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uni0072uni0065uni0066uni0065uni0072 uni0074uni006F uni0074uni0068uni0065 uni006Duni0061uni006Euni006Euni0065uni0072 uni0069uni006E uni0077uni0068uni0069uni0063uni0068 uni0074uni0068uni0065 uni0064uni0069uni006Funi0064uni0065uni0073 uni0061uni0072uni0065 uni0063uni006Funi006Euni006Euni0065uni0063uni0074uni0065uni0064 uni0069uni006E uni0074uni0068uni0065 uni0063uni0069uni0072uni0063uni0075uni0069uni0074uni002E uni0049uni006E uni0061uni006Cuni006C uni0063uni0069uni0072uni0063uni0075uni0069uni0074uni0073uni002C uni0074uni0068uni0065 uni0072uni0065uni0063uni0074uni0069uni0066uni0069uni0065uni0072uni0073 uni0061uni0072uni0065 uni006Duni0061uni0064uni0065 uni0074uni006F uni0077uni006Funi0072uni006B uni006Cuni0069uni006Buni0065 uni0073uni0077uni0069uni0074uni0063uni0068uni0065uni0073 uni0062uni0079 uni0074uni0068uni0065 uni0075uni0073uni0065 uni006Funi0066 uni0061 uni006Cuni0061uni0072uni0067uni0065 uni0052uni0046 uni0073uni0077uni0069uni0074uni0063uni0068uni0069uni006Euni0067 uni0073uni0069uni0067uni006Euni0061uni006C uni0074uni0068uni0061uni0074 uni002Duni0067uni0072uni0065uni0061uni0074uni006Cuni0079 uni0065uni0078uni0063uni0065uni0065uni0064uni0073 uni0074uni0068uni0065 uni0061uni0075uni0064uni0069uni006F uni0073uni0069uni0067uni006Euni0061uni006C uni006Cuni0065uni0076uni0065uni006Cuni002E uni0054uni0068uni0065 uni0072uni0065uni0063uni0074uni0069uni0066uni0069uni0065uni0072 uni006Duni006Funi0064uni0075uni006Cuni0061uni0074uni006Funi0072uni0073 uni0061uni0072uni0065 uni0061uni006Cuni006Duni006Funi0073uni0074 uni0069uni006Euni0076uni0061uni0072uni0069uni0061uni0062uni006Cuni0079 uni0063uni006Funi006Euni006Euni0065uni0063uni0074uni0065uni0064 uni0061uni0073 uni0062uni0061uni006Cuni0061uni006Euni0063uni0065uni0064 uni006Duni006Funi0064uni0075uni006Cuni0061uni0074uni006Funi0072uni0073 uni0073uni006F uni0074uni0068uni0061uni0074uni002C uni0061uni0073 uni006Euni0065uni0061uni0072uni006Cuni0079 uni0061uni0073 uni0070uni006Funi0073uni0073uni0069uni0062uni006Cuni0065uni002C uni0074uni0068uni0065uni0072uni0065 uni0069uni0073 uni006Euni006F uni006Funi0075uni0074uni002D uni0070uni0075uni0074 uni006Funi0066 uni0074uni0068uni0065 uni0052uni0046 uni0073uni0077uni0069uni0074uni0063uni0068uni0069uni006Euni0067 uni0076uni006Funi006Cuni0074uni0061uni0067uni0065 uni0069uni006E - ELECTRONICS - SSB-Single Sideband Exciters is is the sixth ticle of a series for פrsonnel concerned with sing 1 e sideband commications systems. It describes modulators for single sideband exciters. e articles are from a course of instruction written by Collins Radio Comny based on their own equip- ment. B Modulars e RF sideb�nd is obtained by combining the audio sial obtained from the processing circuits d an RF carrier wave in an amplitude mulator. ere are many pes of modu- lators, t they can be grouped into two main functional divisions: ose in ich e modulation is dependent on e polarity of the modulating signal, d those in ich the modulation is dependent on e instantaneous wavorm of e modulating sial. For practical reasons, it is more convenient to group modulator cir- cuits in three categories, based on the circuit components: • Recfier modulators. • Multielectrode vacu um be modulators. • Nonlinear reactance modulators. Each group has advantages and sadv antages that control the extt of use. Because one charac- teristic of a modulator is frequency changing or equency translating, this pe of modulator is used in e frequency changing portion of a single sideband exciter. Rectifier Modulars Rectifier modulators have several advtages at make them partic- ularly usel for single sideband generation. Their great advantage is high stabili in comparison with vacuum b e modulators. They require no heating elements. Therefore, they need no power, and no heat has to ssipated. They c made quite compact, have long life, and require little maintence. Rectifier modulators may be one of tee general pes: Ring, series, or shunt. ese names refer to the manner in ich e August 1958 odes are coected in e circuit independently. By e use of a all circuits, the rectifiers are shunt modulator, input and output made to work like switches e terminations of e unbalced, use of a large RF switching signal one-side-ounded type can be that -greatly exceeds the audio hdled. sial level. Rectifier balanced modulars The recfier mulators are give good performance. However, almost invariably connected as if they are to continue good per- balced modulators so that, as fornce for long periods, ey. nearly as possible, there is no out• must carelly made of od put of the RF switching voltage in q uali, accurately matched com- the modulator output teinals. ponents. Initial caier balce e sic circuits of the ring, exceeding ( decibels may be shunt, and series modulators are readily obtained, t it is difficult shown in figures IA, 2A, and 3A. to retain is degree of crier sup- It must be assumed that the recti- pression if the environmental condi- fiers can be switched at zero volt- tions are severe. age from an infinite back resistance e level of ird order inter- to a zero rwd resistance d modulation products can held to back again. 50 decibels below the desired side- e basic signal circuits may bd output signal. then be represented by the equiva- Vacuum Tube Modulars Ients shown i n figures 1 B, 28, and Multielectrode vacuum tube modu- 3B. These equivalent signal cir- lators, being flexible , e used in cuits are shown for y half-cycle a wide variety of applications in of the carrier voltage, with switches addition to generating sidebands. shown in place of the rectifiers. ey can ve conversion gain Practical rectifiers are not ideal, rather than loss as is the case in but wi have a finite forward and rectifier modulators. backward resistance. However, multielectrode vacuum If e carrier frequency is several tube modulators are quite unstable times that of the input signal, e as to gain d impedan ce which resulting output waveforms are as makes them undesirable in balanced shown in figures lC, 2C, and 3C. modulators. Since ey contain e output of these modulators vacuum bes ey require power, consists of a series of pulses dissipate heat, and have relatively whose polarity d repetition fre- short life compared with rectifier quency are deteined by the modulators. switching or carrier voltage, and Vacuum be modulators, having whose amplitude is controlled by modulating functions dependent on the input auo signal. instantaneous amplitude of e A sp· ectrum analysis of the out- modulating signals, are basi cally put signals reveals the presence of one of two pes-Product or square an upper sideband and a lower side- law. band displaced aut the switching Product Modular or carrier frequency. A similar set In a product modulator e ouut of sidebands is placed about the signal is proportional to the two second harmonic of the carrier fre- input signals. In single sidebd quency and some other undesired application, the input signals would products higher in frequency. be the carrier signal and the modu- e ring modulator has the high- lating signal. An example of such est efficiency. It can attain twice a product modulator is a uble as much output voltage as the shunt grid vacuum be. or series modulator. en carrier e carrier voltage is applied to balance is important, a split ring ont grid, and the modulating signal modulator may be used in which e is applied to e oer. Modulaon two sets of diodes can be balan · in a )ace because of e combined UNIVERSITY 0 F CALl FORN lA 27