SST Sample Paper by Rishabh Shukla

8/4/2019 SST Sample Paper by Rishabh Shukla

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Unit I: HistoryTerm 1

India and the

Contemporary World I1. The French Revolution

2. Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

3. Nazism and the Rise of Hitler


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9 VK Global Publications Pvt. Ltd.

The FrenchRevolution

Chapter: One

Introduction

Q During the period 1789-1799, many significant events happened in France which ended thedespotic rule of King Louis XVI and established a democratic rule in the country. They

ended the theories of Divine Right of Kings, and of class distinctions and paved the way for

social equality. These events, taken together, have been called the French Revolution.

Q On the eve of the French Revolution, the people of France had no equality of status oropportunity. The society was divided into three classes called Estates or Orders thenobility,

the clergy and the commons.

Q The financial bankruptcy of the inefficient government of France was the immediate cause ofthe French Revolution. When in 1774, Louis XVI came to the throne, the country had a large

debt and it grew year by year.

Q The king had an evil guide, Queen Marie Antionette. Her wasteful expenditure deepened thefinancial crisis in the country. She failed to understand the temperament of the French peopleor the spirit of the time. At the time of the revolution, she was the most hated figure in France

while her reputation stood low in other countries.

Q The administrative system of the country was hopelessly confused. The country was dividedinto provinces small and large having different laws, customs, taxes and privileges. It had

also been divided into judicial districts, educational districts and ecclesiastical (church) districts.

Q The tax collectors tried to squeeze as much as possible out of the people and applied ruthlessmethods of collection. After paying the agreed amount to the government, the tax collectors

kept with themselves millions of francs.

Q The army was also suffering from corruption and many other abuses. The soldiers werediscontented. An ordinary soldier could not rise to a commissioned rank. Noble blood was the

only qualification for a commander.

Q Montesquieu was the foremost political thinker of the 18th century, who wrote on the evils ofthe French Government and society. He exposed the hollowness of the theory of divine right

of kings and the evils of absolute monarchy as it existed in France. His great work, The Spirit

of Laws was the product of twenty years of hard labour and ranks as one of the great books

of the world.


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6. What was the Jacobin Club?

7. Who were the Sans-culottes? How did they distinguish themselves from the fashionablesections of the society?

8. Name the most important legacy of the French Revolution.

Get the Picture!

1. Identify the picture above __________________________________________________________

2. State any one right of a French citizen in the 18th century ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________


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Q Alexander III came to the throne in 1881. He followed the old Czarist policy of Czarismi.e., ruthless persecution of the people, religious and racial persecution, police terrorism and

suppression of liberty in schools and universities.

Q Nicholas II came to the throne in 1894. Like Louis XVI of France, Nicholas II inherited arevolutionary situation. He was destined to pay with his life for the mistakes of his ancestors

as well as of his own. He retained his unpopular and corrupt ministers. Industrial unrest, badharvests and Russias defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, led to a state of revolution in

the country.

Q The autocratic rule of the Czars had disappointed and disillusioned the Russian people.The half-hearted measures by the Czars and the inefficiency in the administration led the

younger generation of the workingmen of the 1860s, to start revolutionary movements. The

revolutionary spirit first appeared in the form ofNihilist movement. Alexander II tried to

crush the Nihilists by the use of force. Thousands of the Nihilists were arrested and deported

to criminal settlements in Siberia.

Q The First World War broke out in 1914. It was a war between two European alliances Germany, Austria and Turkey (called the Central Powers) and France, Britain and Russia

(later joined by Italy and Romania).

Q The war had a severe impact on Russias industries. Supplies of industrial goods into Russiawere cut off. The industries suffered more rapidly in Russia than in any other country in

Europe.

Q In 1919, the Bolsheviks became the only one party to take part in the elections. All RussianCongress of Soviets, became the Parliament of the country and Russia became a one party state.

The supremacy of the working class was strengthened by organising an army of working class

and of a judicial system, which would be of service in crushing the opponents of Communism

in the country.

Q During the period 1920-27, socialism in Russia looked to be on a retreat but it was a period inwhich Russia was taking one step backward and two forward. Hence, to the amazement of

many of his collaborators, Lenin introduced the famous New Economic Policy (NEP).

Q In A.D. 1936 Stalin introduced a new constitution for the U.S.S.R., which was drasticallyamended in 1947.

Q The Communist Party was established in India in 1924, due to the efforts of M.N. Roy. Themembers of the party remained in touch with the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R. Pandit

Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore wrote articles in favour of Soviet socialism which

were read with interest.


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Q Dual Power: A term referring to the two governments that Russia had, following the FebruaryRevolutionthe provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet.

Q Duma: The Russian legislature from 19051917. The term, an ancient Russian word referringto small village councils that existed in early Russia, was resurrected when Tsar Nicholas II

agreed to allow the formation of a legislature after the uprising of 1905. Since the collapse

of the Soviet Union in 1991, the term has once more come into use; this time specifically

referring to todays lower house of the Russian parliament.

Q Mensheviks: A political group that, like the Bolsheviks, split from the Russian Social Democratic

Labour Party. The Mensheviks, less radical than the Bolsheviks, supported the idea of a

socialistic party that was open to all who wished to join and that would be ruled and organised

in a democratic manner.

Q Petrograd Soviet: A body that existed prior to the February Revolution as a sort of undergroundrevolutionary labour union for workers and soldiers in the Petrograd area, containing members

from a number of different political parties. During the February Revolution, members of the

Petrograd Soviet saw an opportunity and declared themselves to be the government of Russia.

However, they quickly found themselves competing with the provisional government.Q Provisional Government:A government that the members of the Duma formed, following the

February Revolution. The provisional government was meant to be temporary and would

rule Russia only until the Constituent Assembly decided on a permanent government later.

Q Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP):A party that formed in 1898 and was amongRussias earliest revolutionary movements, though by no means the first. In 1903, the RSDLP

split into two factions, the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks.

Q Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs): A Russian political party during the revolutionary years

that was more moderate than the Bolsheviks, but less so than the Mensheviks. The SRs

drew their support primarily from the peasantry and thus, had a much larger base than theother parties in Russia. Before and during the October Revolution, the SRs were probably

the Bolsheviks closest allies among Russias many political movements. After the revolution,

however, the Bolsheviks abandoned the SRs after the SRs enjoyed a major victory over the

Bolsheviks in the elections for the Constituent Assembly.


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Nazism and

the Rise ofHitler

Chapter:Three

Introduction

Q The intelligence agents for the German Army formed a group in 1919 named SmallNationalistic and anti Semitic Group. In 1920, it adopted the name National Socialist German

Workers Party or the Nazi Party.

Q The Communists tried to bring revolution in the country but the government suppressedthe movement. For sometime, peace was restored. In 1919, a new constitution called Weimar

Constitution was introduced. It established a federal system of government. The government

was based on liberal ideas and gave to people political rights.

Q In the elections of 1930, the Nazi party emerged as the second largest political party in theReichstag. Hitler was knocking at the door of the government.

Q Adolf Hitler was a popular leader of Germany. His spectacular rise to power gave a newdirection to German politics during A.D. 19191944. During A.D. 19251929, he made his

best efforts to organise his Nazi party and set up its branches in every nook and corner of thecountry. In 1929, Germany was faced with a severe economic crisis. The people were suffering

from unemployment and starvation. It gave Hitler an opportunity to defame the Weimer

Republic and held that it was incompetent to solve the national problems. Work and Bread

the Nazi Slogan, carried a strong appeal to the millions who were without jobs.

Q Hitler was eager to introduce the ideas of Nazism in all walks of life of the people. He abolishedall the old social organisations and established Nazi dominated institutions, like Hitler Jugand,

Strength through Joy. Hitler built huge buildings, sports stadiums, arts museums and

assembly halls. He also set up Winter Fund for the welfare of the disabled people.

QIn 1922, the Nazis founded the Youth League of the Nazis. With a view to unifying theyouth movement under Nazi control, all other organisations were banned.

Q In their propaganda, the Nazis used deceptive terms to describe their various activities. Theydid not use the words kill or murder in their official communication. For mass killings, they

conifned the terms such as special treatment, final solution (for the Jews), euthensia (for

the disabled). They used the term evacuation meaning deporting people to gas chambers.

Q Armaments for Germany was a paramount necessity. France stood as the principal obstacle inGerman expansion, so Hitler first aimed at destroying France.


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Food for Thought!

Genocide Crime against Humanity

What is Genocide?

Genocide is foremost an international crime for which individuals, no matter how high in

authority, may be indicted, tried, and punished by the International Criminal Court (ICC).

According to Article 6 of the ICC Statute, Genocide means, any of the following acts committedwith intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;

(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical

destruction in whole or in part;

(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Genocide is generally considered one of the worst moral crimes a government (meaning any

ruling authority, including that of a guerrilla group, a quasi state, a Soviet, a terrorist organisation,

or an occupation authority) can commit against its citizens or those it controls. The major reason for

this is what the world learned about the Holocaust, the systematic attempt of German authorities

during World War II to kill all and every Jew no matter where found, to destroy Jews as a group.

This murder ranging between 5 to 6 million Jews became the paradigm case of Genocide and

underlies the words origin.

As the world also learned about other genocides, there was an international attempt initiated

through the United Nations to make genocide an international crime and to bring its perpetrators

to justice. Thus, in 1948 it approved and proposed the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UHCG), and most recently states signed into being theInternational Criminal Court (ICC). As a crime, the UHCG defined genocide as the intention

to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such. The ICC

accepts this definition, further elaborates it, provides a broader jurisdiction, and can subject

individuals regardless of status or rank for prosecution.

What is most noteworthy, is the fact that the ICC now covers not only Genocide, but crimes against

humanity that include, set aside from genocide; government murder, extermination campaigns,

enslavement, deportation, torture, rape, sexual slavery, enforced disappearance and apartheid.

New TermsQ Allies: The Allied Powers led by the UK and France.Q Genocidal: Killing on a large-scale leading to destruction of large sections of people.Q Reparation: Make up for a wrong done.Q Wall Street Exchange: The name of the worlds biggest stock exchange located in the USA.Q Proletarianisation: To become impoverished to the level of working classes.


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India Land and People

1. India and its Location2. Physical Features of India

3. Drainage

Unit II: GeographyTerm 1


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India and itsLocation

Chapter: One

Introduction

Q Central Asia, known as the heart of Asia, is a mass of great mountain ranges and plateaus.The southernmost Asia is separated from the mainland by the mountain ranges. It is like a

continent within a continent. This part of its landmass stands out most prominently and is

called the Indian Subcontinent.

Q Both the Indian Subcontinent and the Indian Ocean are the only regions of the world namedafter a country viz., India.

Q The Indian Subcontinent includes five countries. These countries are Nepal, Pakistan, India,Bhutan and Bangladesh. India occupies the bulk of the landmass and shares its boundaries

with all the four countries, two of which Nepal and Bhutan are landlocked (surrounded by

land on all sides).

Q India stretches to about 3,214 km from north to south and 2,933 km from east to west. Thenorthernmost point of India lies in the Karakoram range. The southernmost point, IndiraPoint is in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Q India is well-connected by oceanic routes to the outside world.Q Indian Standard Time is 5 hrs ahead of GMT.Q Geologically, India is a part of Gondwanaland which represented the southern part of the

Super Continent called Pangea.

Q Tropic of Cancer (23 N) divides the country into almost two equal halves; the places southof the Tropic of Cancer like Ahmedabad and Kolkata are able to see the noon sun exactly

overhead, twice a year but not the places like Delhi lying north of the Tropic of Cancer.

Q The Indian landmass also includes two island groups one each in the Arabian Sea and the Bayof Bengal. The island groups in the Arabian Sea are known as the Lakshadweep Islands. They

are not far from the Indian coast. Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal that are

very far away from the coast.

Q The total geographic area of India is 32,87,263 sq km out of the total area of 42,30,860 sq kmof the subcontinent. In terms of area, India is the seventh largest country in the world. This

area accounts for 2.42 per cent of worlds total land area. The countries larger than India in

order of their size are Russia, Canada, China, United States, Brazil and Australia.


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Introduction

Q Indian landmass has three main structural divisions Himalayan Mountain Chain, NorthIndian Plain and Plateau of Peninsular India.

Q Peninsular India formed a part of Gondwana, the southern part of Pangea, the SuperContinent.

Q Between Gondwanaland and Angaraland (Himalayan Mountain Chain), there was the shallowTethys sea.

Q During the subsequent geological periods, the Indian Peninsular block began driftingnorthward leaving a huge gap filled with water which truly came to be called the Indian

Ocean.

Q Indian landmass has five main physiographic divisions: Northern Mountains or the HimalayanMountain Chain, the Great Northern Plains, the Plateau of Peninsular India, the Western and

Eastern Coastal Plains, and the Indian IslandQ Contracting of Tethys sea on account of Plate Movements resulted in the rise of the Himalaya.Q The contraction started taking place about 60 70 million years ago and the Himalayas started

rising 20 30 million years ago. This activity is still continuing and the Himalayas are still

rising.

Q Great Himalaya, Middle Himalaya and the Outer Himalaya, are the three ranges representingthree mountain building phases.

Q Highest peaks of the Great Himalayas are Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga and Makalu.Important ranges of Lesser Himalaya are Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar.

Q There are several natural routes called passes across the Himalaya. Some of them are theKarakoram Pass (Karakoram Range J&K) Zojila (Himalaya, J&K) Shipkila (Himalaya, H.P.)

Nathula (Himadri, Sikkim) and Bomdila (Himadri, Arunachal Pradesh).

Q The famous glaciers of the Trans-Himalayan ranges (in the Karakoram) are Batura, Baltoro,Siachen, Hispar and Biafo. Siachen glacier is 75 km long. These glaciers besides being source

of water in rivers are responsible for large-scale erosional work. As a result, many mountains

in this region have features of glacial erosion.

Physical

Features ofIndia

Chapter:Two


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Introduction

Q Drainage pattern refers to the over all arrangement of streams within a drainage system anddrainage system means a river and all its tributaries within a single drainage basin.

Q Four main drainage patterns of India are Trellis, Dendritic, Rectangular and Radial. In atrellised pattern, streams are arranged in a rectangular shape. In a radial pattern, streams

diverge from a central high point.

Q Antecedent and consequent are two chief forms of the drainage system.Q Himalayan rivers are perennial and those of Peninsula are seasonal.Q Major part of Indus drainage basin lies in Pakistan. The rivers of the Indus drainage system

fall into theArabian Sea. This system chiefly consists of the Indus River and its five tributaries

Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. All of these rivers including Indus have their source

in the Himalayas.

Q The Ganga plain from Ambala to Sunderbans stretching nearly 1,800 km is one of the mostfertile plains of the world. The fall in slope of this place is just 300 metres or one metre for

every 6 km descent. This factor is mainly responsible for development of meanders.

Q The river Brahmaputra in Assam is joined by several tributaries specially receiving heavyrainfall in monsoon season. The channel becomes at least 8 km wide during this season. The

sediments form multi-thread channels called braids.

Q The Godavari Basin is the largest basin in India after that of Ganga and extends over 312,812

sq km. More than half the drainage basin lies in Maharashtra and remaining is shared by thestates of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. Often called Dakshina

Ganga or Vridha Ganga it is equal in importance to Ganga.

Q The freshwater lakes receive constant supply of water from rivers. An example is the WularLake in Kashmir. It is also the largest freshwater lake in India. Other fresh water lakes include

the Dal Lake in Kashmir, the Bhimtal and Nainital in the Kumaon region.

Drainage

Chapter:Three


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Q Sambhar Salt lake in Rajasthan is described as an area ofinland drainage. Under the inlanddrainage system, rivers do not reach the sea or an ocean and empty their water in an inland

lake or the one enclosed by land on all sides.

Q India has two main seas in the west and east of peninsular India namely the Arabian Sea andthe Bay of Bengal, respectively. Andaman and Lakshadweep are also located in these Seas.

The Arabian Sea was formed due to two major events that affected the peninsular plateau.Most of the islands of Lakshadweep are of coral origin projecting out of ocean water.

Q The most important advantage of the seas of India is that they have helped to place Indianlandmass at the head of the Indian Ocean. The long coastline has made India a leading

maritime nation.

Q The importance of rivers in the economy are: providing water for agriculture and multi-purpose projects and for transportation.

Q Discharge of chemical waste, erosion, human activities, etc., cause the pollution of rivers.Q

Today, dams are constructed not only for irrigation and electricity, but for environmentalpurposes too. Thus, measures to control pollution of rivers should be seen in the integrated

management context.

Q Special plans like the Ganga Action Plan is in progress to rejuvenate rivers and remove hugedeposits of wastes from river beds. The plan has helped to save the Ganga from serious

environmental problems.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The worlds largest drainage basin.

(a) Amazon river (b) Indus river (c) Nile river

2. Which of the following is not a feature of Himalayan activity?

(a) Erosional activity (b) Origination of a river (c) Agriculture

3. The origin of the river Indus.

(a) Tibet (b) Pakistan (c) India

4. Which of the following is not a peninsular river?

(a) Mahanadi (b) Godavari (c) Kosi

5. Which of the following is not associated with the Mahanadi basin?

(a) Maharashtra (b) Chattisgarh (c) Madhya Pradesh

6. The river rising from a spring near Mahabaleshwar.

(a) Krishna (b) Kaveri (c) Godavari


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Democracy in the

ContemporaryWorld

Chapter: One

Introduction

Q The word Democracy is derived from the Greek words Demos and cracy which means

people and power, respectively. Democracy is, therefore, a type of government in whichpower is vested in the people and these people have a choice, to choose and remove their

representatives.

Q Allende was the founder leader of the Socialist Party of Chile. He had led the Popular UnityCoalition to victory in the presidential election in 1970. His government was overthrown by

the military in 1973. The coup was led by General Pinochet. He led a military dictatorship

in Chile for the next 17 years. The brutal and corrupt regime of Pinochet was rejected by a

referendum held in 1988. Felony, cowardice and treason made way for democracy.

Q Pakistan was ruled by a military dictator Zia-ul-Haq, till 1988. After his death, democracyreturned till 1999, with Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharief being elected Prime Minister.

Q Democracy is a type of government in which people have a right to choose their representatives.In a democracy: leaders are elected by the people, and people have right to express, form

associations and protest.

Q Democratic system of government is the result of a gradual and evolutionary process.It emerged through the following phases: Ancient Era: Greek Period, Ancient India and

Roman Empire, Medieval Period Developments, The Beginning: Glorious Revolution of

England, American War of Independence, The French Revolution, Growth of Democracy,

End of Colonialism: Decolonisation, Growth of Socialism and its Disintegration, Influenceof Democracy Worldwide, Recent Phase: By 2005, more than 140 states were holding multi-

party elections. And more than 80 states which were previously non-democratic were also

advancing towards democracy. The most recent example of any country is Myanmar. It gained

freedom in 1948 and started as a democratic country.

Q The ideals of democracy liberty, equality, fraternity, peace, brotherhood and justice areguiding countries all over the world.


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What is

Democracy? WhyDemocracy?

Chapter:Two

Introduction

Q Democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by the people.Q Social democracy implies equality of opportunity to all sections of people irrespective of caste,

colour, religion, race, creed, sex, place of birth, etc.

Q Political democracy means freedom to elect a peoples government.Q Economic democracy means absence of distinction on the ground of property, equality of

opportunity for employment and equitable distribution of wealth.

Q Democracy is classified into two parts: pure and direct democracy; and representative orindirect democracy.

Q The better opponents of democracy regard dictatorship or totalitarianism as a better systemto democracy. The other viable alternative offered to democracy is monarchy. Monarchy is

of two types absolute and constitutional. An absolute monarch is bound by no will except his

own. Constitutional monarchy is another name for democracy itself.

Q Both China and Mexico appear to be a farce in the name of democracy. They hold electionsbut results are known beforehand, while in a democracy it is necessary to hold free and fair

electoral competition, which is absent in the case of China and Mexico.

Q An accepted principal of democracy is the right to vote or Universal Adult Franchise. Everyadult citizen has one vote and each vote has one value. This principal is universal. But there

are states who violate this right also. Estonia, Sri Lanka, Fiji, Saudi Arabia.

Q Despite several contradictions, Democracy is the best system of government due to thefollowing reasons or merits: based upon equality, provides liberty, based upon public opinion,

maximum interest of maximum people, fullest development of personality, educates peoplepolitically, interest gets generated in government, less chances of a revolution.

Q Democracy generally takes two forms. These include the Parliamentary system of Governmentas in India, and UK and the Presidential system of Government as in the U.S.A. In a

Parliamentary system of Government, the people elect the legislature. In a Presidential system

of Government, the real executive powers are vested in the President who enjoys supreme

authority.


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Put a tick mark () for the correct statement

Yes No

1. Democratic government allows for correcting its own mistakes.

2. China has restricted Press.

3. If two different countries have different policies of government,

then they will react differently for any same happening.

4. The democratic government does whatever it wants.

5. A democratic government rules with limitless powers.

6. In Saudi Arabia, women do not having voting rights.

7. A democracy is about having a fair chance of losing too.

8. Pakistan has a communist government.

9. Estonias government gives rights to each of its adult in the country.

10. A democratic government is a better government because it is a more

accountable form of government.

Identify the pictures below

Clue:

They belong to the following countries Myanmar, UN, Iraq, Iran


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ConstitutionalDesign

Chapter:Three

Introduction

Q Nelson Mandela of South Africa had dared to challenge the white minority government. Forthis daring act, he along with seven other accomplices was sentenced to life imprisonment in

1964. His only fault was that he had protested againstapartheid. He lived in imprisonment forthe next 28 years.

Q The opposition did not go without protest. In 1980s, the blacks and the inferior races launcheda protest movement under the umbrella of African National Congress (ANC). Apartheid was

denounced even at the international level. But the racist white regime of South Africa continued

to torture and kill thousands of blacks and inferior people.

Q Nelson Mandela was freed after 28 years. And on the midnight of 26 April 1994, the new nationalflag of South Africa was unfurled. The racist government made way for a multi-social government

bringing an end to apartheid. The first President of South Africa was Nelson Mandela.

Q The South Africa example clearly demonstrates that we need a constitution. It helps both theoppressor and oppressed to live in a new climate based on equality and justice.

Q Constitution is a set of written rules that are accepted by all the people living in a state. Accordingto Gilchrist, The Constitution of State is that body of rules or laws, written or unwritten, which

determines the organisation of government, the distribution of powers to the various organs of

the government, and the general principles on which these powers are to be exercised.

Q Three Schools in the Constituent Assembly:

(a) Gandhian: This school criticised large-scale mechanisation and suggested a revival of small-

scale cottage industry.

(b) Socialist: This group did not have much influence except the background of Congresssocialist party and the influence of Nehru himself.

(c)Rightist: The group represented the landed aristocracy and bourgeoise, which aimed for

development of private property and supported guidance from western countries, to solve the

countrys problems.

Q The Indian Constitution was enacted on 26 January, 1950 with Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the firstPresident. This day is celebrated as the Republic Day. The parliamentary model of democracy


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State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE

1. Blacks in South Africa could not form associations. ________2. After gaining freedom, the South African blacks formed a constitution for their black race.

________

3. South Africans call themselves a rainbow nation. ________

4. According to the new South African Constitution the whites had to give away the property tothe blacks. ________

5. Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the leaders of the Constituent Assembly of India. ________6. The Constitution of India was influenced by the French, American, as well as the Russian

Revolution. ________

7. Our constituent assembly consisted of only one major social group. ________

Project: Constitutional Amendments

Q Find out any five laws of the constitution that are formed new or modified in India in the past 5 years.

Q Make a file project on it.

New Terms

Q Apartheid: The official policy of racial separation and ill treatment of blacks by the governmentof South Africa between 1948 to 1989.

Q Clause: A distinct section of a document.Q Constituent Assembly: An assembly of peoples representatives that writes a constitution for a

country.

Q Constitution: Supreme law of a country containing fundamental rules governing the politicsand society in a country.

Q Constitutional Amendment: A change in the constitution made by the supreme legislative bodyin a country.

Q Draft: A preliminary version of a legal document.Q Philosophy: The most fundamental principles underlying ones thoughts and actions.Q Preamble: An introductory statement in a constitution which states the reason and guiding

values of the constitution.

Q Treason: The offence of attempting to overthrow the government of the state which theoffender owes allegiance to.

Q Tryst: A meeting or a meeting place that has been agreed upon.


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Understanding Economic

Development I1. The Story of the Village of Palampur

2. People as a Resource

Unit IV: EconomicsTerm 1


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The Story of

the Village ofPalampur

Chapter: One

Introduction

Q In Palampur (imaginary village), production of wheat and rice (in particular) exceeds its

domestic consumption. The surplus is exported to the neighbouring towns.Q Production may be defined as the process of converting inputs (or say raw material) intooutput. Production must be an activity that generates income.

Q The three important factors of production which any producer requires are land, labour andcapital.

Q Characteristics of Land: Free gift of nature, limited in supply, indestructible, differs in variety,immobile, passive factor of production, alternative uses

Q Labour is the human factor of production and includes all the mental and physical activitieswhich are required in the process of production.

Q Capital is the stock of produced means of production. It has two important components:Fixed capital, Working capital.

Q Human capital refers to knowledge and entrepreneurial skills used in the process ofproduction. It is human capital in the form of orgnisational skills that organises other factors

of production, viz., land, labour and physical capital. Again, it is human capital in the form of

entrepreneurial skills which undertakes risks of business.

Q Fixity of land is a big constraint in raising farm output, and hence in raising income fromfarming.

Q The major cropping seasons in our nation arekharif, rabi andzaid.Q Major land reforms introduced in India include the abolition of zamindari system, and ceiling

on land holdings.

Q Modern technology in farming has led to degradation of land, besides its positive impact.Q Pesticides and fertilizers have a big hand in polluting food supplies and are responsible to a

significant extent in causing deadly diseases like cancer.


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People as aResource

Chapter:Two

Introduction

Q Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are used in the process of production.These resources include various kinds of metals, minerals, wood, crude oil, etc. Natural

resources are often classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.

Q Human resources or human capital refers to the stock of productive skill and productiveabilities embodied in working population of the country.

Q Human capital refers to the stock of abilities, knowledge and skills as acquired by the peopleof a country which can be used as a resource in the process of production.

Q Increasing population is a blessing and a resource only if it is educated and healthy. Only sucha population becomes an asset to a nation by producing more, earning more and leading to

higher growth rates of the economy.

Q Economic activities are those activities which are directed towards earning an income likesomeone working as an engineer in a factory and another working as a labourer with aconstruction company.

Q Non-economic activities are those activities which are not directed towards earning an income.These are like cooking food by a housewife or mother helping her child in his/her homework.

Q Production sector of an economy: primary sector includes primarily agriculture and its alliedactivities, secondary sector includes all types of manufacturing activities; construction activities;

quarrying activities; electricity, gas and water supply, tertiary sector produces useful services

for the primary and secondary sectors.

Q All developed economies of the world are focusing more on human capital than the otherinputs of production. Because, better growth of human capital always implies better utilisationof other inputs of production, while the reverse is not necessarily true.

Q Education, health and environment are the important quality determinants of human resourceof a country. Education directly contributes to the process of growth and development.

Q However, after Independence, the Government launched five year plans. Health serviceshave been given a significant priority in the plans. Accordingly, over time, health services have

expanded, though overall situation still continues to be far from satisfactory. Health contributes

to development through: high efficiency, and high degree of voluntary employment.


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Introduction

to DisasterManagement

Chapter: One

Introduction

Q Natural calamities that can have catastrophic effects are: earthquakes and tsunami, volcanoes,

landslides, floods, drought, cyclones.Q The natural calamities represent the energy of the Earth, whether on its surface or in itsinterior. They pose a threat or danger to human life and property. This danger is termed as

hazard.

Q Most common hazards are classified as: Slow onset hazards, Sudden onset hazards, Epidemics,Industrial/Technological accidents.

Q Natural hazards are mostly classified as: Geological hazards, Weather associated hazardsQ A disaster is a natural or a man-made event that actually takes place and causes widespread

destruction.

Q Vulnerability can be defined as the extent to which a community is exposed to negativeoutcome/s as a result of dangers posed by external events; natural or man-made.

Q The vulnerability of some sections or groups of society may be more than the others. Forexample, women, handicapped people, children, sick and aged are more vulnerable groups

than others. On the other hand, people living in prime hazard zones or in unsafe dwellings

may be more at risk than those living in relatively safer areas or in well-constructed dwellings.

Q Risk is a measure of expected danger or impact of a disaster resulting in various kinds ofdestruction.

Q Disaster management involves four components preparedness, response, recovery, andprevention.

Q Preparedness involves steps that must be taken to ensure that vulnerable communities areable to deal with consequences of disasters.

Q Response involves all the actions taken in expectation of, during the occurrence and rightafter a disaster has taken place.


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CommonHazards

Chapter:Two

Introduction

Q The increasing population has led to settlements in vulnerable areas such as those in seismic

zones, close to river bed areas, etc. People are more likely to be injured or even die wherelarge numbers live together and where buildings are not designed to resist earthquakes.

Q According to a recent estimate, about 95 per cent of people killed in earthquakes are killedby falling buildings. An earthquake can unleash much damage in the form of landslides, fires

and tsunamis too.

Q Landslide is a rapid movement of rock, soil and vegetation down the slope under the influenceof gravity. It is generally sudden and sporadic. Major cause of landslides are earthquakes

in mountainous regions. In India, Himalayas and Western Ghats are most vulnerable to

landslides.

Q Floods occur when peak discharge exceeds channel capacity and this may be brought about byheavy precipitation, snow and ice melt, storm surges in coastal regions, failure of man-made

structures, deforestation, urbanization, etc. The major flood prone areas in India are Uttar

Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal and Orissa.

Q A cyclone is an area of low atmospheric pressure with winds spiraling about a centre. Cyclonesare a recurring feature in India, on both eastern and western coasts. They are usually of

80 400 kms in width, occurring in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea between about 6

north and 20 north.

QDrought is a condition of abnormally dry weather within a geographic region where somerain might usually be expected. The term drought is applied to a period in which an unusual

scarcity of rain causes a serious hydrological imbalance: water supply reservoirs get empty,

wells dry up and crops get damaged. If the drought is brief it could be considered as a dry spell

or partial drought. A dry spell is usually defined as more than fourteen days without adequate

precipitation, whereas a drought may last for years. Droughts tend to be more severe in some

areas than others. Catastrophic droughts generally occur in areas bordering the permanent

desert regions of the world.


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Multiple Choice Questions

1. The habitats are increased near the disaster vulnerable area due to the:

(a) Increase in population (b) Lack of awareness (c) Poverty

2. Which of the following is not a measure to be taken during an earthquake?

(a) People should move to an open area(b) Seek shelter under a large table, if indoors

(c) Quickly switch off all the electric items

3. A rapid movement of rock, soil and vegetation down the slope.

(a) Landslide (b) Earthquake (c) Cyclone

4. Which of the following is not a reason for landslides?

(a) Earthquake (b) Cyclone (c) Rain

5. Which of the following is not a cause for floods?

(a) Heavy precipation (b) Movement of the Earth (c) Snow and ice melt

6. Which of the following is not a part of flood diversion?

(a) Buildings (b) Embankments (c) Dams

7. The type of houses built in flood prone areas.

(a) House on a raised platform (b) Lowland houses (c) Wooden house

8. Which of the following areas are not affected by cyclones in India?

(a) Eastern ghats (b) Western ghats (c) Himalayan region

9. Which of the following is not a drought prone area?

(a) Rajasthan (b) Gujarat (c) Madhya Pradesh

10. Water harvesting is a useful method for the condition of:(a) Droughts (b) Floods (c) Landslides

Answer the following in one sentence or phrase

1. Why should people not run out of their houses in a haphazard manner during an earthquake?

2. What are the instructions for the buildings to be constructed in earthquake prone areas?

3. Mention the areas which are more vulnerable to landslides.

SST Sample Paper by Rishabh Shukla

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