Spm Chemistry Chapter 2

8/18/2019 Spm Chemistry Chapter 2

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SPM CHEMISTRY

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom

Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.

2.1 Matter

1. Matter is anything that has _________________ and occupies

_________________.

2. The particle theory of matter states that

Matter is made up of _________________ and

_________________ particles.

There are _________________ beteen the particles.

!. "lassi#cation of matter

1

Matter

IonsMolecules

Made up of to or

more type of

particles combined

Made up of to or

more type of

particles combined

Made up of one

type of

particles

Atom

Elements Elements Compounds Compound


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$. The %inetic theory of matter states that

The particles are in _________________ motion.

&inetic energy of the particles increases as the

_________________ of the particles increases.

'. ro!n"an mot"on is the e(idence that a li)uid consists of

particles hich are in constant motion

*. +,ample of Bronian motion

Mo(ement of smo%e particles in air

Mo(ement of pollen grains in ater

-. nother e(idence of mo(ement of particles is

_________________.

/. 0iusion is the mo(ement of particles from high

concentration region to lo concentration region.

2

#Mn$%


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. "omparison beteen the three states of matter

Character"st"

cs

Sol"d &"'u"d (as

rrangement

of particles

Particles

arranged in

orderlymanner and

closely pac%ed

Particles

arranged not

in orderlymanner and

loosely pac%ed

Particles are

arranged far

apart

Mo(ement of

particles

3ibrate and

rotate about

their #,ed

position

Particles mo(e

randomly

Particles mo(e

randomly and

freely

4orces ofattraction

beteen

particles

Strong Moderate 5ea%

bility to be

compressed

3ery di6cult +asy 3ery easy

3olume 4i,ed 4i,ed 4ollos the

container

Shape 4i,ed 4ollo the

container

4ollo the

container

&inetic energy 7o Moderate 8igh

)


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. The changes in the states of matter

8eat energy is absorbed to

___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________.

8eat energy is released to

____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________.

*

Sol"d &"'u"d (as

HEAT E+ER(Y IS AS$RE,

HEAT E+ER(Y IS RE&EASE,


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Heat"n- cure of naphthalene

1. 7abel the folloing

P9: _________________________ 9;:

_______________________________

;9S: _________________________ S9T:

_______________________________

T9: ___________________________

2. 5hat is the meaning of melting point? _____________________________________________________________

___________________ !. 5hat is the meaning of boiling point?

_____________________________________________________________

___________________ $. 5hy at 9; and S9T@ the temperatures remain the same?

_____________________________________________________________

___________________

_____________________________________________________________

___________________

/


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'. 5hy ater bath is used to determine the melting and boiling

point of naphthalene?

_____________________________________________________________

___________________

0


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Cool"n- cure of naphthalene

1. 7abel the folloing

P9: _________________________ 9;:

_______________________________

;9S: _________________________ S9T:

_______________________________

T9: ___________________________

2. 5hat is the meaning of condensation point? _____________________________________________________________

___________________ !. 5hat is the meaning of freeAing point? _____________________________________________________________

___________________ $. 5hy at 9; and S9T@ the temperatures remain the same?

_____________________________________________________________

___________________

_____________________________________________________________ ___________________


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9/13

2.2 Atom"c structure

,eelopment of the atom"c model

Sc"ent"st Model

proposed

,escr"pt"on

ohn 0alton • n atom is ______________ in

shape.

• tom is a _____________ and

indi(isible particle. . Thomson • 0isco(ered negati(ely

charged particle called

_____________.

• The electrons are

embedded in a positi(ely

charged sphere.+rnest

;utherford

• 0isco(ered positi(ely

charged particle called

_____________.

• The protons are localiAed at

the nucleus of an atom.Ceils Bohr • +lectrons mo(e in a

__________________ around

the nucleus hich contains

protons. ames

"hadic%

• 0isco(ered neutral particle

called _____________.

• Cucleus of an atom consists

of neutrons and protonshile electrons orbit in the

3


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shells.

Su4atom"c part"cles of an atom

Part"cle S5m4ol Relat"e

mass

Char-e

ProtonCeutron+lectron

+ucleon +o. 6 Proton +o. 7 +eutron +o.

1. Proton number is the total number of _________________ in the

nucleus of an atom.

2. Ceutron number is the total number of _________________ in

the nucleus of an atom.

!. Cucleon number is the total number of _________________ and

_________________ in the nucleus of an atom.

$. 4or a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are

_________________.

18

+ucleon

no. 9 mass

no.

Proton

no. 9

atom"c

no.

S5m4ol

of the

element


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Isotopes

1. 0e#nition:

_____________________________________________________________

___ _____________________________________________________________

________________.2. They ha(e same __________________________ properties but

dierent ___________________________ properties.!. Dsotopes ha(e same chemical properties because

_______________________

_____________________________________________________________

__________________ $. +,ample of isotopes

Dsotopes

Proton no.Ceutron no.Cucleon no.

'. Dsotopes and their uses

"obalt *E

Fgamma ray

•


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The electron"c structure of an atom

• The electrons in the outermost shell are called

_________________________.• These electrons can be used to represent ___________________ in

a periodic table.

• 5hereas@ the number of shells #lled ith electrons is used to

determine the ______________________ in a periodic table.

• 5hen an atom achie(es ma,imum electrons at the 1st shells

the atom is said to ha(e achie(ed stable ________________

electron arrangement.• 5hen an atom achie(es ma,imum electrons at the 2nd and

subse)uent shells the atom is said to ha(e achie(ed stable

________________ electron arrangement.

Element Proto

n. no

Electr

on no.

Electro

narran-

e.

To

ach"eesta4"l"t5

Ion"c

formula

Electr

on no.

7ithium !"alcium 2Eluminiu

m

1!

"arbon *

phosphorus

1'

12

Ma,imum

___________ e H

Ma,imum ___________ e H

Ma,imum

___________ e H


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I,ygen /"hlorine 1-rgon 1/

1)

Spm Chemistry Chapter 2

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