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What is Steel ?In the beginning, there was iron...

Then came cast iron...

...and finally steel

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General Issues about Steel Steel has been called the worlds most

useful and inexpensive metal. In recent decades, steel manufacturers

have been forced to take a much closerlook at what their processes have been

doing to the fragile environment aroundthem.

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What is Steel used for - IThe structure of the Pyramid of theLouvre, canned food, oil platforms,catalytic converters, paper clips, mountsfor electronic chips...are all made of steel.

1. In the construction of bridgesor buildings...

2. In the automobile sector...

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What is Steel used for-II3. For everyday uses:

cans,pots,containers,etc...4. At the heart of food

preservation...

5. In communications... 6. In energy... 7. In health...

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Steel productsSemi-finished products(continuous cast steel)

Finished products (rolled steel)

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How is Steel made-I

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How is Steel made-II

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How is Steel made-III

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Steel Making Plant

Electric Arc Furnace Ladle Furnace Continuous Casting Machine

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What is a Blast Furnace?The purpose of a blastfurnace is to reduceand convert iron oxidesinto liquid iron called"hot metal".

The blast furnace is ahuge, steel stack linedwith refractory brick.

Iron ore, coke andlimestone are put intothe top, and preheatedair is blown into thebottom.

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Why does Iron have to be extracted in aBlast Furnace???

Iron can be extracted by the blast furnacebecause it can be displaced by carbon.

This is more efficient method thanelectrolysis because it is more cost effective

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Three substances are needed to enable to extractionof iron from its ore. The combined mixture is called thecharge:Iron ore, haematite - often contains sand with ironoxide, Fe2O3.

Limestone (calcium carbonate).Coke - mainly carbonThe charge is placed a giant chimney called ablastfurnace. The blast furnace is around 30 metres highand lined with fireproof bricks. Hot air is blastedthrough the bottom.

The Method

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Oxygen in the air reacts with coke to givecarbon dioxide:C(s) + O 2(g) CO2(g)

The limestone breaks down to form carbondioxide:CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + CaO(s)

Carbon dioxide produced in 1 + 2 react withmore coke to produce carbon monoxide:CO2(g) + C(s) 2CO(g)

Several reactions take place before the iron is

finally produced...

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The carbon monoxide reduces the iron in theore to give molten iron:

3CO(g) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)

The limestone from 2, reacts with the sand toform slag (calcium silicate):CaO(s) + SiO(s) CaSiO3(l)

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Both the slag and iron are drained from thebottom of the furnace.

The slag is mainly used to build roads.

The iron whilst molten is poured into moulds andleft to solidify - this is called cast iron and is usedto make railings and storage tanks.

The rest of the iron is used to make steel.

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