entire expression is unclear). It seems to us that
this proposition is relatively improbable. Te word is not ound
beyondeastern Ir. languages, has no etymology there, and apparently
no cognates, either. See below.
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BARLEY || arpagan
o our knowledge, the only exception here has been made by
atarincev whosubmitted his own and more importantly a very probable
proposition: *ar- multiplyonesel, be numerous + -pintensification +
-a, c. Okc. arkamultitude; collection;crowd; group, Mo.
arbinplentiul et al.
Possibly, an interesting addition to this hypotheses might be
made o OJap. *apamillet (Martin : , Omodaka )which, it seems, may
be genetically relatedto the kc. orm and then to the Mo. and Ma.
ones, too. I this was indeed true, it
would give added weight to atarincevs proposition.
It remains to be determined whether Pashto orba&c. are
borrowings rom kc. (notvery plausible or cultural-historical
reasons but definitely not impossible), anotherrealization o a much
older cultural wanderwort o unknown origin (which seems to bequite
probable but is absolutely impossible to determine, at least or
now), or whether
the similarity o these words is a pure coincidence. Te current
state o art does notallow or a final answer.
ARPAGAN
:arpagan OTkc.:Dmitrieva wild barley || Tat.: SJa wild barley; a
plant similar to
barley, Dmitrieva || Trkm.: Dmitrieva agropyronarpagn
MTkc.MK:Dankoff/Kelly a plant similar to barley
arpakan Kirg.:SJa wild barley; common wild oat (Avena
fatua):Kirg.:arpakan || MTkc.MK: arpagn || OTkc.: arpagan || Tat.:
arpagan || Trkm.:arpagan
: : SJa: < arpabarley + -gan:
Tis orm has a very clear structure. -ganis quite a popular
suffix or plant names, herewith a distinct meaning o similar to,
such as. C. arpakanoats.
Te Mkc.MK long -in the suffix is supposedly a transcription o
ale, and notan actual length o the vowel, otherwise completely
incomprehensible.
Tis word is attested as early as the oldest Jap. monument,
Manysh (thc.). Interestinglyenough, it is written with thesign,
nowadays used or Mand.s< MChin.sjowk> Okc.and othersskmillet
(c.).
I so, then probably rom a PxSg orm (in a compound?).
Such a solution should also be considered or Hung. rpa, whose
origin rom uv. is not likely
or phonetic reasons (uv. o/u- vs Hung. -). From among the
possible sources quoted in EWU,Com. arpaseems to be most probable
phonetically and cultural-historical ly but perhaps othersources
with non-uv. sounding can not be entirely excluded, too.
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as || BARLEY
AS:
as Khak.:Dmitrieva a Brb.:R I b ||r. R I b
:Brb.:a || Khak.: as || r.:a
: : SJA: < Ir. soup:
Corresponds with kc. aood et al., including Khak., Kmk. cereal;
Oyr., at.dial.cereal in ears and the like; Khak., Oyr. grain,
presumably < Ir. (SJa). Te word appearsin many kc. languages in
different meanings (SJa) which can be reduced to threegroups:
.soup, pilaff; .ood, nourishment, and . cereal, grain. SJa believes
the
first group to be a ag. innovation (even though such a meaning
is attested in MIr. wherethe word originates rom), the second group
represents the original meaning (this is theonly meaning attested
in older kc. monuments), and the third one to be a later
concre-tization o meaning . (it only appears in Brb., Khak., Kmk.,
Oyr., at.dial. and r.).
In the oldest monuments, the word is only attested in the
meaning o ood, nour-ishment (SJa). However, it does not seem to be
very probable that such a meaning
would evolve into cereal, grain and so on in Khak., Kmk., Oyr.,
at.dial. &c. Wewould rather believe that it is these languages
that preserved the original meaningrom beore the Okc. period. Tis
hint, together with the commonness o the word
in kc. could suggest that its relationship to Ir. akind o soup
has just the oppositedirection than the one suggested by SJa.
However, the Ir. word has an establishedetymology: Pers. < Skr.
aood, nourishment (urner : ), Skr. aca- in
prataraca- breakast, Av. kahrkasa- Hhnerresser (Horn : ). Tus,
we shouldprobably accept the slightly strange evolution rom ood to
.soup, .cereal, where. must have come into existence still in the
Okc. period.
Whether Khak. has evolved the meaning o barley rom cereal;
grain, or independ-ently (i.e. rom the original ood, nourishment),
cannot be determined with certainty.Te latter seems, however, to be
more plausible because: .it has almost always been
wheat and not barley, that was the most important cereal or the
kc. peoples, andso we would rather expect cereal; grain to evolve
into wheat, rather than barley;.barley was an important part o
nourishment in the orm o a gruel or a pulp; also,beer was made rom
it (ryjarski : , ) which seems to point to the evolutionrom the
meaning o soup rather than cereal; grain.
C. a(lyk) wheat.
JAME
: jame Tof.:RoS: as yet not discussed: < Russ.jamenid.
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BARLEY || ke
KE:
ke Khak.:RChakS, SJa, atarincev ke Tuv.:RuwS, atarincev
:Khak.:ke || Tuv.:ke
: : SJa s.v. ke: < Pers. [gouePrunus divaricata
Ledeb.[species o plum : atarincev: < *k- to reduce (onesel):
Tis word is quite common in the kc. languages in different
meanings. Almost allo them are names o various dishes or their
components (most ofen, flour) made ocereals (barley, corn, millet
and wheat, very occasionally rice and sorghum as well), and
only in a ew cases o cereals or grains. In dialects other
meanings sporadically appear,too (see below). A comprehensive list
can be ound in SJa.
Te geographical distribution o the meanings does not seem to
contribute much toour understanding. Only ksh. dialects have all
our meanings o the most importantcereals at once, and only in
eastern Siberia is there no other meaning present but barley.Apart
rom ksh. dialects, barley appears in the North and East, corn in
the South,and millet and wheat in the centre, which corresponds
quite precisely to the rangeso cultivation o these cereals. When
taking all o this into account, one could try tosuppose that all
these meanings are relatively young, but it must not be orgotten
that
the word is attested in the kc. languages rom the thc., and the
choice o cerealsor cultivation is mainly influenced by climate,
which has not changed significantlyin the last ew centuries.
Te etymology proposed by SJa does not seem to be grounded very
well rom thesemantic point o view, as it assumes the ollowing
evolution: Pers. species o plum [> (a)kc. mulberry ruits flour
> (b)flour made o roasted barley or wheat] > (c)flouro
various cereals > (d)various dishes o cereals &c., which is
only supported by theollowing acts: .[in the Pamir. languages]
mulberry ruits flour and flour made o
roasted barley or wheat was designated by one word; .Uzb.dial.,
ksh.dial.g, kttspecies o mulberry; .Uzb.dial.gspecies o plum. While
(c) > (d) is trivial, (a) isnot very likely, and it must be
remembered that (b) reers to the Pamir. languages, notkc. Whether
the inormation that mulberry ruits flour became so popular in
Pamirthat it ousted flour made o cereals, also reers to kc. is
unclear (c. Steblin-Kamenskij: , quoted by SJa). We believe that
these difficulties provide sufficient reasonto discard the
etymology. Te still unclear orms . and . may be understood as a
quitestrange evolution, probably under Pers. influence, especially
in the case o .
atarincev is against this etymology, too.
atarincevs proposition seems to be much more likely. He derives
ke< *k-, andsupports this reconstruction with words like
kc.g/kkpuppy; young o an animal,
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sula || BARLEY
also bud, k/ekyoung o a camel, also young o an animal, and
ksh.gkshort;without tail,g(k)en(one year old) hare and so on.
As to the derivation, it might be regarded as being problematic,
that the word has along vowel in rkm. (ke). But a secondary
evolution in rkm. is possible, too underthe influence o
Pers.goue?
Te reconstruction o *k- is very interesting but it seems to us
that the exampleslisted by atarincev point quite clearly to the
original meaning o to be small ratherthan to reduce (onesel).
Actually, this seems to fit keeven better (barley grains arequite
small).
SULA
: sula Tel.:Ryumina-Srkaeva/Kuigaeva
: seesleoats:
Tis word is one o the examples o the quite common
identiying/conusing o barleyand oats: c. commentary on julaf(point
) and arpakan, harvaand ta arpasy oats.Only the direction is
unclear here: this is the only word where barley < oats.
AR
: ar Ott.:() Wiesentahl ,arRedhouse : as yet not discussed: <
Arab. ar barley.TAKTAK
: tak-tak Kzk.:wild barley DFKzk: as yet not discussed:
Tis name is completely obscure. Presumably, Kzk. tak. throne; .
odd number cor-
responds to Uyg. ta. mountain; . odd number, but the semantic
relationship isutterly unclear. Also, the word has a strange
structure which we cannot explain.C. ta-arpasyoats.
EH
: eh Tksh.dial.:Pisowicz : : : Pisowicz: : < Kurd.ehbarley:
We can see no flaw in the etymology presented by Pisowicz : .
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BARLEY
arpabarley
Kar.
Gag.
CTat.
Tksh.
Kr
.
Blk.
Az.
Nog.
Kmk.
Khal.
uv.
Tat. B
k.
Kklp.
Trkm.
Uyg.
Kirg.
Uzb.
Kzk.
Oyr.
Khak.
Tuv.
SarUyg.
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.
Corn originates rom the Mesoamerican centre. Te first traces o
cultivation o corn wereound in the ehuacn valley, Mexico. Tey are
dated around thmillennium BC, whilethe domestication probably
happened between thand thmillennium BC. Te oldestremains o cobs o a
cultivated orm are dated years BC and were ound in thefifies in Bat
Cave, Mexico (cobs rom these period are just mm long). Te oldest
polleno a wild orm was discovered in the city o Mexico and is about
thousand years old. All
presently known orms o corn are domesticated; wild orms have not
survived at all.Corn was extremely important or all the cultures o
Central and South America, and
was also known in North America. It appeared very ofen, and it
still does, as a moti inart, and it played a role in mythology and
religious rituals. Columbus mentioned it as earlyas November , and
brought it to Europe a year later when he came back rom hisfirst
voyage. From Spain (cultivations in Andalusia since ), it spread to
Southern andCentral Europe (Fr. bl dEspagne, G. Welschkorn), and to
Middle East and Anatolia rom
where it diffused urther. Eastern and Central Europe (or the
second time) learned aboutit later, rom the urks (c. e.g. Slvn.
turica; Cz. turkyn; Pol.pszenica tureckaand Fr. bl deTurquie, G.
trkischer Weizenand trkisch Korn, It.granturcoet al.). Te
Portuguese playeda great role in its circulation by delivering it
to Java as early as , to Angola about ,
to China in and to the Philippines in (Nowiski : .)Te Latin name
is a compound o Lat. zatype o grain + mays< Sp. mas, mis rice o
poor species
Tis proposition is thoroughly alse or the ollowing reasons:
.there is no such wordin the kc. languages as mumstink; .there is
no such word in the kc. languagesas uruzrice; .a compound o two
nouns in Nom. which would have this kind oa meaning is impossible
in the kc. languages; .to the best o our knowledge, thekc. peoples
never considered corn to be a worse kind o cereal (and neither
didthe Slavic peoples, c. e.g. Bulg. carevicacorn), in act, the
exact opposite was true;.it is very hard to find a major similarity
between corn and rice, and we know o
no parallel or uniying these two meaning in the kc. languages. :
Dmitrieva: at. kukurus, Bk. kukuruz; Bk., Khak., uv., Yak., Oyr.,
at., uv.kukuruza< Russ.
: Eren: kc. kokorozrom the Balkan languages; c. Bulg. kukuruz,
Serb. kukruz,Rom. cucurz; ultimate source unclear
:We believe that this word was borrowed to the kc. languages rom
Slav., as Dmitrieva and Eren proposed it. In particular, the act
that the word has a very rich amily in theSlav. languages and
absolutely no relatives in the kc., speaks in avour o this
proposition.
Te sounding does not allow or a precise determination o the
Slav. source. We can onlymake a guess based on historical and
cultural-historical premises. In the case o Asian kc.languages it
was most probably Russ.; in the case o Bosn.ksh. we may suspect a
borrowingrom one o the Slav. languages o the Balkans or, less
likely, rom ksh. (Ott.); and finally inthe case o ksh. (Ott.)
history seems to support the idea o a borrowing rom the Balkans(as
proposed by Eren ) rather than rom Russ. (as Dmitrieva wants
it).
All this might seem somewhat strange given the act that Europe
(except or Spainand Portugal) has learned about corn rom the
Ottomans (see above). However, the
Nikoli,Agronomski glasnik and ; quoted afer Skok s.v.
kukuruz.
From Spain corn spread to France among other regions, and rom
there to Germany, but itonly gained popularity later, probably
under urkish or Hungarian influence.
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kokoroz || CORN
linguistic data does not allow or any other solution. Most
probably, the whole thingmight be explained by the ollowing acts:.
in Ott. (and later in ksh.) the orms kukuruz~ kokorozare dialectal;
corn was more
popular among the Slavic people than it was among the urks; in a
limited area, a Slav.word could oust its kc. equivalent, and then
find its way to the literary language
. a) all the other kc. languages where this word is present,
have been under a strongRuss. influence
b) it is possible, that these kc. nations only learned about
corn rom RussiansTe differences in auslaut among the kc. orms
(-uzvs -uza) should probably be ex-
plained by variations in Russ. dialects (although Filin only
attests kukurz), orby a borrowing rom ksh. (Ott.) rather than rom
Russ.
Te only thing that might still be regarded as being problematic
is that our wordhas no established etymology in the Slav.
languages. An overview o previous solutions
(chronologically) and our proposition is presented below.
Blr.:kukurza|| Bulg.: kukurz|| Cz.: kukuice, kukuruc(thc.;
Jungmann ) ||Pol.: kukurydza(thc.), kukurudza, kokoryca(thc.),
kukuryza, kukuruca, kukuryca, kuku-rudz(thc.) (SEJP) || SC: kukruz,
kukruza, kkurica, kukuriza, kokuruz(Skok )|| Slvk.: kukurica,
kukuruc|| Slvn.: koruza|| Ukr.: kukurdza|| USorb.: kukurica. <
kc. kokoroz, kukuruzcorn pro:Muchliski ; MiklEl, Karowicz ;
Lokotsch ; Wei-
gand; Holub/Lyer; Skok ; Witczak :
contra:MiklElN; SEJP; Bakowski Te word is incomprehensible on
the kc. ground. Vast amily in the Slav. languages.No related words
in the kc. languages.
. native word; c. Slav.S. kukurjav. curly; . splayed out (rom
hairs protrudingrom corns)
pro:Berneker , Brckner ; Holub/Kopen ; SEJP; Machek ;Zaimov ;
Schuster-ewc ; ESUM; ernych
contra:Vasmer See below.
. < Rom. cucuruz. cone; . corn pro:? MiklFremdSlav, BER;
Maryna ; ? Bakowski See below.. < kukuruused when luring birds
with corn grains pro:Vasmer
Jungmann ; quoted afer Machek .
Muchliski : ; quoted afer SEJP s.v. kukurydza.
Karowicz : ; quoted afer SEJP. s.v. kukurydza.
Weigand, G.:Jahresbericht des Instituts fr rumnische
SpracheXVII-XVIII: .; quoted afer SEJP.
Berneker : ; quoted afer SEJP s.v. kukurydza.
Zaimov : : ; quoted afer SEJP s.v. kukurydza.
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CORN || kokoroz
contra:SEJP Very unlikely. Would require an assumption that the
name or corn only came
into existence afer its grain had been acquired in some way, and
used to lurebirds while shouting (why?) kukuru. Apart rom the
above, it is not known whichlanguage the proposition reers to.
. = ? Alb. kqurbaked; roasted or = ? Alb. kkrr. grain o pea; .
berry pro:Bakowski Kkrr(< kok head; bulb; berry; grain; Orel )
seems to be more probable,
but as a source o borrowing, rather than an equivalent. It also
has, however,a very likely Slav. proposition (see below), this
coincidence should probablybe regarded as accidental. What is
important, though, is the idea proposedby Bakowski that the word
might have been borrowed via two routes(see below).
SEJP suggests that the word should be derived rom PSlav.
*kokor-, a reduplicated ormo *kor- (> *koren), such as
bbr,gogokaorpopi; c. also kkolcorncockle (Agrostemma
githago) and kuklik Geum urbanumL.. In the Slav. languages there
are very manynames o plants with a very similar sounding, c. e.g.
Bulg. kukurjk||Cz. kokok||LSorb. kokrik||Pol. kokornak,
kokorycz||Slvk. kokork, kukurk||Ukr. kokorika||USorb.kokorac (more
examples e.g. in SEJP s.v. kokornak). Te semantic basis were most
probablycurly (crooked?) leaves or tendrils, or some kind o curls
or locks characteristic o thegiven plant (c. Machek ; SEJP). C.
Slav.S. kukurjavcurly(-headed).
We believe that PSlav. *kor- bent can with quite a high degree o
probability beaccepted as the root o our word: c. also Russ.dial.
kokratrunk [] together with acrooked root [], Hung.dial.
kukoracrooked; bent; [], and Pol. and others krzywycrooked, maybe
also Lat. curvus.
Many Slavists point out phonetical difficulties. wo routes o
borrowing, proposedby Bakowski , seem to offer the best
explanation. Only instead o the Alb. ety-mons, we would rather
assume native Slav. names either shifed rom another similarplant,
or neologisms created in the same way as the already existing
names. Presumably,some o the orms may be explained by a
contamination o two (or more?) orms (or
Pol., c. Bakowski ).
NB: Probably also Hung. kankalkprimrose (in the same way as
konkolycorncockle) is a bor-rowing rom the Slav. languages against
EWU, where it is regarded as an Abl[eitung] auseinem fiktiven
Stamm, Entstehungsweise aber unbest[immt]. C. also Lith.
knkalas(little)bell, something clanging (Splnik : ).
From Cz., where it meant among others monks hood; c. Splnik : ,
though anunclear expression.
Also Hung. kkrcurly(-headed), which probably rom the Slav.
languages, too against
EWU, where it is derived rom kukoracrooked, bent, [], which is
an Abl[eitung] aus einemrelativen fiktiven Stamm.
See ootnotes . C. Pol. kkolcorncockle (Agrostemma githago) o a
very similar structure.
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(kmme) qonaq || CORN
Finally, we should also consider whether it would be desirable
to assume a Paleo-Europ. source, which could be connected with
OBask. and Pre-Romance *kuk(k)ur-Kamm; Spitze (more: Hubschmid : ),
and the Rom. orm (originally cone),instead o deriving it directly
rom Bulg. (c. Cihac : II vs. Cioranescu ).An Ott. meaning attested
by Redhouse : any tall, il l-shaped thing, might also beused to
support this idea. We suppose that Arm.gogaand the like. hooks with
twopoints used or hanging pots over a fire (Blsing : ) could also
belong to the sameamily, such as finally. ksh. kokoremeat dish
roasted on spit.
KMME QONAQ
:kma qonaq Uyg.:(uran) Jarring :
kmb konok Kirg.dial.:SJa cornkmek Uyg.:Jarring : special species
o cornkme qonaq Uyg.:Jarring : special species o cornkmme qonaq
Uyg.:RUjgS, Jarring : special species o cornkmr qonaq Uyg.:Jarring
: konag Sal.:SJaqonaq Uyg.:Raquette , SJa
:Kirg.dial.:kmb konok || Sal.:konag || Uyg.:kma qonaq,kmek,kme
qonaq,kmme qonaq,
kmr qonaq,qonaq: : Jarring: : ? kmme< kme~ kmercoal (c. kmr
qonaq), or ? kmme< kmek?:
:Jarrings : proposition which is based on the orm kmr qonaq, and
derives kmmerom kmr(~ Uyg. kme(r) ) coal is interesting but,
semantically, rather enigmatic.
It seems more plausible to us that kmmeis a deverbal noun rom
the verb km- to bury,dig in the ground. Such an attribute may
result rom the way corn is planted: rather than
simply sowing seeds onto ploughed ground, its seeds are thrown
into specially preparedpits, and then covered with soil. For
semantics, c. also the somewhat enigmatic in thisregard,sokpa.
Although this proposition does not explain orms with -rin auslaut,
whichstill remain incomprehensible to us, it still, nonetheless,
seems be more plausible.
It is probable that the same root that can be ound in kc. kme.
bread; . pie;dumpling.: See konakmillet.
MKKE
: mkke(plant and dish) Kklp.:RKklpS-B, RKklpS-BB, RKklpS-S: see
meke grand mekgeven
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CORN || mekgeven
:Mkkeas a name or corn is certainly an abbreviation o mkke ueri,
created by the sametoken as mysyr budajy> mysyrin ksh. According
to Dmitrievas explanation,it means Mecca c. Kirg. mekeamong others
Mecca, and comes rom Arab. makka(quoted by Dmitrieva as Mekes.v.
meke gr, and as Mekkes.v. mekgeven).
C. meke grand mekgeven, and mysyr budajyandam darysy.
MEKE GR
:makkaavari Uzb.:Nalivkin makkaxori Uzb.:RUzbS-A,
RUzbS-makka(-)uari Uzb.:Lapin , Smolenskij
mkke ueri Kklp.:RKklpS-BBmeke gr Kirg.:Dmitrieva : , RKirgS-Ju,
RKirgS-Jumokka-avari Uzb.:Smolenskij
:Kirg.:meke gr || Kklp.: mkke ueri || Uzb.:
makkaavari,makkahori,makka(-)uari,mokka-avari
: : Dmitrieva: < Arab. MekeMecca +grcorn:
: See mkke.
: Seegr.C. mkke, mekgeven, and mysyr budajyandam darysy.
MEKGEVEN
:mekgeven Trkm.:Dmitrieva : , Nikitin/Kerbabaev , RrkmSmekke
even Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji
: : Dmitrieva: < mekge< Arab. MekkeMecca +ven
:-: See mkkeand mkke gr.-:Tis word is etymologically unclear.
Tough not listed among equivalents by Eren ,it is presumably the
same word as ksh.: venkk ve dallar sabun gibi kprtenbir bitki <
enEren , dial. oan, oen, ovan, civen, uvanDS ||Az. oan||OKip.
oan||rkm. oan(kk) ven.
We believe that it might be closely related to iginmillet, which
unortunately isunclear, too. We should not completely discount the
notion that its ultimate sourceis Pers.ou- barley (seejulafoats),
or alternately, that igin< gn which would
probably rule out such a connection.C. mkke, mekgeven, and mysyr
budajyandam darysy.
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CORN || am darysy
. Osset. nartxorcorn, liter. ood o the Narts
Semantically, such a connection raises no doubts. It is,
however, quite inexplicablephonetically. One might believe that it
is a kc. derivative rom *nartNart witha meaning calqued rom Osset.
nartxor, but a non-harmonic vocalization underminesthis
solution.
. common Europ. nard Te word nard is present in many European
languages (Lat. nardus, Eng., Fr., Pol.,
Russ. et al. nard) but to the best o our knowledge, it has no
etymology. Te plantoriginates rom the region o India and ibet, and
has been known to Europeanssince antiquity as a material or perume
production. It does not look similar to corn,but it should be
remembered that corn happens to be the same word or millet(see zgn
qonaq, mysyr bugdajy,asymykandgr), and that the popular terms
ormillet might in act mean various, not necessarily closely,
related species (see com-
mentary on millet). A distant analogy is that ikinmillet may
also mean Frenchlavender, and the word nardis not always entirely
monosemantic as well, e.g. Gr., except or Nardostachys
Jatamansimight in various compounds also meanValeriana Celtica,
Cymbopogon Iwaraneusa, or nard oil (Lidell ) and others.
SARY
: sary KarH:KRPS: as yet not discussed
: From corns extremely distinct colour.
AM DARYSY
: am darysy Ott.:Eren s.v. mysyr: as yet not discussed:
C. mysyr budajy, and mkke, meke grand mekgeven.For a comparison
to millet, c. daryand mysyr bugdajy, and zgn qonaq,asymyk
andgr. Te Narts were a race o giants described in the mythology
o the peoples o Caucasus, including
the Ossetians. According to the legends, a long time ago, out o
pride they rose against God.God punished them by sending upon them
a terrible amine. At night, they would shoot withtheir bows grains
glittering in the sky and eat them but there were not enough, and
eventual lythe entire race starved to death. Afer that, the grains
ell to the ground and corn sproutedrom them. (Dumzil : )
Other languages o Caucasus might also be taken into
consideration, see Dumzil : :Peut-tre quon songe que dans une bonne
partie du Caucase du nord [] le mas, na dautrenom que laliment des
Nartes .
Te expression in Clauson is not entirely clear to us: iki:n[] ()
the name o a plantcalled usxdsFrench lavender []; ekinsame
translation; [.].
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asymyk || CORN
ASYMYK: asymyk Kzk.dial.:SJa: seejasymukmillet:
For naming corn and millet with one word, c. dary, am darysyand
gr, andgn qonaq.
GR
:geri Kr.Blk.:Dmitrieva : || Kzk.:Dmitrieva : , DFKzk,
DKzkF,
RKzkS-, RKzkS-gri Kirg.:Maanov
gr Kirg.:Dmitrieva : , RKirgS-Ju, RKirgS-Juxori Uzb.:Dmitrieva :
geri Kr.Blk.:RKrBlkS
:Kirg.:gri, gr, geri || Kr.Blk.:geri || Kzk.:geri ||
Uzb.:xori
: : Dmitrieva: only points to a connection with Okc.jgr,jr, gr,
jrand uv. vir
millet, and with Oyr. re e , at. jr, re; , Mo. rgrain; seeds,
Okc.jgrgnplant similar to millet
:gras a name or corn is presumably an abbreviation o meke gr(c.
also mekge-ven). Similarly mkke.
However, the word is not entirely clear rom the etymological
point o view. Te -in auslaut is probably a possessive suffix which
originally created the so-called secondizaet in compounds such as
Kirg. meke gr c. ksh.dial. cgrspecies o grassDS, and ksh. mysyr
bugdajycorn and Ott.am darysyid. Eren , ksh.dial. daryS. We believe
that Dmitrievas proposition to connect the word with Okc.gr&c.
has much to commend it (see grmillet).
C. meke gr.
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CORN
kokorozcorn
KarL
Tksh.
uv.Tat. B
k.
Trkm.
Oyr.K
hak.
Tuv.
Yak.
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CORN
mkke,meke gr andmekgevencorn
Trkm.
Kklp.
Uzb.
Kirg.
Uy
g.
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.
Millet is one o the first plants ever to be cultivated by
mankind. It is understandable then,that the name or millet
encompasses in colloquial use many different, and not
necessarilyclosely related species (see below). India, Central
Asia, China and Aricas tropical savan-nahs are considered to be the
homeland o millet. An exact dating o the beginnings ocultivation is
very difficult, as distinguishing separate species in the
archeological materialsraises serious problems. In Europe, which is
not the homeland o this cereal (or rather,cereals), it has been
discovered in neolithic finds, and in China it had already been one
othe five most important cereals sown by the emperor himsel during
the vernal equinox as
early as in the thc. BC.Proso millet has been traditionally
cultivated in China, CentralAsia, urkestan and ranscaucasus.
Te two most important species are colloquially both called
millet: proso millet (PanicummiliaceumL.) and setarias, especially
oxtail millet (Setaria italicaP.B. = Panicum italicumL.and others).
Also, some species o sorghum are sometimes called millet, too. Both
the col-loquial and even the botanical terminology is somewhat in
conusion (see table in Nowiski: ), mainly because o numerous
synonyms and polysemantic names. Tere is no reasonto believe that
the situation is any clearer in the kc. languages.We believe that
some othe names we list with the meaning o millet reer in act to
some other species than proso
millet, or that they reer to many species at once. Unortunately,
the lexical data we have hadaccess to usually does not allow us to
make these kinds o distinctions.
Te lexical data itsel does not let us determine whether it was
millet or wheat that was thefirst cereal the kc. peoples became
acquainted with. Te act that we know o no examples oa semantic shif
millet > wheat, and that we know o two examples in the opposite
direction(unortunately, both non-kc.: Nan. bdamillet,
u-enph-tuu-kaimillet as opposed tokc. bugdajwheat (Joki : ) ) might
suggest that it was wheat that came first.
Interestingly, names or millet are sometimes mixed or unified
with names or corn (c. -
gn, dary,jasymuk,jgrand mysyr). Possibly, it results rom the act
that the grains o these twocereals are similar to each other, both
in shape and colour, though the grains o millet are smallerand
flatter. It is also possible, perhaps even more probable, that this
unification arose rom theact that corn had in many regions become
the most important cereal, thus taking, at least tosome extent, the
place o millet.One could suppose, or historical reasons, that the
directiono the shif would always be millet > corn but this is
not the case with mysyr(see below).
Tis reers to both the most important species: proso and oxtail
millet (see below).
In act, it is just the opposite: many o the names we list have a
meaning such as a species o millet
or a plant similar to millet &c. C. also e.g. Pol.
burakborago > beetroot resulting rom beetroots displacing borago
and takingover its place (Bory ).
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MILLET
:cebedogonkin iginiginigit iginikin iginingetar targnygyt
igindar tardari darydaru darydary
inditkonak konak
jasymukjgr grjosmik jasymukjgr grjgrgn grjgrgn grjr gr
kojak konakkonag konakkona konakkonakkonk konakkonakaj
konakkonok konak
kunak konakmysyrmysyr budajy mysyrmysyrda(ry) mysyrmysyrgan
mysyrnardangr grjr gr
prosaprosoqonaq konakqunoq konak
sksokpask sktartaragantara darytaran taragantarn taragantari
dary
tar darytarig darytarik darytariq darytaru darytar darytary
dary
taryg darytary darytaryk daryteri daryteri daryterik daryteriq
darytgi tgtgth tgtg tgtgi tg
tg tgtui tgti tgtjtarytyr dary? tyryq darygrgrgn grjr gr
*r grr grvir gr
xonak konakxtar taravers
:
Az.:daryBlk.:taryBrb.:taranBk.:taryCom.:tary
[tari]Cat.:daryag.:kin ||igin ||ind
||konag ||konak ||sk ||tarig ||tarik ||taryg ||tgi
uv.:tyr ||virFuy:nardanGag.:dary
KarC:dary ||taryKarH:cebedogonKhak.:prosa ||tarygKirg.:konak
||konok ||tar
||taryKklp.:konak ||taryKmk.:tari ||tar
||taryKmnd.:taraganKr.:tary ||tiKr.Blk.:taryKzk.:itkonak ||konak
||sk
||tary ||tjtary
Mkc.:ikin ||jgr ||jgr||kojak ||konak ||gr||jr ||taryg ||taryk
||tgi ||gr
Mkc.H:taryMkc.IM:tarygMkc.KD:taru ||tgMkc.MA.B:kojak ||
konak ||konkMkc.MK:jgr ||jgrgn
||taryg ||tgi ||tgi ||gr||grgn ||jr
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MILLE || igin
Nog.:konakaj ||taryOkc.:igit ||jasymuk ||
jgrgn ||jr ||kojak ||konak ||sk ||tarik ||taryg||tg ||th ||tg
||jr
Ott.:igit ||ygyt ||daru ||dary ||tary ||avers
OUyg.:qonaq ||tara ||rOyr.:taragan || tarnSarUyg.:sokpa
||tarygat.:dari ||sk ||tary
at.Gr.:taryel.:taragan ||tarn ||taru
||tar ||taryksh.:daryksh.dial.:mysyr ||mysyr
bugdajy ||mysyrda(ry) ||mysyrgan
ob.:taryo.:darrkm.:dary ||konak ||taryg
||tui
uv.:ingetar ||tar ||xonak ||xtar
Uyg.:gn ||kona ||konak ||konok ||qonaq ||
sk ||tariq ||tary ||teri||teri ||terik ||teriq ||tgi ||? tyryq
||jr
Uzb.:igin ||josmik ||konak||kunak ||qunoq ||tarik||tariq
||taryk
Yak.:proso ||tarn ||*r
CEBEDOGON: cebedogon KarH:KRPS: as yet not discussed:
Tis name is unclear. Most probably it is a compound o cebe+
dogon, where dogon< Hebr. dagancereal or alternately
;dochanmillet; millet groats cebeis however, unclear.
C. basadohancorn.
IGIN
:kin ag.:species o milletigin ag.:R III m very fine millet,
cotton seeds, R III b
species o millet, VEW very fine millet, cotton seeds ||
Uzb.:veryfine millet, cotton seeds R III m
igit OTkc.:VEW || Ott.:VEW ikin MTkc.:VEW hrenbildende
Futterpflanze, die zwischen Weinstcken an-
gepflanzt wird
ygyt Ott.:VEW :ag.:kin,igin || MTkc.: ikin || OTkc.: igit ||
Ott.: igit,ygyt || Uzb.: igin
: as yet not proposed:
Tis name is unclear, and to the best o our knowledge no
etymology has been proposedor it as yet. It seems to us that it
might be etymologically the same word as unor-tunately the equally
unclear venin mekgevencorn. Tis is entirely possible both
phonetically and semantically (or naming millet and corn with
one word c. gn,dary, jasymuk, jgrand mysyr). I it turned out,
however, even though it is not verylikely that ven
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gn || MILLE
GN: gn Uyg.:Jarring : (afer Schwarz ) Setaria viridis: :
Jarring: :indicates a non-kc. origin; enigmatic word:
C. gn qonaqcorn.Tis word is unclear. One cannot help noticing
the phonetic similarity to igin
millet (c.) which is unclear, too. I these two words were to be
related, gn isprobably the older orm.
DARY
:dari Tat.:aniev daru Ott.:SJadary Az.:RAzS, VEW, Dmitrieva ,
SJa, Eren || CTat.:SJa || Gag.:
SJa || KarC:SJa, KRPS, Levi || Ott.:() Wiesentahl , ,,R III m,
VEW || Tksh.:Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren , ietze ||Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji ,
RrkmS, Nikitin/Kerbabaev , VEW, Dmitrieva, SJa, Eren
tara OUyg.:SJatari Kmk.:Dmitrieva tar Kmk.:SJa
tarig ag.: R III m, VEWtarik ag.: Ackereld R III m, SJa ||
OTkc.: R III m || Uzb.:
Eren tariq Uyg.:Brands : || Uzb.:RUzbS-A, Dmitrieva , Brands : ,
SJataru MTkc.KD: || Tel.:Ryumina-Srkaeva tar Kirg.:RKirgS-Ju,
RKirgS-Ju, Dmitrieva , Brands : , SJa, Eren
|| Tel.:R III m, Eren tary Blk.:VEW, Eren || Bk.:RBkS, Dmitrieva
, SJa, Eren ||
Com.:[tari] Grnbech , SJa, KWb || KarC:KRPS, SJa, Levi
|| Kirg.:Maanov , SJa || Kklp.:RKklpS-BB, RKklpS-S,
RKklpS-B,Dmitrieva , SJa, Eren || Kmk.:RKmkS || Kr.:VEW ||
Kr.Blk.:RKrBlkS, Dmitrieva || Kzk.:RKzkS-, RKzkS-, Dmitrieva ,
SJa,KWb , DFKzk, DKzkF, Eren || MTkc.H:( ) || Nog.:RNogS,
Dmitrieva, SJa, Eren || Ott.:R III b || Tat.:R III m, III m, IV
b,Voskresenskij , Imanaev , RatS-D, RatS-G, Dmitrieva , SJa,KWb ,
Eren || Tat.Gr.:Podolsky || Tel.:R III m || Tob.:SJa
taryg ag.:SJa || Khak.:SJa || MTkc.:SJa, VEW . grain; . millet,
Eren sowing; plant; barley; wheat; grain || MTkc.IM||
MTkc.MK:Dankoff/Kelly || OTkc.:Dmitrieva millet; grain; grass, Eren
sowing ||SarUyg.:. grain; . millet VEW || Trkm.:( ) Nalivkin
tary Uyg.:VEW . grain; . millet
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MILLE || dary
taryk MTkc.KD:|| Uzb.:Lapin , (e) Smolenskij teri Uyg.:. grain;
. millet VEWteri Uyg.:SJaterik Uyg.:R III m, VEWteriq Uyg.:Menges ,
RUjgS, Dmitrieva tyr uv.:VEW grain; millet, Eren cereal? tyryq
Uyg.: Raquette
:Az.:dary || Blk.: tary || Bk.: tary || Com.: tary [tari]||
CTat.: dary || ag.: tarig,tarik,taryg || uv.: tyr || Gag.: dary ||
KarC.: dary,tary || Khak.: taryg || Kirg.: tar,tary ||Kklp.: tary
|| Kmk.: tari,tar,tary || Kr.: tary || Kr.Blk.: tary || Kzk.: tary
|| MTkc.:taryg,taryk || MTkc.H: tary || MTkc.IM: taryg || MTkc.KD:
taru || MTkc.MK: taryg ||Nog.: tary || OTkc.: tarik,taryg || Ott.:
daru,dary,tary || OUyg.: tara || SarUyg.: taryg ||
Tat.: dari,tary || Tat.Gr.: tary || Tel.: taru,tar,tary ||
Tksh.: dary || Tob.: tary || Trkm.:dary,taryg || Uyg.:
tariq,tary,teri,teri,terik,teriq,? tyryq || Uzb.: tarik,
tariq,taryk
: : VGAS : Okc. tarygErnte, Getreide = Mo. tarijanFeld, Saat,
MMo. tarijad
Saaten, Getreide, Xlx. tariSaat : VEW: ~ Mo. tarijansowing;
cereal; land, soil; grain : Clauson: < taryto cultivate land; d-
by contamination with Pers. drmedi-
cine, drug : Dmitrieva: Okc. tarygmillet; grain; grass <
taryto sow + -g
: SJa: .Forms without -g: < tar- to cultivate land; to sow +
-y; .Forms with-g: < tar-y- to sow or like . : Dmitrieva: <
taryto sow + -ygresult, outcome uv. tar, Oyr. tarn, at., Brb.
taranmillet < Mo. tarijangrain, where -n< -an : Eren: <
tary(ekin) ekmek + - : ietze: < Okc. taryg(afer Clauson ):
Tis word has relatively uniorm meanings in all the languages
(afer SJa):. Te orm without -gapart rom millet can mean: grain,
cereal, groats and the
like, and other cereals. All these meanings are understandable
given the etymol-ogy and, except or the last group, are o a very
limited range (at most one o theollowing languages: Oyr., o.,
uv.).
For ksh.dial. meaning o corn, c. mysyr, the commentary at the
beginning othis chapter, and gn,jasymukandjgr.
. Te orm with -gmeans also wheat, barley, grain, cereal, odder,
sowing,crops, harvest, cultivation, descendant and the like. All
these meanings areolder and, except or the last possibility which
is not ully clear, understandable in
view o the etymology.
Te morphological structure o this word and its deverbal origin
are quite obvious. Teproblematic part is the final vowel o the
verbal stem (see taraand taragan). It has been,
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ind || MILLE
however, solved by SJa in a very convincing way by interpreting
-y~ -aas a denominalsuffix and deriving the verbal tary- ~ tara-
rom nominal *tarsowing; harvest; field, whichat the same time
explains dary(< tar-), taryg(< tar-(y-) ) and such orms as
Sag. and otherstarlaodder, and OUyg. taracereal and the like (<
tar-a-). C. tar, taragan.
Te contamination with Pers. darmedicine, drug assumed by Clauson
toexplain the voiced anlaut in Oghuz. is, as has been justly
remarked by SJa, not verylikely (although it seems to us that the
semantic difficulty, not mentioned by SJa,migh be even more
important than the act that the Pers. dr is unknown to SWkc.
languages), and moreover, absolutely superfluous since the voicing
o occlusives inanlaut is a regular change in the Oghuz. languages,
and the d- orms in Kip. (KarC.and at.) may be easily, and with a
very high degree o plausibility, explained by anOghuz. influence or
borrowing.
For urther bibliography c. first o all SJa and Eren .
Dmitireva : has suggested that the act that this name derives
rom the verbto sow might be regarded as a testimony that millet was
the first cereal cultivated by thekc. peoples. But, it might also
not be true since, she continues, D. tarwewheat. AS taretare, vetch
et al. < [sic] OInd. drvmillet < PIE *der- to rip off; to
skin. Tis seemsto us to be quite poor reasoning. OInd. and the
Grmc. languages are only very remotelyrelated with one another, and
the act that what originally was one word now has differ-ent
meanings is not actually very surprising. Te kc. languages are
related much moreclosely, and daryhas a very uniorm meaning (with a
ew exceptions, see above) o millet;only in a ew o the languages
does it include grain, cereal and the like. Te situation
is then, quite different. However, even in these, much more
avourable conditions we donot believe as Dmitrieva apparently does
that it is possible to establish which was thefirst cereal
cultivated by the kc. peoples using only the etymology o one word.
Onecould equally well suppose that the first cereal was named with
a borrowing rather thana native word, and such a guess could not be
proved any more.
C. also (-)tarand taragan.
IND
:ind ag.:[] , e [] R I m: R I m: < ind+-:
Te etymology offered by Radloff is rather odd. indappears in
various languages, butwith the meaning o to call, to summon. Tus,
the semantic connection i it evenexists would require a
comprehensive commentary, which Radloff ails to
provide.Regrettably, we cannot offer a more convincing proposition,
either.
Tey could also be understood as the result o an assimilation to
the next consonant, i.e. t-r>d-r, which is however not very
convincing since such a change is characteristic o Oghuz., notKip.
languages.
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MILLE || konak
JASYMUK:
jasymuk OTkc.:? millet DS, Dmitrieva , SJajosmik Uzb.:[?]
VEW
:OTkc.:jasymuk || Uzb.:josmik
: : VEW: ag.jasmuklentil
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mysyr || MILLE
species o millet, Dmitrieva || Trkm.:SJa || Uyg.:mediocre
species omillet VEW || Uzb.:SJa
konk MTkc.MA.B:Borovkov : konakaj Nog.:SJakonok Kirg.:SJa
Setaria italica var. moghariumAle., Steblin-Kamenskij : Setaria
italica var. moghariumAle.; setaria (SetariaP.B.); oxtail millet
(Setaria italicaP.B.)|| Uyg.:VEW
kunak Uzb.:(ee) Smolenskij qonaq OUyg.:DS species o millet,
Steblin-Kamenskij : || Uyg.:Jarring ,
Steblin-Kamenskij : qunoq Uzb.:Dmitrieva , Steblin-Kamenskij
:
xonak Tuv.:SJa Setaria viridisP.B.:
ag.:konag,konak || Kirg.: konak,konok || Kklp.: konak || Kzk.:
itkonak,konak || MTkc.:kojak,konak || MTkc.MA.B: konk || MTkc.MK:
kojak,konak || Nog.: konakaj || OTkc.:kojak,konak || OUyg.: qonaq
|| Trkm.: konak || Tuv.:xonak || Uyg.: kona,konak,konok,qonaq ||
Uzb.: konak,kunak,qunoq
: : VEW: ~ Mo. qona, qonumillet : SJa: limits himself to quoting
two previous comparisons with Mo. against Clauson : KWb : only
points to the comparison with qona, qonu
:Tis word is common in the kc. languages and has many meanings,
millet beingthe most common one.
Clausons etymology is, as SJa has stated, very improbable or
phonetic(konak, not *knak) and semantic (kn- to sit, not to seat)
reasons. Unortunately, noother etymology has been proposed, and we
are not able to provide one, either.
About borrowing this word to the Pamir. languages, see
Steblin-Kamenskij : .
MYSYR
:mysyr Tksh.dial.:DSmysyr bugdajy Tksh.dial.:millet Eren
mysyrda(ry) Tksh.dial.:DSmysyrgan Tksh.dial.:DS
: as yet not discussed in the meaning o millet
Most o them are related to cereals as a general term, or as the
name o some species. Apartrom millet, they are: setarias (uv.),
corn, sorghum (Kirg.) and others (SJa). See also(kmme)
konakcorn.
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MILLE || prosa
:Usually mysyrmeans corn in ksh. Using one word to name these
two cereals ofenhappens (see gn, dary,jasymukandjgr) but the
direction is always natural romthe historical point o view, i.e.
millet > corn. o assume that some o the Anatolianurks learned
about millet rom Egypt would be totally unrealistic, given the
historyo the cultivation o millet. Probably, the only acceptable
guess would be that corndisplaced or at least surpassed millet in
importance in some regions o urkey (whichis quite likely), and
hence the secondary meaning (c. ootnote ). o some extent,such a
scenario is pointed to by ksh.dial. mysyrda(ry) and mysyrganwith a
clear suffix-ganwhich is used very ofen to orm names o plants,
usually with the meaning osimilar to; -like (c. arpakanoats and
arpagan(wild) barley). Mysyritsel is probablyan abbreviation o one
o these orms, or simply a shif rom mysyrcorn.
NARDAN
: nardan Fuy:Zhen-hua : as yet not discussed:
Probably rom Pers. nrdnpomegranate seeds; (= nrdnag) dried seeds
o wild pome-granate used as a spice (Rubinik ), though the semantic
is not entirely clear.A devisable connection with nartkcorn should
probably be ruled out despite o someremote associations.
PROSA
: prosa Khak.:RChakS, Dmitrieva , Brands : : Dmitrieva: <
Russ.prosomillet : Brands: < Russ.prosomillet:
Te final -amight be a result o two possible events: .a
phonetical, not graphical bor-
rowing; .borrowing o the Gen. orm used as Part.
It seems impossible to determine,which is more likely. In
reality, probably both these actors were present at the sametime
and separating them would be but an artificial operation, which
would result ina more methodical description o the change
mechanism.
Similarly to e.g. Yak.pruoka, boruoska, r.praqa&c. snuff
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proso || MILLE
PROSO: proso Yak.:RJakS, Dmitrieva : : Dmitrieva: <
Russ.prosomillet:
It is difficult to criticise the etymology proposed by Dmitrieva
. A complete lacko assimilation (c. ebiesoats) indicates that the
borrowing was made only very re-cently, or alternately that the
orthography does not in act render the actual Yak.
pronunciation.
SK
:sk ag.:SKE MEN, VEW husked millet || Kzk.:SKE , MEN,
VEW husked millet, DFKzk, DKzkF || OTkc.:VEW husked millet
||Uyg.:SKE
sk Tat.:millet pap VEW:
ag.:sk || Kzk.:sk || OTkc.:sk || Tat.:sk || Uyg.:sk: : KWb: : =
Mo.sg, Klmk.sgchassed millet : SKE : < Chin. : MEN: ? kc. <
Pers.skear o corn, beard o corn
: VEW: < Chin., KorS (afer: SKE )sok = Mo.sgmillet;
spelt:
Tis word appears also in Kirg., Kzk., rkm., Uyg. and Uzb.
meaning spelt. Te originproposed by SKE seems very likely (see
below).
MEN, reasoning rom the act that the word is only attested as
late as ag., sug-gests the possibility o a borrowing rom Pers. sk
ear o corn, beard o corn which
would directly, or via kc. dialects, originate rom Chin. Tis
proposition can not becompletely discounted, even though its seems
to complicate the route o borrowing
beyond what is necessary. Tat a word was not attested earlier
than ag. does not meanit did not exist beore.As has been proposed
by MEN, the Chin. etymon SKE most probably meant
issoxtail millet (Setaria italicaP.B.). We believe that its
MChin. sounding, *sjowk(Baxter: , oral inormation rom Pro. A. Vovin
[Honolulu]), *siok(d )raises no doubts about the phonetics, and
neither about the meaning.
Te change o harmony rom back to ront could be explained by the
palatal pronunciation o-kin Pers. Te semantic change could be
explainable as easily.
Te same sign is used to write OJap. *apamillet (Martin : ,
Omodaka ), c. arpabarley.
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MILLE || tar
SOKPA: sokpa SarUyg.:eniev : as yet not discussed:
While morphologically this word is absolutely clear (sok- to
stick, to poke + -ma), itsmeaning is quite strange. Te literal
meaning o *seedling indicates rice or corn ratherthan millet. One
could try to look or a semantic parallel in tgbut the meaning o*tg-
to beat, to hit enables an evolution to basically any cereal, and
makes it impos-sible to compare withsok-. Perhaps this is an
example o uniying/mixing millet withcorn (c. (kmme) konak)?
TAR
:ingetar Tuv.:RuwS, Dmitrieva dar Tof.:SJatar Tuv.:R II b (in:
kara ~ black millet), Brands : , SJa
xtar Tuv.:RuwS:
Tof.:dar || Tuv.:ingetar,tar,xtar: : Dmitrieva: < uv.
ingethin + targrain; cereal
: Brands: : < Mo. tarijan, tarnharvest; cereal : Dmitrieva:
uv. tar, Oyr. tarn, Brb., at. taranmillet < Mo.
tarijangrain,where -n< -an
:As opposed to tara(ga)n, this orm has no -nin auslaut, and thus
it can be hardly ex-
pected to contain a trace o -gan, as has been proposed by
Dmitrieva , or that it isborrowed rom Mo., as Brands : has
suggested (c. taragan). What seems muchmore probable is that they
are -gderivatives rom tar-a-. For. tar-a- and the semantic o
OUyg. orms c. SJas commentary on darycorn.Dmitrievas etymology
is quite obvious, and it would be wrong to assume anyother origin o
this word. Tin surely reers to the shape o this plant: millet
stalksare much thinner than those o other cerals. Tey are also more
elastic, making milletbend and lie down which makes the impression
o thinness even stronger. : name ully clear etymologically and
semantically: name unclear
Perhaps also tjtary.
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taragan || MILLE
TARAGAN:
taragan Kmnd.:Eren || Oyr.:R III b || Tel.:R III b, Eren taran
Brb.:R III m, SJa, KWb tarn Oyr.:RAltS, Dmitrieva , Brands : , SJa,
KWb , Eren || Tel.:
R III m, SJa, KWb , Eren || Yak.Fedotov ~ remillet; groats:
Brb.:taran || Kmnd.:taragan || Oyr.:taragan, tarn ||
Tel.:taragan, tarn || Yak.:tarn: : KWb : Brb. tarian, Oyr., el.
tarn< Mo. : VGAS: Mo. tarijan field; sowing, tarijadsowing;
cereal &c. = Okc. taryg
crop; cereal : Brands: : < Mo. tarijan, tarnsowing;
cereal
: SJa: < tar-a-; against deriving < Mo. tarija(n) : Eren:
< Mo.:
SJa is against KWb or phonetic reasons (Mo. -ija: kc. -aa-), and
supportsVGAS assuming a parallel evolution tar-a- + -gan> kc.
taragan&c., Mo. tarija.
We too, support this conception. C. dary, -tar.
TG
:tgi MTkc.MK:(Oghuz.) Eren husked millettg OTkc.:MEN , SJath
OTkc.:SJatg OTkc.:VEW husked yellow millettgi ag.:husked millet MEN
|| MTkc.:VEW husked millet || MTkc.MK:
Dankoff/Kelly || Uyg.:VEW husked millettg MTkc.KD: husked
millettui Trkm.: ,R III bti Kr.:Prhle , VEW:ag.:tgi || Kr.:ti ||
MTkc.:tgi || MTkc.KD:tg || MTkc.MK:tgi,tgi || OTkc.:tg,th,tg ||
Trkm.:tui || Uyg.:tgi
: see tvirice:
See tvirice; also dvmewheat.rkm. tui( ,, so tviand tuvican not
be excluded either; c. rkm. tvirice)
is most probably, as suggested by MEN . borrowed rom ag. or
another Kip.source, as is indicated by the voiceless auslaut (c.
also dary).
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MILLE || gr
TJTARY: tjtary Kzk.:MEN oxtail millet: : MEN : <
*tgi-taryg:
Te etymology offered by MEN appears to be quite probable,
although themeaning is a little surprising. One could expect such a
compound to yield a meaninglike husked millet or something similar
(c. tvirice), not oxtail millet.
While rom the semantic point o view a compound *tj-tarymillet
with hair wouldseem much more likely, and would be a nice parallel
to the European names (c. Eng.
foxtail bristlegrass, Slav. wonicaor Lat. setaria(<
Lat.saeta(sta) (hard) animal hair,horse hair; Genaust ) ), such a
solution raises phonetic doubts: in Kzk. hair iscalled tk. Maybe a
borrowing rom one o the Oghuz. languages?
Tough not very probable, it nevertheless cannot be ruled out
that tg&c. < *tg
hair (adj.) < tkhair + -adj. (< Pers.), c. tvirice. Tis
idea is interesting semanti-cally but it seems that it, too, leaves
the sounding o tjtaryunexplained.
GR
:jgr MTkc.:VEWjgr MTkc.MK:MK III (DS) || OTkc.:Dmitrieva jgrgn
OTkc.:Dmitrieva
jgrgn MTkc.MK:plant similar to millet Dankoff/Kelly jr OTkc.:DS,
Dmitrieva gr MTkc.:VEWjr OTkc.:Egorov , VEW, Fedotov millet;
speltgr MTkc.MK:MK I , II (DS), Dankoff/Kelly , Eren s.v. dar
|| OTkc.:Dmitrieva grgn MTkc.MK:grain eaten by Qarluq urkmn
Dankoff/Kelly jr MTkc.MK:(Oghuz.) Eren s.v. dar|| OTkc.:DS,
Dmitrieva || Uyg.:
Eren s.v. dar
*r Yak.:Fedotov tarn~e millet; groatsr OUyg.:evilek vir
uv.:Nikolskij , RuvS-D, RuvS-E, VEW, RuvS-A, Dmitrieva ,
Eren s.v. dar:
uv.:vir || MTkc.: jgr,jgr,gr,jr,gr || MTkc.MK:
jgr,jgrgn,gr,grgn,jr || OTkc.:jgrgn,jr,jr || OUyg.: r || Uyg.: jr
|| Yak.:*r
: : Ramstedt: uv. vir= Mo. reseed; ruit : Egorov: limits himsel
to a comparison to Mo. rgrain; seeds; crop
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avers || MILLE
: Dmitrieva: = Okc. jgr,jr, gr, jr; indicates a comparison to
Kzk. gericorn and at. jr, at. re; , Oyr. re e , Mo. rgrain; seeds,
Okc.jgrgnplant similar to millet
: Stachowski, M.: Khak. grsoup, OUyg. grgruel; pap &c. <
*gr- to grate;to squeeze; to grind
: Fedotov: limits himsel to indicating a comparison to Mo.
reseeds; ruit : Eren s.v. dar: gr&c. = uv. vir:
Tis word has quite a large number o phonetic shapes which is
understandable given itsphonetical structure. It appears in a
relatively large number o meanings, o which onlythe ones connected
with millet have been listed here; see Egorov , Stachowski, M.,
Fedotov .
o the best o our knowledge, the only etymology to date is the
one proposed by Sta-
chowski, M. : . It seems to be based solely on the meanings o
the type gruel, pap,soup and the like, but connecting these two
words does not pose any major problems.
We know that the urks have been eating various cereals,
including millet, in the ormo gruels, mashes and the like (c.
ryjarski : and others). Shifing the name romgruel (or something
similar) made o millet to millet itsel is only natural.
However, the morphological structure does pose a problem here.
While the gruel&c. words have a vocalic auslaut (Khak. grsoup,
OUyg. grgruel; pap, at. jrsoup with gruels &c.), the millet
ones have a consonant at the end. In Okc., theexistence o nomen and
verbum with the same sounding is not a rare phenomenon, but
a unification o meanings to grate; to squeeze; to grind and
millet in one stem, withno suffixes, is hardly probable. o grind
and gruel would make a more likely couple,but it is the meaning o
gruel that has the suffix, and o millet that does not.
It hardly seems plausible that the orms meaning gruel &c.
would not be relatedin this or another way to the words mentioned
above but it is impossible to establishthe exact nature o this
relationship at the moment.
Further bibliography in Eren . C. also jrwheat, and or the final
seman-tics tvirice and dvmewheat.
AVERS:
avers () Ott.:Wiesentahl vers Ott.:species o millet growing wild
among wheat Redhouse
: as yet not discussed:
From Pers. ~avers gawresoxtail millet (Setaria italicaP.B.);
SetariaviridisP.B..
On the surace, the semantics might raise doubts here. But
setarias, like in allprobability other grasses, too, are named in
various languages o the world, includingthose in Asia, with the
word or millet and some kind o an adjective (c. Nowiski
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MILLET
: ), c. e.g. Russ. eeeoxtail millet. Tis pattern is even
reflectedin the biological nomenclature: Setaria italicaP.B. =
Panicum italicumL. and others,Setaria viridisP.B. = Panicum
virideL.
konakmillet
Trkm.
Kklp.
Uzb.
Kirg.
Uyg.
N
og.
Kzk.
Tuv.
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MILLET
darymillet
Trkm.
Kklp.
Uzb.
Kirg.
Uyg.
K
r.
Kzk.
Tuv.
KarL
Gag.
CTat.
Tksh.
Nog.
Blk.
Kmk.
Az.
uv.
Tat.
B
k.
Oyr.
Khak.
Sar
Uyg.
Tof.
dary
tar
taragan
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.
In comparison to other cereals, the cultivation o oats began
relatively late, only about thebeginning o the Common Era. Te plant
was known much earlier but was regarded as beingmore o a usable
weed, a supplement to wheat or barley. Tis is most probably the
reason
why names or oats are so ofen mixed with names or barley (c.
commentary onjulaf(point ), harva, ta arpasyoats, andsulaand
arpaganbarley).Because the cultivation ooats began so late, it is
not entirely clear which region is its homeland. Ancient Greece
onlyknew it as a medicinal weed, the most important cultures o
ancient Asia and Arica didnot know it as a cereal at all. In China,
it appeared in the ormer role, as late as the thc.
It seems the the kc. peoples had already known oats in the
period beore written monu-ments (c. commentary on sle). Presumably,
however, it was not highly regarded, or inancient texts it is
rarely mentioned, unlike e.g. wheat or barley.
Te basic name is definitelysle. It appears in very many phonetic
variants, surprisinglymany given its simple sounding. Te range o
the word julaf, the second most commonname, is huge, but it is
absolutely understandable rom a cultural-historical
perspective.
:
Interestingly enough, this only concerns oats and barley, not
oats and wheat. Te only expla-nation we can offer here is a guess
that the urks have always valued wheat more highly thanbarley, or
that they had known wheat beore they learned about barley. Te act
that wheat
appears in monuments more ofen seems to support the ormer rather
than the latter. So doessle(c. commentary on sle). Concurrently,
botanical sources emphasise the antiquity owheat. However, or how
long exactly the urks have been acquainted with it is unknown.
arpakanat tarzy a"tarzya"tarzybrdkebies
gara gyjakharvaholo slehl sle
hl slehuly slejolap julafjulafnyxaovjos
ovjotovsa
sl slesinir bozansl slesolo slesl slesl slesoly sle
sula sleslesuli slesli slesully slesulu sle
sul slesl slesuly slesly slesly slel slellli sleta-arpasyurus
arpa
uvusuwysxarva harvazyntxy*ilap julafylap julaf
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arpakan || OAS
:Az.:julafBrb.:solyBk.:holo ||hl ||hl ||
huly ||ovsaCom.:suluCat.:*ilapuv.:sl ||sl ||sl ||l
||llliGag.:julafKar.:slKarC:julaf ||ylapKar:uvus
Khak.:sulaKirg.:sulu ||sul ||sulyKklp.:sully ||suly
Kmk.:nyxa ||sulu ||sulyKoyb.:sula
||suluKr.:sulaKr.Blk.:zyntxyKyzyl:suluKzk.:sulu ||suly
||slyLeb.:sulaNog.:sulyOtt.:julaf ||sinir bozanOyr.:sulaSag.:sula
||suluSarUyg.:harva ||xarva
r.:sulaat.:julaf ||solo ||sl ||sl
||soly ||sly
at.dial.:uwysat.Gr.:jolapel.:sulaksh.:julafob.:suluo.:ovjotrkm.:brdk
||gara gyjak
||ovjos ||sle ||sliuv.:at tarzy ||a"tarzy
||sulaUyg.:arpakan ||sula ||sulu
||ta-arpasy
Uzb.:suli ||sli ||urusarpa
Yak.:ebies
ARPAK AN: arpakan Uyg.:R I m: Uyg. orm as yet not discussed:
Te structure o this word is absolutely clear: arpa+ -kan. What
seems to be moreenigmatic is its meaning, given kc. arpabarley.
However, these two cereals are tosome extent unified or mixed by
numerous peoples, c. commentary onjulaf(point ),harvaand ta arpasy,
and arpaganbarley.
A"TARZY
: at tarzy( ) Tuv.:Dmitrieva 1972: 213 ||a"tarzyRuwS: :
Dmitrieva: < athorse + tarzyits cereal, grain
:Tis name is absolutely clear rom both morphological and
semantic point o view,and it is very difficult to offer an
explanation different than the one presented byDmitrieva .
BRDK
: brdk Trkm.:R IV m: see bordoqroasted corn:
Te original meaning o grain is a perect tertium comparationis or
the seeminglyunconnected meanings o oats and corn. C. bordoqroasted
corn.
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OAS || harva
EBIES: ebies Yak.:Slepcov , RJakS, Dmitrieva : : Slepcov : <
Russ. ovsoats with an irregular correspondence ie
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OAS || nyxa
We would like to suggest a slight modification o this etymology,
and as no ulti-mate proo can be presented here another proposition
or explaining this word.
In anlaut, the alternationj- ~- can be explained by a purely kc.
alternation which,however, has not been studied thoroughly enough
to allow or a ull verification othis assumption. However, what
seems to be more problematic is the lack o -v- and achange rom the
remaining -aa-, -a- &c. into -u-. Tis is why we believe that
the first
part o this compound should have rather been borrowed rom a orm
such as liter.Pers., i.e.ou.
Te second part definitely should have been a word o back vocal
harmony. Wecould take into consideration such orms as aly., Arab.
or Pers. (dial., not liter.,
with non-palatalised short as). Arab. can probably be excluded,
as it would requirean assumption, that on the dial. kc. ground a
presumably local borrowing rom
dial. Pers. / aly was compounded with a borrowing rom Arab.
which is quiteunlikely. On the other hand, a compounding o a orm
such as the liter. Pers. ou(which could have appeared in dial.,
too) with a Pers.dial. / aly orm [ala], seemsto be quite
realistic.
Tere is still at least one more way o explaining this word.
Namely, it could be regardednot as a compound, but as an iotated
borrowing orm Arab. ;alafdry grass; hayodder. Iotation is not a
common phenomenon, and definitely not a regular one, whichis
certainly a weakness o this proposition. ekin : gives only three
examples
o modernju- deriving rom Mkc. long vowel: *-, *-, *-, and all o
them come romSarUyg. As ar as our knowledge goes, it has not yet
been established what the condi-tions allowing or iotation were in
dial. ksh. (Ott.). I they were the same, one couldbelieve that a-
was rendered as *- >ju-. In such a case, only the Arab. orm
could betaken into consideration, the Pers. - being nothing but a
graphical tradition with noimportance or the actual sounding.
From the semantic point o view, grass; hay; odder > oats is
at least as probableas barley grass or similar > oats, given
that oats are ofen used or odder.
None o the three propositions is completely convincing.
Ultimately, the modifiedversion o SJas explanation appears to be
the most realistic.
NYXA
: nyxa Kmk.:RKmkS, Dmitrieva : as yet not discussed:
Te sounding o the word clearly suggests a borrowing, presumably
rom one o theCauc. languages, but we have not managed to establish
the exact source.
Although c. ksh.dial. alaf, alefodder or animals; hay (ietze
).
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ovjos || OAS
OVJOS: ovjos Trkm.:RrkmS: as yet not discussed:
Tis word is undoubtedly a borrowing rom Russ. ovjsid. Te initial
o- supposablyindicates that it must have been borrowed rom some
dial. with an okanye pronuncia-tion, though it would be difficult
to confirm this solution, as the Russ. dialectal texts,especially
the older ones, do not render the actual sounding precisely.
Another pos-sibility would be to assume a partly
graphicalborrowing. Tis, however, is definitelyless likely rom the
cultural-historical point o view.
OVJOT
: ovjot() Tof.:RoS, Stachowski, M. a: : as yet not
discussed:
Tis orm is undoubtedly a borrowing rom Russ. ovjsid. Te final
-tis supposablythe result o a common but not ully described and not
ully predictable alternation
s~ t, present in languages o various linguistic amilies across
Siberia, including kc.(c. Stachowski, M. a or urther
bibliography).
OVSA
: ovsa Bk.:Dmitrieva : : Dmitrieva: < Russ. ovsoats:
Tis orm was most probably borrowed rom Russ. Gen. in the unction
o Part.C.prosamillet.
SINIR BOZAN
: sinir bozan Ott.:R IV m: as yet not discussed:
Tis name is unlcear. Maybe it is a substantivised participle in
the expression (birinin)sinirlerinibozmakto annoy? Such an
explanation could be justified by the act thatoats was ofen
regarded as a weed.
Or even a ully graphical one, i one takes into account that
Russ. is usually printed as e.
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OAS || sle
SLE:
holo Bk.:Joki , RBkS, KLS, Dmitrieva , Fedotov hl Bk.:Egorov hl
Bk.:SJahuly Bk.:Joki
sl uv.:Nikolskij , Amarin , RuvS-D, RuvS-E, Egorov , VEW,RuvS-A,
SJa, Fedotov
sl uv.:VEWsolo Tat.:Voskresenskij , Joki sl uv.:Rsnen || Tat.:R
IV b, IV m, I b, Rsnen , Joki
, EW, SJasl Tat.:Imanaev
soly Brb.:SJa || Tat.:RatS-D, Egorov , KLS, Dmitrieva ,
RatS-G,Fedotov
sula Khak.:RIV b, RChakS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa ||
Koyb.:Kannisto: , KWb, Fedotov || Kr.:Kannisto : || Leb.:Kannisto :
,Fedotov || Oyr.:R IV s, Kannisto : , Joki , Egorov , RAltS,VEW,
Dmitrieva , SJa, KWb, Fedotov || Sag.:Kannisto : ,
Joki , Fedotov || r.:R IV b, Kannisto : , Joki , Fedotov ||
Tel.:R IV b, Rsnen , Kannisto : , Joki , barley
Ryumina-Srkaeva/Kuigaeva , Fedotov || Tuv.:RuwS, Dmitrieva , SJa
||
Uyg.:Joki sle Trkm.:Joki , Nikitin/Kerbabaev , KLS, VEW,
Dmitrieva ,
SJasuli Uzb.:Joki wild oats (Avena fatua), RUzbS-A, Egorov ,
VEW, Dmitrieva
, SJa, RUzbS-sli Trkm.:Alijiv/Briji ||Uzb. KLSsully
Kklp.:RKklpS-BB, Dmitrieva sulu Com.:R IV b, Joki , KWb, Fedotov ||
Kirg.:R IV b, RKirgS-Ju,
RKirgS-Ju, Egorov , KLS, Dmitrieva , SJa, Fedotov || Kmk.:
RKmkS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa || Koyb.:Joki || Kyzyl:Joki ,SJa
|| Kzk.:R IV b, Rsnen , Joki , VEW, KWb || Sag.:Joki || Tob.:Joki
|| Uyg.: RUjgS, KLS, Joki , Egorov , SJa
sul Kirg.:Joki sl Kar.:SJasuly Kirg.:Maanov || Kklp.:RKklpS-S,
Egorov , RKklpS-B, SJa
|| Kmk.:SJa || Kzk.:KLS, Egorov , Dmitrieva , SJa, DFKzk,DKzkF
|| Nog.:RNogS, Dmitrieva , SJa
sly Tat.:SJasly Kzk.:RKzkS-, RKzkS-l uv.:Dmitrieva llli
uv.:Dmitrieva
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sle || OAS
:Brb.:soly || Bk.: holo, hl, hl, huly || Com.:sulu || uv.:sl,
sl, sl, l, llli ||Kar.:sl || Khak.:sula || Kirg.:sulu, sul, suly ||
Kklp.:sully, suly || Kmk.:sulu, suly ||Koyb.:sula, sulu || Kr.:sula
|| Kyzyl:sulu || Kzk.:sulu, suly, sly || Leb.:sula || Nog.:
suly || Oyr.:sula || Sag.:sula, sulu || r.:sula || Tat.:solo,
sl, sl, soly, sly || Tel.:sula ||Tob.:sulu || Trkm.:sle, sli ||
Tuv.:sula || Uyg.:sula, sulu || Uzb.:suli, sli
: : Rsnen: ~ Mo.suli : Joki: ~ or rather < Mo. suli&c.;
Uzb. suli common wild oat (Avena fatua),
rkm.sle< Mo.; uv. = or < at. urther etymology unclear;
maybe a common PAlt. name : VEW: uv.sl,sl< at.sl; rkm.sle,
Uzb.suli< Mo.suli : Clauson:
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OAS || urus arpa
syllable should > o; .we believe that the evolution
*solo>sola,sula>suly,sulu,sleismore natural or the kc.
languages than any other, which would have to be assumedor a
different set o original vowels.
Tis reconstruction does not explain all o the kc. orms. What the
source o longvowels in Kirg. suland Kzk.slyis, we do not know.
Te diffusion o this word in the Alt. languages and a very high
number o phoneticvariants, especially high or a word o such a
simple structure, indicates that it must beold, perhaps as old as
PAlt. C. also ootnote .
For borrowings rom kc. to other languages see bibliography in Sa
andKannisto .
TAARPASY
: ta-arpasy Uyg.:
Raquette : as yet not discussed:
Being absolutely clear morphologically (lit. mountain barley),
this name is utterlyobscure semantically.
Te Uyg. word ta which is perhaps closely related to Kzk.
tak-takbarley (un-clear, too) has two meanings: mountain and odd
(number). It would be difficult toassume, that the one in question
is the latter, but it is also quite impossible to explain
why the Uyghurs should cal l oats a mountain barley. Climatic
requirements o
oats are much higher than those o barley; in the mountains it
does not grow above m above sea level while barley sets the world
record in this regard, growing ashigh as m above sea level in ibet
(Nowiski : ).
Te second part o this compound could be regarded as another
example o a verycommon unification/mixing o oats and barley (c.
commentary on julaf (point )and arpakan, also sulabarley), though
the existence o Uyg. arpabarley seems tospeak against it.
Maybe then ta(presumably, etymological ly different rom kc.
tagmountain)has originally had a meaning o wild or something
similar, a trace o which would
be a modern odd (number)? Tis, given that oats were held in low
esteem, couldexplain such a compound as Uyg. ta-arpasybut would be
useless i not preventing inthe case o Kzk. tak-takbarley, in light
o the strange structure o the latter. Unless,o course, the two
words turned out not to be related in any way afer all.
URUS ARPA
: urus arpa Uzb.:Smolenskij : as yet not discussed:
Urusdoes not appear in modern Uzb. dictionaries (UzbRS, Maruov
). We be-lieve, however, that it is just a better assimilated
version o the modern word rusRus-
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uvus || OAS
sian. Te name would then mean liter. Russian barley. Tis would
suggest that theUzbeks knew barley beore they learned about oats
rom the Russians, or that oats wasthe basic cereal grown by the
Russians living in Uzbekistan, while the Uzbeks mainlycultivated
barley. Te ormer o these two possibilities seems to be the more
plausible,but one does not really exclude the other.
UVUS
: uvusw KarT:R I m: : Radloff: < Russ. ovsoats:
Te etymology proposed by Radloff appears to be correct, although
. anotherSlav. language cannot be excluded (c. Pol. owies||Ukr.
oves); .it completely omits
the question o the unusual vocalism in Kar. Unortunately, we
cannot explain it ina ully convincing way, either.
We believe that the vocalism indicates that the word was not
borrowed to Kar.directly rom Russ., but via Mat.
Tere exists another, though less likely, possibility o a double
mistake (copyists?printers? Radloff s?) and reading? writing?
instead o ., i.e uvus instead o ovos,which would be a much more
understandable orm, and really pointing to Russ. as thesource o the
borrowing. H