Ss Model Ans Booklet2

Arriiroar'no Chdnoe and Strnno Rcrevr 9'dnaon o! o ot' bl orois .< bc!drse bv cntic'par,r9 i hange rld sldv'.9

'er*trr. smq@de d_ bor roaard lo l\4 chdl€nqp< of the llrure w h cont den" "

"i".*..r "J.i. r" t"l" , .r,. "nd

make dec aions lhal are roNard ookinq n antcpaton orruture-;;i."".. ..,;;";""':;,;-". ,.;;" '.-*"'e .-."r hi.;r ucr-. <.pp, n

""..* trn." onoi"" .-o^,- !ro 6'aidlpe^ouooe o^ | oro h'de 'o o

::;;","i;".:;;" .". oooldp ro FP

.."*m nimat- q.o'pFr'o dr'' o.'du"re";;;;";i"i". ., a o",h.FJ'.e'"nd'-'"J*u'", o"Fn"" o-r b.r,, 'noo,obda-o o b 6 o' € a o

ii.a*"r''.i'x""<J'Faioo-elqUo''qpn'plAo'qo'p-J

' l.*i- ir'"".*' r'"* I"t"""ri ro o. *',"t i. 'iq"t 'u't'"' 'han

*'rcr '<

popurd' so tar irev

-"i i'J" i' ii"""'r' *o tt'is ;e dbre ro ca,.y the p'opre s ft rhen slon deus'ons /evpl

touqh and 'Prs popula' ones, a'e maoe lor tle good ol ln€ roLnlry' lhe'pbv su<irrnrnq

iri--.. ..* '. *.'. p

*.i. -- r"*"- ".:-;;,; ,.""""-"". ao" o d; o- !!d nd oi ! bdlr b 0

;";";, ";,'i"; *- - *" i c d po rld paoc no o i odoo'" b d e'1' o re' o o

",.";* "--" " 'eoo' >e'o'oo€Dp doiii-p"n""r is"q"p-.

" l" -nlinue lo prosperand lace up io the crralenses thal mqhtcome

'ts

[1"*-" ''*.'. -o *.^

", Rewaro d 'ypor"

q''o.ep'r 'ocorqo Fln"n th'sF

--,.

rr"' orinc Dt" .'w"s p{ ro wo'r nard Lo help sinqdpordereloo dnd Jav rh;dd o' rhe lompontion 'hP'ebv

susb'n rq sinsaoor' s rulJe suc("'s;d-.;'n; -,. p'- . d . 'En rc 64rd! I o'd

i".,""i- v-. "., "ro.oo,"",-^boo -,oFra-"q Joooo-. 'or.!''F'\e'r,,"i"i","J rn"" ror exampe hardwo ,is stude;ts who exce! n trier srud es 3nd co cuiicuar,"i",1""" ,-"

". **a.

" rt" t"m or Ed!;ve schola.sh p and Medt Bu6ares rhis s esD€cia Lv

;;odant in peooe Lnled sinoaoore wher€ there is a need to deveoo each ofhe' cilizens to the

lul est of his ab Litv

'A slake for Evervonc. Opportunities forAll'is anolhe. imponanl gu dinq prncp e 01lolsrei'eTrls E $ffi by allowlng ttie people nore opportuhities lo partic pate in important

de.i5 on ma.ing -rronger oo.a i builr bcrween the ocople and thP cou ry Ths *"1 lclpro reep rre peipe "crviry involved * h the sorerinentnd ' 'ppodNe

o' the dP'isiors."u" i,v tt'" !*.-.*i t-t

"*bv sustai.ins sinsapore s rlluresuccess Th s means aLlownq

";- ;"";@ -r"'! qe ;b."d oz Pdo ^o rd

*o o o"*" a-nq a m+: .e sF o o-lo 9r d o'consuLled the publc on the ssue of hav nq cas nos es part olthe Rs

1(bL-1!9 "q"r"s p"p4ft9! 1" lr,*d ;+ .1! E governmenl Do vou aaree? Expall

td,trsw4government s mponanlbecause as the caretaker

wlh ageino popualion nnirslv€ to make aws and

inkoduce measurcs to orolect the inl€€sls olthe senor dlizens and lo orevenl them irom beinq a

ouaerro ttejit on .no ts resources. Forexampe the govehmenl has nlroduc€d measur€s such

as |re cPFjd reief pub ic hous ng :nd the Inbunal lor the Mainlenance of Par€nls to supporl lheagenq popuaton. The CPF sacompusorysavngsschemeforal empLovees cPFmemberscanwi|rdras ther savngs on reaching the age of s5 years However thev mlsl eave a mnimum sum

n tllen Reftemenl Account sa that lhey can recelve a monlh y sum lom lhis accolnl iiom age 62

Ih s s to ensure lrl3!!t?L!!al9!!9!&The oovehment also introdlced lhe Tribunalforthe Maintenance of Par€nls Farentscangel lhe

ou; ep o+". "n, c s-pporkonrhF . o'e ^ ore doroeo suooorns en o- ceor oonq o hF go.e o dF ol ede

parents grcndparenls or qreet g@ndparenls and lhose who aie conirbulng lo lher own or theireldery dapendants'cPF retiGmenl accounts Ths s 1o encouraoe more oeoole lo take care ol lheaoed and lo orepare tor lhen own relirement The govemment aso provides plblic housinqschemes to en.ouraoesinoaooreans to lake care oflhetr oarenls Firsl_lime buve6 of gov€rnmenl

ralscan getahousing gGntiltheybuyanattr tiLeareawherelh€rparedts ve

Eg The communily has an mporGnlroe i preparnglhe counlryto.ope wilh agerng popuLalon

I.eq!F.f-nl !t!! !:r: !! raleo -r< r.:__gj!J,coro. ite o, "de oona 'uopo d-ooo.p'hFd f ono:o a ''\ cr ro eelpesubsid€s ftom the governmenl enabe vountary welfate organzllions lo tun communitv based

seruices for senor cilzeis Some community orqanizallons also offer rree health checks and

Ecreal onalactivl es for sen or cit zens These h€ o (hem lo remain ohvs Gllv menlaLv and soca v49!jve.

"i."u - .-- " c. -.,o. q d -u r ''o qh.otlllreo q pan no H' r' ro &!e

personsl€sponsib ltv and nol relv on lhe oovernment becauselhe oov€rnmenl's resour.es arelmiled The ndvdual s encouraged lo ma nla n a heaLlhy leslyebywllchLnghsdiel exercsngreguary golorreguarmedca checkups and be linancLa y prepared for life in then old aoe Bv

attend ng ia ks aid read n9 relevonl rn.nc a p ann ng malerials rie can earn more aboul €tremenl

2(al To wha( extent has lhe sov€rnnenrs efiods n anlcipatnqconlribuled to sinqapore s economEptosperly? Exp a n your

m'nd haL rrls queshon siressed onRefer lo 1{a) tor mosl ot the expanalion Beff n

conrrbutng lo singapore's econom c prosperity

) You need to brnq n relevant examples such as Iheon how this foresqft ol the governmeil etc etc can

managing heallhcaE in Sii9aPorersubsides supponseryceshelplu in meeling lhe needs or peop e? ErpLa n your answer

Med sav€ s one way lhal manages healthcare n sinqapore This is because by rav,ng aMedisave accaunt, the jndivi.lual shares the casts ol health.arc with the governn@tand lightens the sbvemhent's butden of Paying fot heallhcate seNices fhis hetPsthe people to neet theh own healthcare fin.nciat needs. sin]apore lakes the stand lhalndvdua plays an important r.le in managng healhca@ To encouraqe sel_re ance lhe

as a savngs sclreme 1 endourages singaporcans to b€€spofsibe forther own healh A €rGin amount of noney (6 - 3'lt irom worke.s Cenl.a

far do vou aqree thal the govemments decis on

dL. io;conomicraclors? Expla n vour aN*

"i#K#ii1*ffi,n ,oo,tat'npolicv\"sp'onptedbvth"!""""!'::e,',*P!!':^!!,li.iil::i,11ffi1;"J;:;;,;;;ii; .i., ir'""] '*ia -i o*"*g" I:'19 "19 1ll.1."iJ:j::",',::l:ffii:'1"';i;"";.-li:i:'"; i;; iiii"iiv i'"* ,tt-t' rn""-:-"ll','l:: :::::"":,::i""*:'j::J:;;:' ;;;:;;i,q,e;;", - ."^,-,":,+.+:**::j*t+;1#:H#j"l!i:""];;i'i',1ffi;';: +geg+--], .1'i3:.1';::,,ii^:l:?""i:f:,1::'-,

^ -s a- r!!s.t rsllgE 3 od ' d'rolc

'o +r'aL on o -6_'ou.'r

resDonsb r! s the host mDonant laclor

@ration H ow lar do you agree lith lh s slaleolllLqlPqin v9u!4!!!9l!

4 (a): surelyyou o.e w€ll€quiPPed ro dnsw€r su.h d quation bv how! on le6i vou b€rter b€

;n v o,ove to be dra nina on the countrys resourdes s nce most ofthe.ountrus revenue wi I now have

No do nol agree The polcy was actualy a hep 1o olr econom c deveopmeil This is becauseS'nodoofua; ,nitiallv rar'nq a rdpid popularior g'odh

'n lhe 1950s W(h r

'aprd oopulatio"

oro;;sinaaoorewaila''nq so-ialaldpol'lralprobensrsa'osuhorrlal,r ttr "',oo ooo.':ror q or. lhF'-oo o o por r d r.o- ad4< o'ooc lro'*r^"m-es,*'- d F''rdo_oao-s qp'o'r'o o99e' r- " l "STOP;;a;u;; nvestosr,m i esl no in s noaoore r rhat had haoD€ned. s noaoore wr tace a rack oilunds to devello seconomv Thus the oolcvwas ar€soundino success

Yes agree that sinqapore s po icy was merey a h ndrance This s because a lot of the counlry srcvenu; a.d efiort has ro be channelled inlo providhg for the elde v instead of focusing onother importanl areas ol developnent such as economv, educalion and derenceThe STOP AT

TWO polcy discourages couples ffom havlng bables such lhal our rep acemenl levelfel beLow the

dea repb;ement Ere or 2 r with lhe popu al o. nol eplacins lselr, Sin!.eleiqls !!! lnqllllicimp€nd nq oi.bem of an aoeno ooouLaton bv 2030 twasthls a hftrance as aoeiio ooouatonwl

The sToP AT TWO po icy wasdeveloPmenl DoYou agree? ExPlain

Ren?nbz. vou need to 9ve borh tdei of rhe 5rory

Governanco in SingaPores a Agoin, sureyyou kno{ th5 bynow!

more a hindraice than a help to our economc{13)

tobeahannered nro

Ls an ageing pop!alon more delimental ihan beneiiciat13l

Sngapore?EPlanY.ur

An ag€ng popuaiion s delrimentallo singapore This is becaus€ as singapore's aqeingpopulati;n increases, there is an increased stress on medical inlrasttuclute andgovemment reso!rces which will increase govel,nen! spending and lead ro lewet fundsiot our econonic developdat. Singapote woutd hence face decline and stagnation drcro this divergqce of resources. As peop e grow o d they w llbe mo.e prcne lo c€dan aqeGated healrh probl€ms This ncudes loss of hearng falng eyesght and rheumalsm Much

morc medical resouEes have to be generated lo accommodale these issues irore commundvbased setoces such !s day ca.e cenlrcs afd home nursing care wl also be needed to he p

fam, esLookafterod€rrelalves A arg€ poolol wellare slatfwi a so be needed to lake ca€ ofrhe ncGas.s number of seiior c tizens singaporc s pub ic areas wilhave to be equipped wlhmore raciies s!lab e for sen d clzens ke suopod hand bars n pubLic toiels.nd ifts al MRT

twoud aso mean a reduclon on our econom c codpeitveness This is because an ageinqpopulation makes us r6s aliracltve lo tnvesrors as they p.efer younqer worke6 who aremore energaric and productiv€. There woud arso he insutficrenl tat-pnts t sustaindevelopnerr i/NCs wilrnd I more expensve lo recrut Sngapo€ais due lo ou, smal abou.

sze and we aG less anradive because ofiis sm! ler donsumer mariel s nqapore wou d nolbe

:hLe10 comoele w'ili other nalionswlh vounoerandaffecl ou oroducliviwand hence moacl nur orooressn#*-:rentrml"t"" h"s contribuled more to snaapores p'osress Due to a

;; i;; bi^" '":" rri p opo",on or '0"

;:i;.;, "." ;';.' ""- o"ne ,a r; qap;- c dc oF dopFo c ooo oropoorF

^i" -r,""" * .r. " p" '. e at ure t

""""*t"" rn" p.ovdes i;valabl€ eioerence lhal loc6 blsinesses reouie n order to

i.""" v,"".": "i;;;q;"d"r"- .

'o'd .

'o 761 rhd d F 'e ''d;, ^:.; .; " *. * ,". ^i,.'""0 "",-^-:.;:

".'.; ";'--.-' "-,b, oolnsJFe "odonort r-'<u-eao';" " ;;;". i. -u, oh" ^d.b.": . "r"..,b-d.noaoo- ^dr" ''.conldbutlo to s na&oEs mmoelitv€ness and orcqress

Chaoter 3 - lltanaoho Healthcare

16 To wha( e{entwas promolinq a hea thv ifestv e

manaqing healhclre nS ngapore?Expain \ioulamong S ngapo@ans effect ve

tterh e do.. Dd\ a.olc n .a'dq-9 \6rr-, i",i-,i'.i "i -r,.", *." 'oo:"1

es,o 'npnaq';":-e np"o rona'ndr sooo 'crn rr^e

"i"'--.. ,.l^r.r'." or'"ioo ."" o"- 6rhd' ep'opFcl' nF F<oo bi orhdt mav rcdu'e rhP medra

.'""".* ,i..,..a ." tt'" nd'v dud s a;d w" iTpa'r ldvourablv on rhe sovc'nm'nt as thav

ne;d notsubsidisero a lalge exr€nt;;_ i." ,",,..- on or Med<a'. - naacano 6.th a c n 1d"po e rhF

""-'-*. *tr-*t"*" * the leople share fte costs ot hdallhtdrc * h the qovcrnmeni

;;;;:;,:;"r;' ro rorrtm rr." qo'iemr-'. bu,dcn or pcl'ns 'o' hpahhcare <ani-es

healthcdre b;(ome\ ; sl.r€d 'espon\ib

irv hcrebv rhe govP'1merl need not dcp4d o1

r:'sina Lares to Dav lor ris fq 1

'","i"ii.",lpr onrio-ion' "n 'o h.rv6d.cFd o(nq r !,^;.;;,;;;n".,.- " -. ".* .a-*" ,diemoiherapy(or cancer patienls) aid medicaiion lo contro hiori bood prcssure

r. Resructurino nc" G- r ''qapot "-." '.a -,.i.t. o orq ro ^o pero -rn '

- ; .. " " -" "' h idou'o spLrho\pitals ro

'mprove l_etr nandqemenl quahtv orsedi' e

and c;nlnue ro cut dow" on -rncccs<arv cosr' ln tlB wdv dpp'nderce on ir€ govp'nnentro. help 's

rhen m'n'mised. -o F ne1 noeprdrc a''e -'o po Jedi^"".i-". ""a *.a* or d,'cro q orere' -"

qh c nonp ol olD''o o 'o"n n"'"oFd b ha

;. .,.... -,"

'hoso'"rsooroo o e o' Hoor"d_d -.o, qo.o ra roo.hF\.ar 'an!ra'oq

rlrio q6^ '!

whal exlent is try.g (o conlro spending on lreathcareHea lh SeNice n Brlain? Explain youranswer

h ndran€ (han help lo lh€ Brl sh

a drfllcull.hallenCe of he

i"*. rn"r rn" e'l"t NHS is more ol. hndrance.s the lnancLa .onlrbltons to |reNaionar fsurance contbdons has ndreased snce 2oo3 That ncreased the buden foreveruone .nd r did n lhe qualtv ol lhe NHs Ali are requiGd ldcont;ibule bul nota Equre medica lreahent so lhe compusory conlribulion can be a ong

tern linancia burden afd lhe sluaton s worsened as lhe contbutbn rncrcased

.ne'eoo, nes "_Nl. . r"fl.e,p-ol 'd nrh€.I'ats-1"rcr a B o 'l

"", b' i" -ar,m B al ^h s no^ pa,nq'o r .l' - ' o b'rreared abroJd There ae many slores aboul Brlans undeFequipped and overburdened

D,,"o ee b€.c rF 1"B s \'l, "noFaoed " "prorh€B 1<l'o'oorF hF\ato d

*.--.-". 'B i pdop''^|d^or'hearth.are n many situalons lhe NHS s always avarlab e lo prov de lhe ftst hand bas c

r€arhenr and t ever lhe oalents a€ nol satsled, |rev can lurn io prv6te but more costLv

med alh€ p .Referlo your lexlbook for lunh€r delais llThercro,e. lhe Aritsh NHs s lery b€ierclal to lhe people. especlalv the owerincome

Trying lo 99!trql$e!di!!,qlhc4L1h@I9 is a difiicu tchallenae oithe NHS in Brlain. This is because under lhe welare system lhe

govl is expecled lo make heathca.e avalable to everyone free ofchargeThs meanl lhal peope do nol havelo pay forlhe medca lrealments lhalthey receive when lhey are atlended lo by doctors al c nlcs orhospilas Even though the Brtish govt has put in more monev nto theNllS. I ls nol enough to meellhe needs aflhe peope Brlan sexpenencino an increase ln the demand lor heallhcare wth the srowingfumber oithe eldeny Popualion growtlr has sLowed down and thenumberof peope payng tares also reduce overlime Togetherwlhtheadvanceme.t n medicalscence and slate_ollhe an medlcai equipmeniused n clrnc and hosptals the costs oihealhcare are sp 6ling Thsrequires a ncrease ln NHS spendinq by the go!'1 This s going out orcontro Whef heallhcare costs ncrease the qolt has lo co ec( morelaxes lo payfor heallhcare Thus to contrcllhe increase rn spend ng bvthe qovl in heallhcare there was an increase nlheNatona lnsurancecont butions in 2003

ncrcasind efticiencv s a dificu I challense as the NHS n

Brilaln This is because lhe grownO numberofelderlv wil def.leyrequreanncrease in the demand ior heathcare Atthe same lme peopeexpect belter treatmenls The NHS has Srown very alge bul lhere are stiL

nol enough resources lo cope wilh lhe demand Forexampe there are

lnsufiicienl doctots nurses and faci I es in hospitals for surqe'es Th!s Io

...'r.*r o.* """p". ""eo\

I a d'1 -r 'l'arc op o n'\PSjn rdorlo. o ovoinq 'r.a I selr'6 s r o 1.u r 'na

reroP loo !P

n ease n demdrd;ver r-- vpo " po rosndr peoplc'Fltw.. ooo

sl;n;;s w thin the N Hs F; example the people or B'ilain onen have to

;;itr.r a Lona iime before.ecevnq medical trealment' Thls the

* i"o'-i'.".'q,"'". " qitor'"o'r. r '

'rleng' 'o'r'onr _o

s"i,in s"t'ths r ne.,trc r e.,o'o.u" o- p'ov o nq quar r. eN ce ro

.,,*. ", " " "'-".-."

o6LdFon h'irotn;",i."*,;d. ;* d \o \t \ plrn o op !6, ourr'rv,eN re D ourrinq tr';;e.' ol lne Dd r"lrs d' lr " rop p o r/ 'll'-ase m'a'L'e' \how

.:","inq"r'' 'e" r".0oo 'orlqa dI qdtu'careo{ Lh hd6'ge

the o5i fdctor You.selfl)

2(b) Encouraqinq sel!.e iance saaree with ths statement'

to manage Sinsapore s heaht**y.t"",I j

Ths is somewhal s miar to o!r Prelm paper. Reie'to vour prelim exam handoutror

answers ltwas qiven oulwhen we wenl throlgh the sEQ section

Chaptei4: Conllict in Multi_Ethnic Socielies

"' sn d6'ad d I 6

,-- r",.li t*-* 't'" -rai' r;eairned

'ntensi'Gd rhe tPnsons beMeen rh! r:ro orcyor

..- ir,! i".rrit"rr '.t o.v @;;ii;;;;"8"J---ij c.n was b*ed m fr*r. d the,::alTl':::,1:i:

does the lack of oPPoduntlles ror unNec ry edu.atLon.onrrbure ro rhe onn d n sri]

Ref€r roydur sec 3 f e(aLlrR - 4 in dsrdop .€h€hber2) fo' rle orher fa'ror3

;;; ffi-:;" -;, ""

or rar 5 io.i- dnd <n oeqd'rLoe' q,''' crYo r FoJc "hc

-iL -* "" .*."r-". q

;;-".i;it;h",;." +m*.4 ,r+i.o...* aas -0, p.oolo re.o,ha' nb-'. n'q.,i.i* n-, .. o_o -6.ou.c o po r€ Fdd" lonou or'o ran.-^.' -."rrr,- rr" n rhe -' "^ le5 'hF e

,; ,i." - ;;'; . r" ' /o rh< o '' €

,; ",.i ;.'. r"r' truden>r'oa''eao-dc.drces;iie more sinharese voulhs were abl€ to enler the universties

CND:

l(b) consequendes of the .onfict n sri

seforc lhe connd SriLanka seen as one ofthe roLe mode countrv for manv deveiopng counlries

;;-M ;;i; Yew n the l e5os wanted lo model sinsapore aner sr Lanka This altracted a ol

of ioreo- nr"'- en q roe-'*i"-,-"o!."..rt ^" lo'e'q.Interuenrion Th6lon '4bc$Fdn

hb(i hd6€c d

13m cdnmun lies ed lo the nvolvement or Lndia One or(he reasons was lhe Tamls n Sr Lanka

Quc ls llc !!!lllq! rore sn nvestors ost conridence n sri Lanka rhev were arraid or os ng lhe r

irveslm€ni in Sr LafkaTlrey decLded lo ook e sewhere lhan Sr Lanka lor nvestmentsTheeconomy suflered bady due to lrr s

Eefore tlre poiaid many lob opponunites were avelabe n sr Lanka as louasm rndustry wasrlruirg flregn countres and loca s were rnvesling n s. Lanka Due lo Julv 1943 conl cl manvfacroras and .ompanes were burni rrlany busnesses especaly by foregn€rs cosed down lher

Thrs meantthat llrousands ol taclory workerc and planhtof work€rs ost the rlobs

Belore lhe conflct one of the malor source ol revenue for SriLanka came trom lourism Tou sm

thus was a key p aver in lhe qrolvth of lhe economy Due lo th€ .oin d counrries discourased therpedple irom travelng io Sr Lanka Toursls w€.e a os heslant lo come to Srl Lanka Thls llrerc was

a d6slc fal ln lourish'induslry resu llng n unenploymenl and os1 !r in.ome for Sri Lanka The€conony was affected badly

Sh Lankan Dnveh aDt ofthen hames Esr'rate.r 65 0r0 Sn larkansshtt rcrnain as efugees A HSZ (Hi.Jh Secunty zonas) was set up by lhe S, Lank.n amvta k"epa'rtrh€rl7E lhe ao.ess is c.ntrclled In lhese.tu.s fhe Sn Laokan a,ny.ccupied tarye p.t1sat lhe Ianitdaninated ateasn the nanh and easl atSn Lankaand h 1995 nany Ianlts tted ||henlhe Sti L.nkan amy cane 1 ilany peaple naslly T.nts arc stiltliving in oveEt.Ndad canditionsin Egugec catnps at wth etaliv.s an.J hen.ls.fhts leaLn.nt af the Tanlls increases h.sntiq.anbbuling t. the vialence tn sn Lanka

Anolher outdome ol lhe conlLicl was loreign intery€ntion The conil.t betueen the Sinhaese andTam commuiles ed lo the nvovement of nda One ollhe relsons was lrre Tamls n SriLankahad comelrom lnda nlhepast SoneTamls nSriLankahadfedto nd a lo take reluqe nom thelghnng whl€ some Tam s n lnda provd€d suppod and shel€r lo lh€ LTTEqovernmenl d€cided to inletoene Il senl ils ioeiqn minsler to sr Lanka 1! medale n a daoguebelween lhe Sinhaese and the Tamis The dalogue, however failed n Odober rsaT wh€n theTani T$ers faied to ruLy su(ender their w€apons the lnd an lroops took conlrcF6no.r.berlgsTloDecemberl9S3mostorthecashesnlhenonhafdeastorsriLankawer€

q'orF"drl'e c i o"

Tefsons behv€en lhe snhaese and the Tem s ed to thc formation or the LTTE TheunwlingnessoflheSnhales€edqovernmentlomeetllreiilalpeaceluldemandsoftheT!misresuLled nthe formllion ol Libelaton Tigeu of Tam EeLan LTTElelthalonyamedstruggeaqansl the sr Lankan sovetument would enabe them lo acrrieve lrre lormalion ol an rndependeniTenl homeland in the nonh and east of the country Besdes atl.cknq lhe S nhaese lhe TamlIigeG aso altacked Tamilmembers ofthe poLcefor.e TamlmenbeG a.d supponers of lhe rulngparly and lami polltcans who did nol supponthe proposed separele stale vmenceddnolcomeony nom the Tamils The Snhaese.Lso showed ther hoslily lowards lhe Tamls sometrmesrhroughvi!enceThereweremanyncidenlsofviolencebeiveenl93landlga4DurnqlheJuy1933 rols 13Sirraesesoldersw€rekledbytheTan Tigers rhe rols spa.ked a dng.tuedconfict beftveen qovernmenllorces and the Tami ligerc

'Ihe !]]9I9-!9iE!5 !!!!!9!tC of lhe conai.l s the fomalion of LTTE. FoGigi nledenton ledna nly lo a como.onise ol Sr Lankassovercontvwhlearned.onlictledlomassvebGakdown n

Law and order n sr Lanka The ndian government intefrened manly due lo the unrcsl n lhecounrry Thus Lnlemsollhe mpact amed conficlwoud have atlecled a lol more peope whicrr

hake ir a moG hahlul efiect lhan torelgn nleru€nlion ror lhe vioence ol armed contli.l spur€dgreater vloLence and h.sliily wh ch ed to many p€op e being k lled a.d p.operly d€slrcyed vioen.easo hampe€d loursl adva s nc€ touism w.s one ol lhe man income earne.stor sr Llnka, rela r n lourisl arvas led to a oss of lobs n sr Lanka and a laLl n earn ngs

lrie Un versity adm ss dn c.iteri!Lafka? EXPL. n You.nswer

respons b e 'n

ronlibuln9 o

Pefz. ro 'our

5ec 3 f' "!

to the callrolc cause n

i llii",n",n.,"" "r

lh. rn.q s mo,e or a threat as the RA was radical and woud no reslate

,,:;.': ";" ;'. ,.","." ""

r-o -d.nq\orn.-r6atb€o.opd o'I'P'p br o"-..'"" 1""'i; i,- .'- a . ok -' r;'o' o"t iotaF81 '-,odF cooo bno

..,,...,* "- . @ oFo qro ro d PoF'ra-n a lhF 'o ' or <u"\ d"r'r ' Fd ro rd

iliilii.li o"-a"irn. Jrc"rnl ; ioo rhus such lrorent acts drsrupt peace and stabiritv as werr

-i ..,iri- ""x",.t,r" c,ihorics hose priqhi rRA was suppo*d b idise awarenc<sro

u.,.-,.'. *"n .a*t *t' "l<o

reluJ rn r€vPnqelul rd'd< o' Cdtho ^ lomes bv lhe ts'{ sh

r,.y u" 6n" u"t "r uiot"nc. L"ads to anothera.d therewould not be anv p€ace

":lil"ll" ,".,"" ", ,". '^^"ii1.i.i

,r'"" **,"*-*" or rhe hole *ord ro fte o'scnminrt'on asains h' ccrhorir-". ;,;;;;;i,;i";; ; "rr,.q

* *- a-' . " 'ii",.i.'"r"."'"' "" '

o-' dd b rhee'I Ia' d-d

i'n€, roms of d

'i".'".1 ir'" rdr *" t'ao to raise 'publicitv" shich would be an embaiiassment to the

Lr"ii"J-x'"qJ.. o"r"-ui"rce itto r;solvethe problem in a peacerurmannerasthevare i'ir'" p"oii"i,v". rr,. rar *t"o a rav or hope or an avenue to th€ cathoLics to

'elease th€ir

lij' r""*, "o*,0"*,n" ooLcvorminoritvrepresentaront12ln sinsapore? Expla n yo!r answer

idod6-o tinonw,eo'.."nruton ensures socralequaltv and coheson ln Sngapore This isbeM;;;*rems aid reeds or be ninontv groups arc nade known to the sovemnentiiii i",ia n'., *ag'*a tneir inielesrs. rhis e,sures sociat equatjtv and cohesioA in

t.,*'i*'". qrp<,ro'/qo,P o.c.,i"Li-,.,* a-.,,a,n".no,r. oo.o l'e"- o'_"' ou' orv"on oo , ocvP

-nd,nc 'o DReorernu or Co l'..en., Go c61o'oaodqof o^ 'eo"'a'orio o-6.'-",", q".p ,<" F.ed l-. D(vo ron nt n ".a a d "iqoqroupsl ri e.ises tat no raca or relisLous sroup s dcadvantased as a resuLl or a aw that s

n-<ccd n PJ Lmenl Ine -P\ "n. re. rhc a "" r o"e d r"

GRC syslem ensureslhallhe n norty raclaLgroups are eprei'n

B"ld!g4ja!!!?!!€d!! " *

"nslres socia equ:itv.nd coheson ii slnsapore This is because

ta-;" "h-. *tionar identitv, we a.e united throush the strons bonds and will

be more dindlul of the imporlance ot racial hamonv and the need to maintain lovallv losingapor€. For nstance m! limc aLism promoles equaltv amonq races where everyon€ has $e

--n,",r.t".* r.qro'e..ooatqouot-p'.'^one',re6-a'adu'd" .-,>- ol "'iond oe r" a. , gooo da-'

sdcarcohesonlcomrlonoractcessuchassingrngnalronaanthenandtakngthepedgenculcaleoy.ry and nalional pnd*lrLcri rn lurn lostersdda cohesion in mur elhnc Sngapore Moreover

sociarcohesron No one has an advanlage over as English sanofnalv€ arcuageforal ethncgroups Hen.e. rhrough rhe above ways buidinq a naliona idently can effectvely fosler socal

etlin d s nqapore

rcfers lo the l ne and prace rhat peop e come logerh€r Th s common space provdes opporontiesfor sngapo€ans lo nteracl Through this inleraclion, undeEtanding anong singaporeansfrom lhe difierent races can bedeepened and the more open communicalion takes place,lheess the chance of fights between peope, lherefo.e helpinq to ensureEducational nsltulofs such as schools and teniary rnst(utons are opef to €very Singaporeanreqardess of lhen race, language or rcigon. Sludents rrom d fierent reces and Gigons sludylogether Thedaiy nleraction lhatlakes place among studenls durng essons:nd schoo actvtesprovd€san opponunitiforfrendshipsio beculivaled and slrcnglhened The imp ementalion ol Co

n schoos heps lo promole coser bonds among youlhs from a races Trr€variety ol aclvl es conduct-Ad durng CCAS prov des opporonites for sludents to work close y wi|i

Sludenls trom difteGnl races come logelher lo pay qames and workon atask Triis herpsto buid reamwork amon! rem

Here are tliree areas rhar have mpacred Nor.hern rreafd as a resun or lrreCalho c conflicl poltcal nslab lny econon c deciie soca segregal on

Expta n yoLr answer

Poilca nstabllvPoirca nsrabirly rias beef very derrmenrar ro This s because rhegavemnent now has to lace senous thrcats fron the terotjsts. thE ts devasiatirg tolN ketand as conriiued fishrjig teatts ta danag* to propeny & toss of tives. li hasalso niliErised the conflict & preven6 a peaceful solution to the Naahem hetand6sue. Th€ Catho 6 decided (o padcpate n civi ighls marches lo put pressure on lhe Nreand govemmenl The slualon worsened when a peacelulmarch nr9T2wassholalby

rheBrirshArmyTheAloodySundayresulrednl3cvrransd4dTheCathoichomeswer€a so sometmes perror'bombed by Prorestanr mobs Busnesses aid pubswhclr be onged ro

Po ce who witnessed these ncldenlsdd notdo anrhinq to srop Ihem t hevefalh nlhe Nodhernreand governmenl Some de.ded lo slppod m ilanl groups such as. the IRA who are

prepared to useforce and v olen

The con,lcr has aso affected Nonhem ker.nd's eclnomic stabfty oomestic, foreiqnlnvestment and lourism decrined .s peopre were arraid ror their safetv and tosrconfidence in the economy of Northern kerand, as Nodhern keland lost irs €conomiccompetitiveness down tor Northem lreland. Shoos aidpq!! wlrich beong€d 1o Celho ics were aso burnl and bombed and the ocarpolce did noldo an,4hifq to stop t Fore on-owned lactores shul down when vb ence inc€ased operatngcosrs in Nodhern keland. The consianl threar ol cosl ol securly asoresulled nlhe ossollounsmrevenueforNodhernl€landseconony Fufthermore thehghcosls or mainrenino the Bnlish Armv and orovid na compensaron ror the vcrims of lhecontlcl aso added a huge strain on ls economySoca SeoreoalonN rcland has aso suftered lrom socalseqr€galon as a resut ofihe Prolestanl Catho .conflid People in Nofthern lreland have grown up in an atmosphere of tens on andviolence. This has led lo the lack of understanding between the cathotics andProtestants, making it harderlo achieve peaceful solutions despite peaceagreementsin1993.TheProteslanisandCarhocsreceiveddfierenleducalon€achplasngthe.ownand condemning the deeds oflhe other Both Calho ics and Prctestanls have prejudrced orfa se op nions and vews abour each other lor exampre, Protestant ch rdGn miqht think rh.r

II

ar catholcs supp.n lhe IRA or schrdren rhnk ttut a LBril sh sodi€rsprcludces and stereotypes of th€

a member ol lh€ LRA SimilarLl] some rsh calholcare bad or.ruel Ch dren like these wilOrow up wilh

other groups probably passno it down lo th€r ' n

BXVyou aqre€ lhat lhe confLict ln sri Lanka was due to the snhaa

surelyyouo.edn zxp..t n rhis by nowt oth€& se, vou know wherero look

," . "ra!r !--lr,.o^@

Chapler s Bond ng Sinqapore

1 (a)

Aqdin youore dn zxp.d in tils bynow Othe.wis€, ydu

AQSTo what eneni was ihe un vers ty admissron dteia polcv the cause

'r Lc a T pcr o d 5rb

itu) Hqs'e three wav= n wrr crr sinsapoG can encourase socra bond nq am.ng Sinqaporeans

a) Erhn c Lntearalion poLicy n pubichousngb) opoo''on i'es prcuded bJ €du.rtonal ns rulons.r Rae oaved br nterPaoa confiden.ecr.es(Rccs]

^"." n*. ',**,^".t o'qa'oq oaoo'F"n''o"r'o

ord ffe€nL rar a gdups a drm.uft.halenqe'nm!ti-ethn c sinqaPore?

vardqnq p. -oron or ofl.F 'a oo.p b odooF Ihs is

r""",i:"* r" uir or ,.aeiir,.oi.g monq the ta.al qrouo< can crcaie s-spL'on a-dDle lcaa'nq ro outo'eal. ol

s 'qa;-. can be;,{ly tro.e. *t'.r tre pe'repiions ol d'trerelt rac'al sroups d'e nol

mari'aiea property.,ror i,.stance. lhe ant PAP campaLgn orsanized bv some uMNo eaders n

1e6a;ou;d mh;tp res amonq slnsapore Malavs towerds the PAP Even with 'easslrancesnosnrdbeen'q oi a'" " 'or I ee a "doc'ao"roo'ooer' and't

-. / ** -; - o opc ad cD6rd o

dffer€nlEcL! sroupscanbeabgthGatloSnqaporeTransnalionaGrorsmisalsoabigchal€ngetosinqaporesmuli_elhncsocetvThissbe'auseitlinG"t tt*iut uo.a. or sinqapore rhis th.eat must be handled

'arerulrv as it

'ancause social division wher race and religion mav be used lo creata disharmonv among theditfercntethnic qroups. For nstance dunnglheJemaah samLvah {J )aresls n 2001,th€rerc€mred reaclons;mo;q lhe peope n snsaporc rhese showed an u.genl need 1' ensure lhatsnqaporesso.ia doh,sonwasiolaftectedbyfteJ arcsts Hence lheaboveclearvshowshowiransnarona letronsm can be abq threatlo sng.por€Manaqno perceotions ol differenl ieiaous orouos s aso a bg ch.l€nge to siigapore This isb*"" dlr{**n" religious b€liefs and pE.tic6 e s$6 that €n d4te tereion

afrong the people in Singapore. lr relig ous issues were n01 hand ed carelully, hoslilily anddistrusl dou d occur, lhus afiectins the relauonships among the dlfferent reliqious graupsFornslancerheMaraHeroghriotsnl950Ledlovroence.deslrucionanddearhsTrreMaaysreilhat the Brlish eqa system was unratr to Mus'ms and eta aled aganst (h€ ELropeans and

Eu,asians Hence the above c eady shows how mproper managemenl of d ff€renl €ligous qroupscan b€ a bLothreallo snqapore

2b Buildng a naliona idedtly js crlca n mafaging ethnc diversily rn Snqapore Do youasree wlh th s sratemenl? Exp a n your answer

Buldno. nationa denlitv s crtca n managrng elhnc dverslty n SngaporerionaL identity, we are united lhrough lhe strons bonds and will

be more mindful of tbe importance o{ acial hamony and the need to maintain loya ly tosinsapore. For nslance mull4aq!"tr0 pEmoies eqlaity smons mces wherc everyon€ has thFopporlunly (o sLc.eed lhrough merl €gadess oJba.koround sinceeveryone rsseen asavauedmemb€r of sngapore. a sense of nalonal dently as singaporeans s crealed whch alows forsocra coheson connonoraclressuchassngngnatonaLanlhemandlaknglhepedge ncucatelDyalty and nalion:lprd€.wrrLch nlurn fosler socia coheson nmu$€|rncsno.pore Moreoverw lh bi noua sm Eng ish s used as the anquaqe inkinq lhe d ff€rent elrrn. sroups lhus r.slernqsocalcoh€son No one has an advanlaqe over il as Enqlsh s a non nel v€ anguageroral e(hicqrcuDs Hence throuqh lhe above ways buiding a nallona idently can eftectvey fosler socacohes on n mul-ethnc sngapoG

sarequard no the nleEs!! ai !!c 4t!!r is a so crlica n manas ns elhnrc d v€rsily Ln

sngapore lhis is because ithelps slngaporeans to cope and competewith each olheron anequal rooung, thus promoting a healthy social .ohesion in Singapore.,The poLlcy ol!]lre!1!represenbton rrrrough the Presd€n(ia councl of Mnorily R€hls (Pa/Rc) and GrcupReprcsenbldi Consttuency lGRC) alows for llre con.ems and needs ol mrnonty qroups lo be

'nade known lolrre govenmenl.@

qta_Ie&]! slq lq!t! St!! Self-heLp,-gl!!!! Lke lh€ CDAC and Meidaki help m€mbers orlhenowncommuntywhoa€essloronat-atoSeiadandsupporllhsensu€slh3tpeoperfomrhe m norly groups s lbe ab e lo mprove then socia lnd econom c pos liois n the socely Hen.erhrough rhe above ways, salequardng the nlerests of the minoity g@ups can eneclv€y rosl€rsocarcohes on in mu I elhnicsnqapore

relers to lhe lme and place ihat peope com€ logether Ths common space p.ovdes oppoiruntiesfo. Snqaporeans 1! nte,acl Tbrough this interaclion, undeGtanding amonq Singaporcanslrom lhedifierenl Eces can be deepened and thc more open communication takes place, theress rhc chance of fighls belween peopc, lherefore helping to ensure socia cohesion.Educal on. nsrrur ons such as schools and led ary nsllulons are open to elery s ngaporean.regardess ol their race. anguage or GLigoi Studenls irom dillerenl races and re gons siudyrogerh€rThedaiynteracronrhalrakesplaceam!ngsludenlsduringLessonsandsdiooaclvtLesprovides an oppoduiiry fdr niendshlps ro becurlvated and slf€ngllrenedTh€ mplementalon ol cocuiricur Aclivlles n schools heps to promote coser bonds amon!youlhs irom aL ra.es The varely of actvlies conduci€d durng CCAS povdes opponlniles forstud€nls lo work closey wth and understand one another Sludenls irom dfieEnt,eces comeroqerherro pllysamesaid workon stask Ths he ps to buildleamwork among lrrem

Revision lvoles tr'E\press) Th e he : M a n aqi n q I nte rn atio n al Re ! atio n s

mal. cause of confi.iideo ogical difiercnces lhe(GEs)

countrieswith difiorent ideolooi€s are usuallv suspicious orone another as rhevrear thal lhe other side wil lrv io chanoe lhe r wav of ile The confl ct betweenNorlh and Soulh Ko€a tookpacewhen Nofth Korea suddenty invadedlhe Southwth the aim oI reuhiry ng the lwo sides. Nonh Korea is @mmunist whi sr SoulhKoea Ls democratic. Trr s red to the USg6ivanizing the Uniied Nauons intodefending Soulh Korea, as theywere afEid lhai itSouth Koreaierl thjswoutd Leadto an expanslon and spread ofcommunism inAsa Thereiore the Korean waro@urcd because both colnties wilh difierent ideoloqies see thal lheir ideotooical

Conflict amona countries haopens because of disaoreem€nts over sfu!9999999. This is esp@iallv it these scarce resources have an ihoacl on themuntry's economic developme.t o. survival An exampe is the conilct betweenlcea.d and Brlain ariiain and other European counties @re oveFiishinq nearlceandic walers lceland was very woiiied about this as she has few naru€resourcs ahd depended on ihe lishing industry for he. s!tuNal. The conl rcl arosewhen celand e{ended ils zone of conlrol over the fishing grounds cetand wasaltempting lo co.hol the numbe. ot lrawleb in the waier m order lo prolect therishing supply Britain did not asrce wih tceands exlension and rerused loacknowledge lhe new boundary as it fetl lh.t rcetand had no riqht io enend theirsonF,e o co.,or B r! n.

". r; h,e"- . ,ni-.-- ,r,,s rea ro

clashes between rceand s Coasl Gua.d and Brilish iishins lrawl,ers Both bamedeach olher fo. llre colhs ois cetand f na iy broke ofi dip omat c I es w lh Bria.

Conflictoverteiiilo.ies lReter to out schoofs Mid yeat exan papet

Twh:texeni G reqio;alsjlEis-glsltb dependenl on ASEAN

oopla on r 'o aivfun *e DN

oi,"-..^,""',d<F^\era're o rnsr

'e aoo n ' onom !

q,rg h;i ' " 19:l.:t::lll^:l:::.."- ,^,," ."" "" ^ ?'\rsearl i! idiiiG i. or6s a-oout aconomic srosth to the reqion ASEAN

;;;""' ."' '"' -'coop";red wr"'ac" orner ro 'dc'r are raoe w nrn I'e,.; o;,.."N . " dso asraoisr"eo r6s wrl orns trres ad a o drrs^ o

",.--. i,o" . t"" '"0'"" Japan lot nstalf ts 'vp\reo ned P rn ASFAN

;";;.;;-. i",., n ,he; "ou'rts lave bere ireo I om rhe r€n{o' or rP'hlorosv

rr.. -r.- r"-. {sFA\ 's af6cnve 11 oa.orng rbo-r economrc growrh o lhF

;;,.;;;","*,"'@anlit lnviiiiiand lrese investors have neloed to sustatn tre r*ions economc

6@binqDsabgq!!!a!s!143lq!4[19-1!gCai9!

AseAN is not etf€ctive i. brinqing about economic qrowth to the region ll s

"o' "."4*" ' L"-r-s -ror poi .iro''pute',mong reabe count Fs \nrl','"i^," '-"*r."lr" e.onom( o oqr,n me res or 'orF a-ol' r'orqoinq;-n., dsolG beNee Srnqapo'e rro \,la'cv:d 's

ovFr P6o d Brarca d todor.. --r,l't.-*"0. rheie dFao'ee-elF choo'e Io dr' J' I en o oblems

ir,-uon -"qotraro* a.o ec1.g!. lhey.omelrmes ieeo'o see\ lne hFp oIolhP

'"i.."., -a r*.-.' "'cn ;' I'e Nd,o\'nle| r'onal !o_i or -Lsu''lc l\

. . r" ." oio .e\ _la.c" Ihic q' ow_ Ihal AcFAN rr_fs lFe powF lo dealw h

.e' or,5 ss-es l;al ir"M n"a!:r !9l]Jrres ls J4r qL !9!ce ureqs Fates il

'"roi. ro.*.. err"-re v rlrlqo.rc* wl"rch In I n rfp'K n" pohncal

:i;t"4!e:eg'.. suot ;$]?ple rurmaie wir:gr'cr ' vesloB dqcEion

r.ro,nd reoton.l relatrons ihrough ASEAN is not the only medts ro dchreve

."""..i'" or"*rt''o, 't'" "qion. Forging brlateral and ihte.nalronal relalions

"i. "t'", i.""'. ro achie;" econom'c growrh Fot ")rmpl. sinsaDo'e s

;ilateral relations with chlfa have opened up new trading opportlnlles ls

bilaleraL retalons wlth Gemany have iacilllated lEnsler of skils and technoLogv

;en4een lhe 2 countLes Thus. bv estabhshino ooodwilihrouqh b laleral relatiqns

asLAN -ounrrFs t'au. o".r aore 'o .e.ure o'tFr 'raoe oeals a4! !9!a!i!!!!."..;+ ol rE t'qhlv pe "ond ndr-te ot s- 1 reldrons'D seco'dlvriLernationat retatlo s torseo through Lhe ASEAN counure\ UN membetsh'p

's 6lso sionificart in bir;qing aboul economrc growln to the teg'on To

","-"te ;en S,noaoo-.i.5 rcn6orF.J\'r rgbq wa.ove nFDandddrreou 1;E 11 ",p"-. on econom( de,-oone1, r" i Pp ro hpror'F

I'noroores I ddrnq eE.ot rn. rs ne€loours 'n A5LAN dhlh I er pro_o"_e o"no_c arowrn o .ne 'egrcn l!!3 !] lra!l!l!!! i:-E!r?!!!al-gclion;6uoh th;r UN membershia, ASEAN counl.ies can be ensured oi oeace afd

s!ss$.

]lllc!9@-liir i. t,," h" ".

1""

Her€ are {hree ways in wh ch Singapore can deter

iolaldelenceWhich oilhese s the mosretiective way oiderenino aqgression?Expa n Volranswer (JJ)

craqaoorc\d.lenceindustrvI. a rnporalto-'Frpl A"ooror!\ff; elo rey on olher peope for ourweapons we need to be abte 1o make the k nds oteq!ipmeni lhat are suitable forourpueoses. and to upOrade ourequiphent keourFs-Erighlerjels Ourenemieswit lhen knowthal whatever rraooen our forcesw lbe welleqLioped and wi be a lormdabte opoositon lo them ifrhev lrvloattack fence thev wil rhl.k Nvice beiore anack.o S noaoore as thev knowrharlhev wllsufier heavv conseqLefces fthev werero afiack xs

llowever.lhe citizen armed force s also an etfecl ve wav otdeletrtnqdl .r. rF c, \ r.5l ". at dDtc boo eo r -. rp. -,.e

miilarytra n ng, and even allerthey have fnished theirn tt me NS. they gelmore tra ning over lhe nexl lhirleen years So n addito. to its smat reculararmed lorces Sinoaoore has a taroe ooo of peoo e who are .eadv lo fiahtI needed which means lhal t rs m l tar lv se f re ianl. so anvone lh f k nc otatlacki.o us wou d deinitelv have to th nk iwice

Total defence is an mportanl detetrent Srgaporeans have to be p.epared afdsef relant n ant emergency The whoe popLtaton and noillsr the amed torceshave a pan lo pay I Singapores security Totatdetence is pan otoursef retancelhrough: millary soca economc. civi and psychotogca defences l orcvides acomprehensve and inlearated resoofse lo at kinds of threat and chatenoesFlenc9oote!@h6, 'a. - 1- p ,t14 dton "t o -s( tne drmeo ro etEl Ele l!!l!!Ie

On (3)

Nalion s invovemenl in maiagingyouranswer usi s examp es

strcnaeAi;stioL....

on (s)

'-

6lhe on yway to ensure lhat Singapore,mainta is'Do you agree? Expla n youranswer

(sss)

'Ee]!Ec{EE!!!her sovereianlv

Self sLffiqiencv s in thewa! we can depend on ourseves Ttcitzen armed force the lormidabe Srnaaoore Def;itzer armeo rorce the lormAabe SrncircE o@ncE norsrry a.d TolatDeierceroe, - 6[.Ln,.ie.i \ ooeenqonorF, c \.F .. .j -qra .o e,pol - o d .,1d. o rrt d.o .r -nq6

tsence oolerll]ql4gqeslqs wi th nk tuice aboul alr&k na SinaaDore O;L !!!!!,-!419'llrql4Sqess!ls wi th Ee aboul altack 0g Sinqapore O;r

Herce. ootenl al aooressors w lLth nk lvvice aboul altackino S nqaoore Ourlom dable SAF is made up oi pemanenl as well as national seruice men AIL

bodies maes in Singapore a€ €quned b go lhrough a compulsory 2yearc ormiLllary ira n ng to keep themseves lpdated in miilary wafare and strateqies btimes ol crisis these men are able to dele.d Sinqaporeirom anv ootenlalaaaressoG Rese0Fl trainrnos ensu€ thattheir skils and knowledqe are alwavsuodated a.d refreshed learlv ntimesofwar Sinaaporewilbe able lo rela n hersoverelontv as our m ohtv armv wi be able to defeat anv aaoressors(Camnentabout sinqaporc's Defence industry an.r Total Defence)

Dioomacv is anotheawav to ensurelhat S noapore mainiains her sovereiantvbecause onlJ bv b! ldinq mutua lrusl and respeclwllcoL.tries coooeralewth oneanolher Thiswil e.sure lhat Snaapore wilhave frendswhen I s conlro ed witha crisis Exampes such as BLLATERAL relalons/ASEANI UN are

on (6) wh:t eyrenl was.6nfid.ver leriiories the most

Conllict over territories was ihe main cause oi lhe Gulf Wat fherc wete lensiansaver the nqhts al undercoun<l alJesg!!99s ?!7jl as the bg!.ies tnhqitedlrcn lhe Bnltst were nol well'defrned l.aq claimed lhal Klwail was depelng the

the lraq I uwa I War (1990 - 991)lE,prnyolr

Rumaila oilfield tlrat tedlorialy was of kaqL slde of lhe boder Kuwail.eflsed locompensate raq ior ts economc loss as t claimed llrat it had only driled oi i.omtheir sde of lhe field raq aso claimed some oi Kuwails letrilory (Bubryan andWarbah islands) and wanled lo ease the sands n order lo creale benertdnsporl possbillres riom lraq Kuwail refused as il ieared hE r49!rEl!!e! liedoor for lu.lher letrtorial dehands fiom lraq.FaiLng to reach any slilabeaareement lraq decided to alla.k Klwaillow n back Ihe iands

H istorical resentmenl was a cause ol lhe Gulf War Alhough aticially ltaq hadrccaghi2e(1 KoNalt as a savercign country nnevet.eallv acceble.l lhe state of6!!!?!!ltaqstillfelllhalKu||ail@ashlslaicallvoaftaflraaand||anledloeclainilas ils otrn Despile q vrng up its claim on Kuwail after tac ng pressure from ns A.abneghboursandrecevnsa a.se slm of mofey frcn Klwait thereweleslilsevera inslances where lraq lsed m ilary powerlo threaten Kuwat over border

conflict overoilwas aiother calse oflhe GulfWar in lhe Middle East /rao wasohaqpt vtilh Kuwart fat tananng the quala set by APEC as il caused atlp.ices laplonnet llfellthat Kuwait s action was equivalent la waatno an ecan.ntwaronnaa and lett thteatenedby 8!!94 raq had hoped to pay offils debl through thesaleoiol fowever Kuwal had produced oilwel above ts assrgned lLmts Asaresut raq osta lol of €venle as 90% ot ts fcom€ czme frcm oi sale Bvcaim nolhal Klw3rltry4 l95!!!5thl9 [pI redlcinq the oi pnces. wh]ch lead to economlcd ffculties for €o raq decldqdlg a@!L&l!d!

fo \ fli-mdroJtraqnq rpacrolreIaq lo4lc ao/o zqc-r'1 hF.F{_ L.p"' ,oLrrn.^'l

The lEqi m ltan/ capabiltv was badlv desl.oved as coaltion torces had ullisedstale ofthe an weapons in th-An campaign aganst lGq troops The heavy lossessuffe.ed by lhe lraq s resulted in a loss ofmorale among lhe €ma n ng toops

suffe no of lraois was aso apparcnl ope.ation Dessen Slorm resulted n thedeslruclion ofa large part of kaqi nfrastruclure A so. lhe kaqi peop e suffe€d asthev could not ca(v oul lheir da iy aclivilles due to a distupted supply oi eleclrc tyThey also suffered irom a sp.ead ol diseases as the water supply n lhe colntry

The Regianal an.t Envrcnnentai tnpact was anothet .tanaging resuft af the ||atThe GurWat crcaled an envionhental Rtastraphe and also resuted tn. sevetedtsptacenent al fo.elan warkets which created areal sufietiho lat then lanilies ba.kb9A9 The haqtforces set frre ta Kjwaitiol wells dunped about ll nthan baretsaf orl nta lhe Percian Gulf, thos oreatlv lhtealeninq nanne hle and cost n ians ofdouarc ta pul oul the:le'jrc! 9E?! h9 9J tlbL fhe displacenent ol lateqnwo&ers was so seve.e that nealy 2 nllan foeign vtarkeE fron

Polrca ingta,biltv in raa arose as Kurds tried lo ovedhrow Saddam as lheylell thalhspowerwasof lhe decline. llowever Saddam deat harshly wllh lhe uflsngsaqainsl him As a resul. lholsands of Kurds were massacred and amost onemilon Klrd sh refugees f ed lEq

(nane sohe cauntries) fled taq when wa. brckE out Wokerc suppantng largelanilies back hane sDffered sudden tass al incane and created.treal solfernlt lar

Towhal ertent s the worsened realiohsh p belween taq and Kuwatdle to the econom c problems n lraq ? (H )

Ecanodic p,oblens ia haq trcs o e o rle d lo hr '6d io ^o

a ad .pr io1\belween lraq and Kuwail bul il was not Ihe mosl impodant lEq suilercdlremendous Losses durnq the lEn-l.aq War belween 1980 to'1989. Nol only didraq lose a ol oi lves t.lso owed US$80 bilion in debls 1o ils neighbouring

couniries as we as US and Frafce The reconst.uclon oi the waFlorn lraqrequired US$230 b lion lo rebuid the country Thercfore lEq started lo envyKuwat as I was a icher stale as wel as lhe fact lhal Klwall dd not want tow linSy hep raq n ts.econsiruclon angered Lraq thercby worsening relatons

The issue of oil prcduction w as also anotherfactor that ledkaq had hoped lhar by ea.n ng more revenue rrom the sale

colnt es ove. prodlced such as Kuwat and llAE and they gnored lhe quola seibv OPEC and produced oil wel above lher assqned limts Oi prices fel as a€slllandthsmeanlthal raq osl a lot of revenue. Ihus. lraq fel frlslraled whenthe over productm ol oiL by Klwail caused lraq lo ose profits and lhs furlherworcened the relalionship belween lraq and Kuwail

rRe,e, ro ou, s hoor 5 rorF( fo' the lastfaaa,)

ne,l{ryi'. trrmlcrinies ttrat came about as a resu I of terforism:

Wh ch do you lhink sthe mosl serous oulcome? ExpLar your(tlrlcame aboLl because acls of teirorsm woud have create

suspicon and lension amonq difierent E.es and rclao.s n 2006 due 10 thereirorsm becomins imh nenl n ihe nternationalscene S ngapore s Prlme Mlnislerlaunched ihe Commun ly Engaqement Programme to ensure that S ngapo.eansare betler eqlipped lo mantain socialcohesion and harmo.y nlhesoicrss taims lo brng togelher Slngaporeans from differenl communilies logether tostrengthen nleFcommuna bonds Thereiore the socia mpacl oi terforsm hadcreated an envro.met!.9[ dislrusl and misundersrandino thal _re-slilte!|[aolernmenls havrno lowork out oo ces lo helo mainla n harmonv

The nell impodanl faclor s oolitical impact Due 1o ler.orism. oovernmefls had lol ohten varous conhols such as stellino uo border secur lv to ensl€ lhal lenorstsd! !S!9!19!1!!l!!qC!!ry, The borde. securily measures involved qrealer checkson travelers dentites and belongngs slowng down mmigralon cea.ance in lheprccess litrusile eg s aton a med al counter ng teiroism lrad been ntroduced aswell AE ! resu r or this poL lica m oacl or teroism. oeop,!_e- !!! 19!! 1!!rdand the.e was ntefse securitv creatina a sense of sLspicion afd dislrusl amonast

The least rmporlant fa.lor s lhe economi. impacl The Seplember'llatlack had alremendous mpact on the US as weL as the wodd lnsu.ance company had loaccounl for a tota loss LJS$40 bil of I relaUon lo loss ol propeny and rfeFunhermore lhe s!11!9..truLqsrL1!!L4OLqL!!qE!!! tic li! tq!t!! tEatlack as peoole were afraid offvina Because oilhls the covemment had lo slepn to orcvrde economic hep to the a ne nduslru to prevenl airline cornpanies im

S!!!LnLag!r! t[]!e !]U-lUC!lt!!e ?t!!O?l[ To add on Io the sever ly or the s llal onthe Balbombing took pace n 2002 Ths broughl aboul a huae loss n fcomeearned oi loursm Many Ba nese osl ther ivelhood and once again I was Ihegovernmenl thal had lo come in to Iry lo releve the economrc lradsh ps laced bythe Balnese Theretore lhe economc impact of lercrsm lrad creared a sl@lowhere lhe qovemments oJ afiecled counlnes had lq dilel! Lls reso!rces lo he p the

eco.omv recover and lhis brouohl abour a linanci: .rr: n

(lrss)

aovernmentircmsoendinomonevlorotherourposes

'ncreased governmenl spend nq is lheworst conseaLer ee-r,or sr rlo^ xdoyo.igee L,pa. Jo-," s,eL

you,setf (No answer prcvided)..... _,:

On (11) "Fore gf inlervent on was more a hindrance than a he pln tE tGqr wr r, oltr.l jo rou dgrce -,pa,.rourri we (sss)lwas a hindrance because the United Nations ileNention had brolahauponerven more oroblems which could have been avoided (Made mattersworse)(Focused on the neqative consequences and retatethem to the potiricat,economic and social impact whenever possible)'Operation Desen Sbrm

Economlc and mlllary sanctions- US s bombng campaign agafst the tEqigrolnd troops

Politrcal nslablily in Lraq duelo encouragement from coa itron eaders durngOpe.ation Dese Storm

lA/eslern troops taken as hostages

I was a !9b as lhe ioreisn inreoenton had broughl aboutsome peace andreso ltion (Focused on the advantages/ benefits and retatethem to thepoljlical, economic and social impactwhenever possibte)

Arab solulon lraq rcsponded iavou€bte to allempls by sooeArab teade.s tocal fora reso ution to rhe..nlli.t

Operalon Desert Shield:sees more tha.30 coufl.ies lak fg paft in lhe coa rt ofby providing lroops mi aryequpment and money

use oi iorce managed to qet raq oul of Kuwal

on (12) elolo hpa or r r. drion.l le ro \-devastal nc on counlries? Explain your answer (YTS)

Teriorist acts brinq about an economic impact when there s a teiiorst altack

1ry991!at be ost buL dinosleropenv deslroved and businesses aflecled Theqovehment has to soend huae amounls of mo.ev to rebuLd the couftN. and lh sneans lhat olher areas ol development I lhe co!ntry wou d be affected lhe a rlnendustry and tolrisfr were also badv h[. as maiv oeooe were af.aid of flvinaMoreover. the.q is oss of earninqs ior mafv oeooe invoved n the trave andlourism lrade as man! lourisls avQd lravellino lo a counlr! thal has 9ltllered aIetro.isl altack Th s cou d lead to a ioss oi emplovtEll ?! ]4ell !5 !!!!qc !l

lnL ."n ro,er,e. rde he oLnr^ ^or[for.e

o5 ta_ a b' " orF

!!9rlesse!

Teiiorist acts put additional burden on the qovernnenl whch s expecled lohe p ndivduas adversely afiecred by terforst aclsTetrorsl acls can create a psvcholoqica lmoacl on the oeneral ooouLation Aiier.letrorlsl act such as lhe Sepl '11 allack. people are shocked and mighl be feartulol!ong about doing lhen daly aclvilles They nay be wor€d aboutJob securily astherc woud be a ial in business/ nvestmenl/tolr sts elc Excessive iear andpqGug-a.mav caLse a oerson to be ovenv susp_L9tals ?!d !3!1!9!!that hs abillv to ead a norna lfe mav be comoromsed Fe.ce aifectinaDrodlcl v ly and effc ency al work or ever h s shess lelel and lhus qua!{t qL@

prcdLct&tv

ferorisi acts resuli ln oss of innocent lives FahrLles lose oved ones and lh scadses !ule-!se, 9!Ig!!g Teiiorism can have an impact on communal!9!e!9!S_E e qau l may cause susp c o. a!t!LG!sia! !t!!!gttic t?!!!sethnLc and relo ous grouos f u.checked. lhis cou d have the oolentia oldeveopino into rols between difierent ethn c oroups Such tetrorisl acls aso havelhe polential to cause cedain elhfc groups io fee la€eted as lhey mghl besnged oll for ncreased secLrly checks or vewed slspcolsy by others n thecommun:ly Ths miqht calse a ieelng oi a ienalon and u.happ ness amonq thisqroupoipeope whch coud laLe a tolLon nalion b! ldina/rac a harmonv

Rev,sto" Nores f4EYpress) f h em e. S ustai n i n9 Ec o n a m ic Dev el op n enl

Here arelhree slraleqies used bV Sinqaporeopporl!n lies and overcome chalenqes n a-Dive6itying the economyNurturing the gro!!,th ol smal and medlum ente.prises

,ryh(h do /o. r 1 \ '1- morl rroord. sror.o\ lo er5. ecnqjpo- u<rarn 16'6 o.omr ce\ dlopne ,l

'1 d 9 ood s-q

Eipanyoltq!9lyq

on (2)

(AE)

impact of q oba sation outweiqhswth ihe slalemenl? Explainyour

frv it voutself (Similar to our Prelim e\amiqation Gtobalisalioa brcraht aoreharm than sood)........

Qn (3) Towhatextent s Slnsapores abiLly lo suslarn lls econom caF.elopm-nrrn " olob"l o \ordduelo' F rrrrol F mdid1d vFd r F1l6 Dr.6 r<VT )) E Dld. /o. cn-Jer

(JJ

@ ToensurelhatsMEscan conlinLe 10 conlribule lo the growth ofthe singapo.e economy. there are manyschemes n place lo assist lhem. Banks hale varous oan schemes cate. ng lo lheneeds oJthe SMEs ln addtion lheAssociallon of Smalland lvled um En(erp.ises(AsME)was sel up in rsa610 provde assistance to SIVEs New companies arealso granled lax exemplion on theirnrst $100 000 ncome for up tolhree years.Nurlurno lhe arowlh ofSMEs promoles S noaoo.es deveiopmenl as these ocabusinesses wlllbe able loqenerale emplovment for lhe cou.try.

Diversilvinq the economv ensu€s thal ihe S nsapore econohv €marns stabe nthe evenl of lhe downtlrn of one secior oflhe economv A slabe economv wolldensure susta nabe econom c develoomenlSingapore aims to promole technooqy'ntefsve, higher value-addedmanufact!r ng activ tes in the e ectro. cs. chemicaleng.eeing anrl eng neerinsrieds n addl@n. Singapo.e rs lenturng in(o areas like Llre Scences. whchinvolves lhe study ofgenelcs afd developmenl of new medical treatmenls us nggene lherapy newdruSs and food prodlcls ihal have been geneticaly nodifedHavlng v branl setuce sectors such as educaton. heathcare tourism afd ba.kinga so plays an mporlani role . increas.c SingaFores competilveness S noapore

St!'lEs pay an impoda.l roe in S noapores economy Toda! SMEs make uo a

s also be ng promoted as an eriucalion and hea thcarc hub Manyforeg.un ve6iles have set !pUeir bralrcles !g!er Atthe same time people rn lhe regiof

t are coming to s nsapore ro seek medica l€almenl due to our hish standards oi

Venturinq abroad is anolher slralegy lo slsla n Sngapore s economLcdeveopme.t n a globa zlng world !ryith lm(ed 3nd and abour €sourcesSfqapore has to ook bevoid lls nalonal boundarv Ths s acheved lhrouohrea onalLzaiion. wh ch nvolves inleslinq in nearbv colnties thai have ab!ndantland, lower abour cosls and new markets The S.gapore gove.nment andSingapore based compan€s am to provde the lnfraslructure, expedise and moneylo develop fdlsl aLparks n host counires ln relurn,lhe host counlrles provldeand and labou. iorSingaporean companies. Vent!.ng abroad helps to suslanSnsapores economc deveopmenl as t opens up new markets and allow us toovercome ourphysical im lalions such as sma a.d area

on (4) llere are lhree neqal ve effectswiden na ncome gap belvveen

serous etfecl ofolobalzation? Expla n

destructive iorce to !he natural environment Whendifierenl parls ofthe wo d many of them use

ql(J

G obalisaron has raDrdv ncreased lhe income qalbe!4ec4h4lqlt a!!lp99I natons t has esulted in rapld developmenl ln hany counlresHowever t has aso nc.eased the spread ofpovedy n 6any othercountes The deveLoped nations are experiencing rapd income grcwth aslhey own mosl of Ihe manufacllrng aclLvlies on the olher hand, thedeveLopng falions often iace kade barers mposed bylhe deveLopednalons They are not capable of prodlcing quaity goods whichcommand high p.ces and retch alge €ve.ue The situation ofa widen ncincome oao ooses a seious oob em lo the colnlries thal emb.aceolobalzation as il nav adverselv affecl socialcoheson fnol prooenvma.aoed i ma! ead to manv olhersocia oroblems such as an ncrease n

tsowever globalizalon oflen leads Io a loss oflocalcuLture Globalsationhas rcsu ted . g obalbrands such as Siarbucks and McDona d dominatinglhe consumer markel n deveoplng countries These corporations wlh the rstandard zed melhods of operation have oltets lhal are denlica nappearance n this w6y. these carporalons have created a homogenousculture ac.oss the word and ercded the oca culture The loss of locacultLre ooses a se ous orcbLem to ihe counlrv because when the cullu.e 6eroded I woud be d ff cU! !o re create Assuch lhe de.tilvorlhecount.v

envir.nmental.le.radario.iil;;;i;;;ffi;;;;,

NatuE resources such aslimber oiLand melals al a Epid rale Atthesamedeveoping counvies are eaqerto ga n lhe economc benefits that cohewith globaization Very ofien, the nat!€l envnonment suffe.s because.r.6s. dd.etoping .o. rt es arA n o e -or.p n6d w.h Fronoa,dev€lopmenllhan envnonmenla proleclon. Envrcnmental deoradationooses a se.ious oroblem to the colnlr es concerned aswel as lolhe.esl oflheword brino no aboul orobens lke olobalwaminq which has farreachino conseqLences. Fulure oenerations w lsufier as a resu t ollhei.responsible actiofs oi lhe present qeneratiof

on (5) necessafr lo ensure economic

(uss)

on (6) E\rcbi> nq niche induslres l\oeLralr/alion in devF opingsper rir induslresd.ounlryisqoodat) c h-b--r^d,.o rtrrda.o10-1[,6adopro 6.o.orr d-v-too e I todrd.da/ouasree? Expiain Vouranswer (USS)

on (7) s able to help Singapore overcome chalengesDo you agree? Expla n vour answer

(sss)

and come uDwth Dractca and lono-teh soLulions ioi

Lbqst!s3!s!9 s9!E Cnlole because berno lhe caretakers orlhe cou.lrv- ihe qovernmeit must know howto pan and alocate limited €sources

chalenoes n a a obalisna world A Knowledge Based Economy {KBE)requnes theS nqapore workfo.ce lo learn and appy knowedqe as Singapores competilvenessw I depend on its people s knowledge crealvit\, and innovalon With R+DSrnqapore is abe lo develop ils own talenl poo aod lechfoogles and create newand belter prcducts The panfe.ship oi S.gapore ocal enterprses with natonaresearch inslilllions wllcreate new ideas methods and prodlcts lhat can be so din the world ma,kel. lnternallonal padnershlp bendee. S ngapore and China, tnd aand Germany promole Science and technology exchanges. which n turnstrenglhen Singapore as a KAE. as vitaland useiu resources and infornalon are

needs the coopeEtion ofthe SMEs- need brave new eade6 io venlure oveBeas

need the qhl lvpe olforeiqn talent

tEIEq4t!9 lllportance ofthe remainins parties above)

lr

rry ityoursetf (No arswer Frcvided)........

on (8) 'GobaLLsation is more a hindrance than a heLplo S noaporeseconomic suNival ' Do vou aoree? Expain youranswer

Try ityourself (Similatto ou.Prelin exami.atio": Globalisatior brcught norcharm than good but the focus ofyout answet sholld be very muchSihqapo6base.l- Must look at Sinsapote's vulnenbilities Es Snall & Openecononv and aDDIvlhe aclvanlaaes & Droblems oI qlobalilalion accodinal

' r iTFr€yement in the 6radards 6. ivinq i6 tl.e biqqedtimFa6l6l9!9@lE4roF+dy99 ag€€@YoKs)To whal extenl isdversifyng the ebnomy the mosl eilective waytoensure thal Singapore remains competitive in a globalising wond?

on (10)

cGs

givsifo rFqlhe€soFri6 rh+bes{ sl.€leqyl6ssuresinsap6ret

Explai+yH'ln assessng iheefiectiveness of globalisalion. there is a greaterimpacton ihe economy ihan on the environmenl.'Do yo! agree?Expan yo!.answer (CGS)

Read the sptendid a,swer provi.ted,,, .,..,, ,....,.-(Don't have to provi.le all thaexanples. Just pick one exanpte fot each exptanation!)

Readthesptendidanswetptovi.led......,........(Donthavetoptovidealltheexamples. Just pick o.e example for each splanationl)

rAn ]RFl]rt€rrsli4th€ slsdarrls oi livic€j;ri€+€€€s+epa€t€i Icl9bSliialrg!+yole9€!:4qF ro Jj|lwer- (ye(qTo whal enent s diversting the economy the most efiective way (o6 rurc,tdr. nodporo p c \.orpp t\E n"9oo"h.r1q(o,o,

(ccs)Readthesplendi.tanswerprcvided............-...(Don'thavetoprovideallthe

on (9)

e\1q'ples. Just pick 9!e exanpleforeach exptanation!)Bindq{. p'o

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co we;6'reman@m@"{ nton Eduy _lsiven rador aEdher6dors lNo h

9A

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4totutcrqLalL

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ponord r!0 esard resois 0qt w be btr r n Maia 3a! aid

fheeta'e di!43 ritebe eMt s decrve lay ro marc !r!l

9E

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9A

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s!

aqEemc s c-rat !ir dss coudros srqaDo4 [as aiso mmnred

AE

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oa! c .ur o(,!n + s

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I Exl@qrgret 1Y€r<9n,sse rng tr- er-.r' sfu q obc i.at or her- r. " q.ea.-l'mpd ro I'aF.oror) llrlon r"-n.ro,nFrr Do\o, .g.e".

lqqs)Read the sptendid answer prcvided........----trbon t,\ eaoN@idaaikeexanptes. Just plck one exampte rot each expt,nation!)

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r\e eiiaroi: Eie,q, Aqeicy (EA) oipeds 8ieioy Lse to srcv ty

idemlaienomolsquadlyol

fhereto.e dobjtjqtb! has a oreat j4@e1 e! tnEquj,rla@1

ido ood 3... A .o ,r t.

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Reursion Notes laE\press) Thene: Facinq Challenges and Change

an (l) To what exlentwas good leade.shPthe nost impodantreason lorlhe R se olVenice? Expain yquranswer (UN)

Yes, qood leadershio was the mosl imponant.eason Vencewaslorlunatelohale had a number of very good and capabe lop leaderswho took steps lo make

herstro.g and weahhy F rcI. there was Doge Pieno lorceolo who brclghl peace

by reconciing the feudrng ciles negotrallng lrcalles wlh malor powers a.dsubdu nq lhe p rates n oamata Nen. Doge Enrco Dandolo. bv d reclng theFounh Crusade n lhe 12ih cenlury and capil. izing on crclmslances. weakenedlhe Byzantine Empne and caplurcd Constanlinope Th s broughl lecognit o. iromthe other slales and he ped Venice to contrclsofre otlhe Lmpodant tetriloneswhlch had once beonged to the Byza.l ne Emp re Fina v Doge Petro Zanilollowed a. exFansbnst poLcv and extended Vefice s controLovertheMeditetranean Sea As a resLll-due lo lhe work ofherlaLsiahted leadetsvenicewas svstematicauv ttansfomed from a snall citv state into a hudepoweiul and weafthv matitime emone.

otlreriaclors forlhe rse olVenice such as lhe relorms in oovernmentlhal were

lnderlaken Frcm the l2i'cenlury onwards cha.ges were made lo the slruclurc oigovernme.l One chanqe was the crealon ofthe Grell councL made up olmenlrom lhe mosl powerfu and nfluentia Iam es in Vefice This councilhad mutiperoes io perlorm rncuding lhe eeclion oicapabLe members to aL co!ncls and thepass ng oi aws ltwas aler reorganized. wth lhe formation oflhe Senale. n lhe13"'cenlury so that il could focus on the more mporlantdules Forexample toversaw iorer!n relalons matters commerc al matters a.d lhe operalons oi the

Venelan fleel These changes we.e necesstaled by lhe newchallenges lhal weeDosed bv ven.e s qroMh To ma nla n a syslem ol checks and ba ances on power

held by lhe top ofiiciaLs. ihe Counc ofTenwasformed tcouldeven im l lhepower oflhe Dose and deatwllh crlLca matleB such as lhose concernlng thenlernalsecurily oflhe slale As a rcsult ofthese aovelntuental chanaes venicebLiltup a svsten of daretnmentthat was well bteaaredto meetthedemandsofthepeoble and the drowina citv-state. fhus this was an imponantreason

Various trade developments and expansion also payed an Lmpodanl parl ln the

ise ofVenLce Foe instance. Venlce displayed a hiOhly poslNe and aggress ve

aluludetowards trade lwas sk fu al obla n ng favourable ternrs oilradecompared lo lls compet106 such as Genoa andsohad.iedgeoverlhemFunhermore the Vef el ans showed an enterpns ng spir l whLch look them lo d sta l

nr: ni i3r lands . search of new routes and.ew ilems ol lrade as we I rs.ewmarkets Ths helped venrce to erow n tEde Addilonaly ven ce nrade good useof advances rn rna l me lechrology ( n the ire ds ol iav gal or and we:po.rylThese qale venet an vessels lo voyage even nwinlerlhe ven ce s superb ship.b! Idin! sk ls led to lhe construction oi vessgls ll9!!t9r! superor to those 91the{

f

competilors The arhed Venetian great Oalteyswere abte to ranoeludherthanbefore rnd so help expand ts kade reach. Added 10 thiswaslhe states efticienlmanalemenl syslem lor alLvoyages made by Venel an ships

developments werc prompted by the expanston oiVenice s trade For nstance,the\'d- ,hob.ildila o-\.ry -e rop-od.r-F^r)dndt --p pa.e d{h rt - o-mdloio'o6rioJl6rsirf d'l --ur) par\-rrroFld er1eba,.ooneot 6n,c5marillme lnduslry and power As Venelans grew wea lr er, they began to demandforgoods such.sgassware Ths in tuh led to the growth ot manuiacrurnq

d.sl p l,rF$ rno sti" <,1as' ep rins o s,.dtVA "- oi . edr o o - abs r!!t !!!!t!!E\!p!9l9pI!!!L!eJp9&3!r!AJ9nare emplovmentwhich attacted even foreiq. talents to venice. The

fhus.lhe sttonq, positive ahd aaarcssive aditude that Venice looktowatdstrcde, aided bV innovatians in mailime technolodv antl an efficient svst.m.fhanaqenent of tra.|e, hetped oush Venice ahead of its tivats and to rise toProtuinenLe and ueatth.

I'was because oi ts i.dlstrial devetopment thal Ventce.ose up These

industries heloed crc4e mote waatth fot Venice and in that wav hetDed itto

rcsult, thev destroved Venice s nonopotv of the lucrative sbjce thde andareatlv teduced the lafte prcfits which the Venetian traders had eaned

o* nJ"o,o ul.ron ". a-;;re;re1;T;;;!G-

4!q

af (2) Ma lme compellon was lhe mosr serous cha enae ta.ed bvVen ce n the pe.od behveen the 14lh and 13th centures

i l'ror/ qrlgrou q9r9!t{!![ ![qv eqE]d!]!l.!r trswer (uN)-uw,r !o you.gj::lt! 11 -r .pc.ro' r-\we (u\),'enqF , r:- 5 ri., ol

the Portuglese succeeded I pioneering a few sea irade roule to lhe East. As a

Medlleranean Sea Ven ce also expanded ts trade to the Nodh Sea FlrtherTrr i . Fdllarc6 to.. j - .d-e .on,r-t, teDJk1".o he, I.ar nghs,

^toaom he -' T.r! rooroa- tpr)rppr6,thus bjpasr ns rhe Venerans This aftecte.t venjce's position asan e;iebotp94 The Oulch and Britrsh had betler desgned shps than the Venetians too esaLesult otthese naaitime challenqes, Venice imposed a prctectionist potjcv.Ihev iOboie.r hiqherduties on roreidn tattets. This poticv d/oi;i;e;-awav from Venetian pons. Thus Verice last some ot itsttadind partn*Anolher ser ous crralenge faced by Ven ce was lhe io€isn threals coming tohthree sources Fisty lher nvovemenl in the ma n ard was brolght abo;r by therdesire lo protecl rhe I tertores a.d commercial tnre€srs Th s th;y d d by taiinsadvanlageofthe valry among the maint.nd states Ve.tce constanliv swlch.,ad

' 'q ar6 rhr ^oatlacked)and soVence had to buid up a mercenary army Anotherthreatwas

from lhe Olloman Empirewhch compeled wLth Vencelor conlroloi lheAdnaticSea Vencehadlouse ts preclous galeys to lghtthe Oilomans This disrlpled iisuse oigalleys for lrad ng purposes Aso, to conlaf lhe Ottomans Ven ce tred tostrke a baance of powerwith the Onomans and their European neighbouB al lhesame I me. This action calsed itsE!!9p9?!r Dejsbb9llslq deyhostilitv towaKts venice. \ enice s growng inluence in lhe reqion made tunpopular among the varous main and states This led them to creale a m litaryaliafce againslVen ce llwas known aslhe League oi Cambra ll foughlwarsagalnsl Venice and had some slccess n laknq oversome ofVenices tertoriesAs a rcsuh ol the manv wats foudht bv Venice adainst its various fareidnthreats. venice's reaources were weakened. This forced venice to take theunpopular steo of raisina taxes to tinance the emolovmenlol its nercenaN

Politicalchallenges also posed a serous challenge toVence Prosperily broughtwth it aweaken ng oithe governmenl. rhs gradually led lo Ven ce s polticadec ne For exampe. the shrlnking numberofnobiily as olderfamiles dedaflecred lhen appoinlmenl 10 the hghestofii@s Polc es were created nollo seruethe inieresls oflhe ciiy slate bul the seflnleresls oflhe nobiLly From lhe 16i"cenluryasmall grcupof rch noblesdominatedthe government Asaresutrenewa of eadership became a cha lenge and coruplion became nevrabe Duelo lhe poicy oi.otation oldulies, evef when tlrere werc no competenl oflicetsava able 1o take over power was handed lo incompelent oriiceF. Ths led 1o

disastrcus consequencesforVen ce Ln ilswars againsl lhe Ollom.ns fro exampleThere was a so qrow ng conlption in thegove.nmentas poor nobles sord the r\ates al a h\gn pi.e. This meant that leadership was determined bv wealth andnottalent ot capabililv. fhis led to incomoetent leaderstakina oositions inqovemnent. Duero its snal population and nanv enemies. Venice becaneover-dependent on mercenaries to fiohl itswats. This was a cos v decisionas the lovafty af these ttoops was quesircrab/e.

CE5)Do it yoursetf( Refet ta yout notes on Venice)........

On (4) llere are lhree.easons rir.

-Corupl on n lhe govemmenlThe discovery oia new hade roule

Which orlhesewas more responslble for Venice s dec ne?

oo ityoursefi( Refer ta youtnates on venice)

e Venetians were resDonsible lor their own dectine as the entire svstem ofThe Venetians were responsible lor then own dectine ?5rll

on (5) Do yo! aqree lhat lheVenelanswere responsble iorthe r owndec .e? Explain yo!,answer 0!A!e!Y!E49t!91 "J")

(cvs)

aovernance became weak and co(uoted All these were lhe result ol ooor inlernalpann na and superulsion lhat escaaled Lnto senous ooltical. economlc and soclalprob ems that brouoht about lhe ercd!4 dlrlllqlL Sl !!!taq The.e we.e fewelpeope lo choose from as Venice faced the cha e.ge of a shrnkng poo of nobiltyWith fewer peope lo take up posito.s lhe quaily ol eadershp weakened Asmore power and wearh were n lhe hands oi a iew iamlies lhey used lheqovernmefl as a \oo to fu.lher then own inleresls al the expense ol lhe cily-slates

The rolalon oi dulies also meanl that a compelenl officer wolld leave offce aJter

one lerm. n unfonlnale cases. an rncompetenl office. would be chosen Anincompetenl leade. or oflicer woud nol be able to pan or mpleme.l polcies to

-ansur.a ve.l..a's s!stai.able.rowlhCo.ruplion becanre lhe nor;irom the rsrh cenlury onwa.ds Eectons were riggedthrouqh the buyifg oi votes There were also nstances of pos I ons being sold torarse funds for lhe governmenl 10 fght wars At the core of lhe governmefl.coirlplrcn added lo the ineflciency of the clyslale This was due to ilreappo nlmenl of incompelent eaders who were less concerned wlh lhedevelopment of lhe cily slatewth irs smar popuation. Vence was unable lo form a sizeabe amy ior ilsexpanson n the manand lt therefo.e employed mercenaries As lhe VeneiLansbecanre more weathy and compLacenl lhey slarted lo beieve that lhey coulddepend on mercenaries to nghl lheirwars and became depeide.l o.lhem withoulihe commlmenl ol its peope Venice coilnued lo depend on mercenar.s Thswas unwise because I ed to increased erpendture In addtion venice's weatho.onorb.,or!,e..omTa- lo 'lPmE - oi4

Veice oile. look ldlanlage olreudfg.va sta(es and oifered lo hepone rightagainsr Ihe orhe. Vefices lnvolvement n the frarnland draied lhe clly slalesina.caland manpower resources as t had lo employ a mercenary army 10 fighl lsbalt es I was a so cof slanl y al rsk ol be ng atlacked by aeer states as there wasno certainty wh ch a iance wou d ultrfraley beneiilVeniceConslanl balles touqhl .lhe region also afiecled vences overland commercal

Ihe Venetians were NOT responsible for their own decline as develoomentsoutsde ther countres lexlerna deveLoomefts) whch are bevond ther controbeqan to affect them polticarv econoncalv and 99rq€lly. The Oltoman Empreexpanded ts .iuence bolh by a.d and by sea Al sea t cha enged lo lake overoulposls belonging to Venice A mlllary campaign agansl tlre Otlomans waslaunched in 1463 l-owever Venrce fouoh( againsl lhe Ollomans on ts own Alhese reduced lhe ledtora power and inflence of Ven ce as a grcal cily slate Byconquerng ands aong the coasls ol the Mediteifare.i aid Adralc seas lheOllomans colld €unch altacks on Venel an sh ps As a resL t. Ven ce s lrade wasbad y atlected and thal afiecled Venices economy badly

on (7) How farls nilialve and roresighl oiihe Venelans an imponant(ossl

(sMs)

!9qq9! iorihe se olvenice? E,paln your answerDo h youtself( Refet to you. rotes or Venice)........

on (8) Wh ch is the more imporlant iaclor thal led to the dec tne orVenice :

Fore dn Thrqql!!4l9!9!challenses? Explain your answer (oss)Do it yourse4( Relet to yout notes on venice).,....-.Make use or theinfomation from Qn(s)ta explain the Foteisn Threats (Extemal Facto) andSoc ial Chal I en s e s (t nte rn at Facto 4

on (9) Towhal ertenl waslrade monopo y rcspons be itincrease in Venice s kadeT E,pla n you answer.

rnd Soul Fl lLop- ph-do-rF.e elcn)'o goodc r'on l- Lo>t .., dsprces, sugar and even d anronds usrng a comb nation ofovedand and sea.outesthey were abLe to buy and aler selllhese goods to olher slales. These ooodswer. sold al a verv hioh prrce. endblinq the Venetidns lo reap ta-ae o/otits.Unlike Genoa and the Hanseatic Leaque, Venice was able to provide a tarqervarielv ofooods from th€ East. The European states had verv titUe choiceotherthan to buv from Venice causino theirtrade lo increase

Tre Venelans aso possessed an enlerp.s ng spnt To slay ahead otrhecompeltion fortrade lhey expored new lrade.oules, slpp es afd markets bylrave ng to unknown ands Forexampe lhe Poofam ly took catcutated rsks loextefd lEde furlher from beyond the Midd e Easl. Their exotoration ofthe

As Vencewas strateqlca ly located at lhe nodhern tip of the Adriatc Sea. centra

alqrland kade route to China earned Venice qood relations with counrriesthe Far Eastenablinq itto increase its trade.

(Factors that improve Venice's economy)

Wlh lherextensve knowledge in shlpblildins. the Venetiansdesraned and buirsuperiorvesseLs to meet then sailng needs Therefore. untike traditional sail ngsh ps, the Ve.etian feet was prope ted by bolh oa.s and sa s Therefore th--y didnotdepefd on wind aofe This enabled them to travetfu.ther. thus. facitirarinthe erpansion of 1.ade and ter.itorialqonirol.

--n (1dt T rh*ysrm oi swment was more ot a n rdrance thaf a he p to

Venlc; How rar do vo! asr-'e wlh lhLS stalement? Exp ain vour{sru9

".*" *n lffil. "to*.me ,*.o@ or,h.drc rn"n "

r'"rp r"- +r." . ,*,a"i-oc.,-. ^o/-d

n t--o"q'11-qb ^a\no'rbr" o

overcome some chalLenqes as lime passed The rotalon oldlties ensurcd lhtt no

indivLdua o. famiLv coud domLnate the governmenl tslaw s lhatcompeteofi.ers woud halelo leave ofiice after onelerm This meant that incomtetent

-lOeg.

Mo,eov",, many not." who were p€vrouslv scholars compeled lo serue as

;;lcommande6 in thewars againsl lhe Oltomanselen rhoush thev d d nol haveol>-oi--, e, - '4ed

' "r., o e5 n ba "' Ihrs slows lhete weF lraws rn lhe wdv the V"n'lian

-"6ole could be saiected to replace and in times ofcrisis this was nota qood

ove;nment selected iis naval comru!dq$*!9!9l44sj! !the leaders selected and theskills required

rdraqree,a,l- 5-r o go/e m'nre.. 'd ho ooooFm abe''wc-"" -;.", ..n Lnlneoo,cnm6nr d o po^,d.rherc s Ihe counc ofTen th;lwould monitorthe acuviles oforganzatons and

ofticals lo ensure lhal there were no coftupt practices or abuse ofpowerbvtheDoa"o d,"rqr'J c01 " d rplo .oo.arm6 wo d

oe- L ea b. or- .o o '. d" _dce o o J"ao," Noo o ^r dooar'lr*dnd

rlr s lncluded the Dodge h msef There was the Nominalnq Commillee added lorha e e.l on Drocess to identilv slilabe mae candidales ior allelecled p.ocess to.reirfv surtabe male cand dales for a leiecled positions through the process of

baLot;q Sqch a svstem ensured thatthe qovernmentwas efiicientand cleanll,lso ;etrithat the qovernmentwould workfor!he beneritof the counlrvand rlris is deiinite v a help