USER
1.TO INVESTIGATE OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF CELL TO THE FIXED SHAPED
OF THE CELLProblem statement
Does plant cell and animal cell have fixed shape?
Hypothesis
Plant cell has a fixed shape but not animal cell
Variables
MV : type of cell/plant cell and animal cell
RV : fixed shape of cell
CV : One drop of methylene blue solution and distilled water
Apparatus and materials
Glass slide,cover slips,forcep,knife,microscope,toothpick,white
tile/cutting board,methylene blue solution,iodine solution,iodine
solution,filter paper,distilled water,onion scale leaf,cheek
cell
Procedure
A scale leaf from an onion bulb are obtained
By using a forcep .the inner surface of onion scale leaf is
peeled off
One drop of distilled water was placed in the middle of glass
slide
With a needle ,the cover slip is dropped slowly at 450 to the
glass slide so that no air bubble being trapped
A drop of iodine solution was dropped at one side of the cover
slip
A filter paper was placed at the opposite end of the opposite
end of the cover slip to allow the spreading of solution absorbing
excess solution
The slide is observed under a light microscope using a low power
objective lens then high power objective lens
The plant structure is then drawn and recorded by using a
microscope
This experiment is repeated using a cheek cell
The mouth is rinsed before starting with experiment
By using a toothpick, the inner mouth were scrapped to get some
cheek cell
Then the cheek cell was placed onto a glass side
A drop of methylene blue solution was added
Slowly the cover slips was dropped, then the filter paper were
placed at one end of the cover slip for irrigation
This slide is then observe and the structure was recorded by
using a microscope
All the results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of Data
Type of cellStructure of cell seen under microscope
Magnification : 10 x 40
Plant cell/onion scale leaf
Animal cell/cheek cell
2.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF SUCROSE SOLUTION WHICH IS
ISOTONIC TO THE CELL SAP OF POTATO STRIP
Problem statement
What is the concentration of the sucrose solution that will
maintain the length of potato strip?
Hypothesis
As the sucrose solution reach certain concentration (isotonic to
the cell sap),there is no changes in the length of potato strip
Variables
MV : the concentration of the sucrose solution
RV : change in length of potato strip
FV : initial length of potato strip
Apparatus & material
Cork borer, test tubes,stopwatch,ruler,potatoes,various
concentration of sucrose solution,filter paper
Procedure:
Six test tube are labeled P,Q,R,S,T and U
Test tube P is filled with 10ml distilled water, test tube Q is
filled with 10ml sucrose solution O.1M,test tube R is filled with
10ml sucrose solution 0.2M,test tube S is filled with 10ml sucrose
solution 0.3M,test tube T is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.4M
and test tubes U is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.5M
The cork borer is pushed into the potato and the potato strip is
obtained by pushing it out of the cork borer using a glass rod
The potato strips are cut to the exact length of 5 cm.
One potato cylinder is placed in each labeled test tubes for 30
minutes.
After 30minutes,the potato strips are removed from the test tube
and gently wiped with filter paper
The final length of the potato strips are measured and record
using a ruler
The final length of the potato strips are recorded in a result
table
A graph pf the concentration of sucrose solution against the
change in the length is plotted
Presentation
Test tubeConcentration of sucrose solution(M)Length
Initial(cm)Final(cm)Change in length(cm)
P0.05
Q0.15
R0.25
S0.35
T0.45
U0.55
3.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ALBUMEN CONCETRATION ON THE
ENZYME PEPSIN REACTIONProblem statement
What is the effect of different albumen concentration on the
rate of enzyme reaction?
Hypothesis
The higher the albumen concentration,the higher the rate of
enzyme reaction
Variables
MV : the concentration of albumen solution
RV : rate of enzyme reaction
CV : the volume of albumen solution
Apparatus and Materials
Albumen solution(1%,2%,3%,4%),1% pepsin solution,
pipette/measuring cylinder,HCL,water bath,thermometer,stopwatch
Procedure
5ml of 1% albumen solution is poured into a test tube using a
pipette.The test tube is labeled P.
1 ml of HCL acid is poured into the same test tube using another
pipette
1 ml of 5% pepsin is poured into the same test tube using
another pipette.The mixture is shaken well.
The test tube is placed in the beaker containing 300 ml of water
at 37oC.A thermometer is placed in the beaker to check the
temperature.
The stopwatch is started
The mixture is observed and the time taken for the solution to
turn colourless is taken using a stopwatch and recorded in a
table.
Steps 1 to 6 are repeated twice to get an average result
Steps 1 to 7 are repeated,replacing the 1% albumen solution with
2%,3% and 4% albumen solution respectively.
All data are recorded in a table and a graph of the rate of
enzme reaction against the albumen concentrated is plotted
Presentation of data
Concentration of albumen solution(%)Time taken for the mixture
to turn colourless(min)The rate of enzyme reaction (min-1)
123average
1
2
3
4
4.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH VALUES ON THE RATE OF PEPSIN
ENZYMEProblem statement
What is the effect of pH values on the rate of of Pepsin
Reaction?
Hypothesis
The lower the pH, the higher the rate of pepsin reaction
Variables
MV : pH values
RV : rate of pepsin reaction
CV : concentration of pepsin
Apparatus and materials
Pepsin solution,albumen suspension,distilled water,Hydrochloric
acid,sodium Hydroxide solution,stopwatch,water bath,tripod stand
and wire gauze,thermometer,test tube,measuring cylinders/syringe,pH
paper,wire gauze,Bunsen burner and tripod stand,test tube rack
Procedure
200ml of egg white is mixed with 500ml of distilled water to
prepare an albumen suspension
The albumen suspension were boiled,stirred and leave to cool
Three test tubes were labeled as P,Q and R
5ml of albumen suspension were placed into each test tube using
a syringe
Then the following solutions were added into each test tubes as
follows:
Test tubepHMixture of solution
P2 = acidic1ml of 0.1M HCL + 1ml of 1% pepsin solution
Q7 = neutral1ml of distilled water + 1ml of 1%pepsin
solution
R9 = alkaline1ml of 0.1M NaOH + 1ml of 1% pepsin solution
pH paper were dip into each test tube and the pH values were
recorded
All the test tubes were immersed in a water bath with a
temperature of 37% for 20minutes.
Observe and recorded the time taken for the cloudiness of
mixture turns clear by using a stopwatch
Results of the experiment were recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Test tubepH valuesTime taken for the hydrolysis of albumen
suspension (minutes)
P2
Q7
R9
5.THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF SALIVARY
AMYLASEProblem statement
What are effects of different temperature on the rate of
salivary amylase reaction?
Hypothesis
As the temperature increase,the rate of amylase reaction
increases until it reaches the optimum temperature
Variables
MV : temperature of the medium
RV : the rate of reaction catalysed by salivary amylase
CV : volume of saliva
Apparatus and Materials
Beakers,test tube,thermometer,syringe,droppers,glass rods,white
tiles woth grooves,water bath,stopwatch,1% of starch
suspension,saliva suspension iodine solution ,ice cubes and
distilled water
Procedure:
Mouth is rinsed with warm water and saliva is collected.Saliva
with equal volume of distilled water is diluted
5ml of 1% starch suspension is out into each of the test tubes
labeled A1,B1,C1,D1, and E1 respectively using a syringe
2 ml of saliva is added into each of another set of the test
tubes labeled A2,B2,C2,D2 and E2 using a second syringe
Test tubes A1 and A2,B1 and B2,C1 and C2,D1 and D2,E1 and E2 is
immersed respectively into 5 different water baths with temperature
kept constant at OOC,28oC,37OC,45OC and 60oC.
The test tubes are left for five minutes
Meanwhile, a dry piece white tile with grooves is prepared and a
drop of iodine solution is placed into each groove
After five minutes of immersion ,the starch suspension in test
tube A1 is poured into the saliva in test tube A2.The mixture is
stirred using a glass rod. The stopwatch is started
immediately.
A drop of mixture is removed from test tube A2,using a dropper
and is placed in into the iodine solution in the first groove on
the tile.The first groove is considered as zero minute
The iodine test is repeated every minute for ten minute.The
dropper in a beaker of water is rinsed after each sampling.The time
taen for the completion of the hydrolysis of starch is recorded
(that is when the mixture gives a negative iodine test) using a
stopwatch.
The test tube with the mixture in their respective water bath is
kept throughout the experiment .steps 7 to 10 for test tubes
B1,C1,D1 and E1 is repeated.
Thermometer is used to ensure that the temperature remain
constant throughout the experiment
The result is recorded and a graph showing the rate of reaction
against temperature is plotted
The activities of amylase reaction Is optimum at 37oC
Presentation of dataTest tubeTemp
(oC)Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed
(minutes)Rate reaction (min-1)
6.TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONTENT IN THE SAMPLE OF FOODProblem
statement
Does the final water temperature reading for cashew nut is
higher than peanut and white bread?
Hypothesis
The final temperature reading/energy value for cashew is higher
than peanut and white bread
Variables
MV : type of food
RV : the energy content
CV : volume of distilled water
Materials and apparatus
Cashew nut,peanut,white bread,distilled water,boiling
tubes,plasticine,pin,thermometer,bunsen burner and wire
gauze,stopwatch,retort stand and clamp
Procedure
Weigh the white bread and record its weight
Fill a boiling tube with 20ml distilled water
Clamp the boiling tube to the retort stand
Record the initial temperature of the water in the boiling
tube
Spike the white bread firmly at the end of the pin which is
mounted on some plasticine
Ignite the white bread by holding it in the flame of a bunsen
burner.then,immediately place it beneath the boiling tube to heat
the water
Stir the water gently with the thermometer
Record the initial temperature,that is the highest temperature
reached as soon as the peanut has stopped burning using
thermometer.
Calculate the energy value of the peanut using the formula below
[show energy value formula]
Tabulate the results in table below
Steps 1 to 9 are repeated by using different food sample such as
peanut and cashew nut
Presentation of data
Food sampleTemperature 0CEnergy value
InitialFinalIncrease in temperature
White bread
Peanut
Cashew nut
7.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT IN THE
SAMPLE OF FRUIT JUICESProblem statement
What is the sample of fruit juices that contains a higher
concentration of vitamin C?
Hypothesis
Guava juice contains a higher concentration of vitamin C
compared to orange Juice and pineapple juice
Variables
MV : type of fruit juice
RV : concentration of vitamin C
CV : volume of DCPIP solution
Apparatus and materials
Boiling tube,a syringe,a syringe with needles ,beaker,gauze
cloth and a knife ,DCPIP solution,0.1% ascorbic acid solution
.freshly prepared guava juice,pineapple juice and orange juice
Procedure
Label four boiling tube as A,B,C, and D
Place 1ml of DCPIP solution in each boiling tube
Fill a syringe with 5ml of ascorbic acid solution
Immerse the needle of the syringe in the DCPIP solution
drop-by-drop
Do not shake the tube vigorously
Record the volume of ascorbic acid solution used to turn the
DCPIP solution colourless using a syringe
Repeat steps 22 to 7 using Lime Juice,pineapple juice and papaya
juice
Calculate the percentage and concentration of vitamin C in these
three types of fruit juice using the formula below [ shows
percentage of vitamin C and Concentration of vitamin C formula]
Presentation of data
SolutionVolume of fruit juice needed to decolourize 1ml of DCPIP
solution (ml)Percentage of vitamin C In fruit juice (%)Vitamin C
concentration in fruit juice (mg/cm)
8.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESISProblem statement
What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity ,the higher the rate of
photosynthesis until it reaches limiting value
Variables
MV : light intensity
RV : rate of photosynthesis
CV : The temperature
Apparatus and materials
Hydrilla Sp.,0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate
solution,beaker,thermometer,test tube,stopwatch,60W electric bulb ,
measuring cylinder , retort stand,paper clip,metre ruler
Procedure
A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp
scalpel
The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards
A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the
hydrilla sp. Sprig
10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a
boiling tube
The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the
temperature maintained at 280C
A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant
When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of
bubbles released for 5 minutes is recorded using a stopwatch
The steps are repeated by placing the apparatus at distance
40cm,30cm,20cm and 10cm from the light source.
The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is
calculated by using a formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of data
Distance of light source (cm)Number of bubbles released in 5
minutesRate of photosynthesis (number of bubble /minute)
50
40
30
20
10
9.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON
THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESISProblem statement
What is the effect of concentration of carbon dioxide on the
rate of photosynthesis?
Hypothesis
The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide the higher the
rate of photosynthesis
Variables
MV : concentration of Carbon dioxide
RV : rate of photosynthesis
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials
Hydrilla Sp., sodium hydrogen carbonate
solution,beaker,thermometer,test tube,retort sand,stopwatch,lamp ,
measuring cylinder , retort stand,ruler and paper clip
Procedure
A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp
scalpel
The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards
A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the
hydrilla sp. Sprig
10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a
boiling tube
The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the
temperature maintained at 280C
A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant
When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of
bubbles released for 5 minutes is recorded using a stopwatch
The steps are repeated by using 0.4%,0.6% and 0.8% sodium
carbonate solution.
The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is
calculated by using a formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of data
Concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (%)Number of
bubbles released in 5 minutesRate of photosynthesis (number of
bubble /minute)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
10.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN DEFECIENCIES IN CULTURE
SOLUTION ON THE BEIGHT/GROWTH RATE OF SEEDLING
Problem statement
What is the effect of nitrogen deficiencies in culture solution
on the growth rate of seedling
Hypothesis
The growth rate of seedling is slower in nitrogen deficiencies
of culture solution
Variables
MV : the type of culture medium
RV : growth rate of seedling
CV : the initial height if seedling
Apparatus and material
Tomato seedling/maize seedling,potasium hydrogen
phosphate,calcium chloride,pottasium chloride,distilled
water,cotton wool,black paper,glass jar,glass tubing,L-shaped
delievery tube,air pump,rubber bung,ruler
Procedure
Three glass jars labeled A,B and C are prepared
In glass jar A ,distilled water is fulfilled which serves as a
control experiment
In glass jar B, a complete culture solution is prepared using
the composition of the Knops solution as a guide
In glass jar C a culture solution deficient in nitrogen is
prepared by replacing calcium nitrate with calcium chloride and
potassium nitrate is replaced by potassium chloride
Each jar is wrapped with black paper to prevent light from
penetrating into the culture which will cause the growth of green
algae
Three maize seedlings of the same height are chosen and put into
each jars
Keep the roots of seedlings are fully immersed in each
solutions.The culture solution is aerated using an air pump to
ensure the root of the seedling obtain enough for respiration
All set of apparatus are exposed to light so the seedling are
able to carry out photosynthesis
The culture solution in each jar is replaced every week to
ensure that the nutrients which are supposed to be available are
not depleted
After one month,seedling in jar A Is taken out and the height of
seedling is measured and recorded by using a ruler.the growth rate
of the seedling is calculated and is recorded in a table using
formula:
The height of seedling (cm)
Time taken (days)
Step 10 is repeated with seedling in glass jar B and glass jar C
are observed
Record the result in table and plot a bar chart showing the
growth rate of seedlings(cm/day) against the types of solution
Presentation of data
Glass jarType of solutionThe height of seedling cmThe growth
rate of seedling(cm/day)
initialfinal
ADistilled water
BComplete knops solution
CNitrogen deficient in culture solution
11.TO INVESTIGATE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION IN YEASTProblem statement
What is the effect of temperature on the rate anaerobic
respiration in yeast?
Hypothesis
The increase the temperature,the increase the rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast
Variables
MV : temperature
RV : the rate of anaerobic respiration
CV : volume/concentration of yeast
Apparatus and materials
Yeast solution,glucose solution,coloured liquid,paraffin
oil,manometer tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass
tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch, marker pen,
rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand
Procedure
Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.
Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
The boiling is filled with paraffin oil
The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass
tube,rubber tubing and the manometer
The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the
manometer with a marker pen
Then,placed the boiling tube in water bath at 200C
Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the
manometer (after 10 minutes)
Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
using a ruler
Repeat the experiment by placing the boiling tube in water baths
at 300C,400C and 500C
Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight
Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast
by using a formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
Temperature
(C0)The height of coloured liquid in manometer(cm)Rate of
anaerobic in yeast (cm/min)
initialfinal
20
30
40
50
12.THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
YEASTProblem statement
What is the effect of pH on the rate of anaerobic respiration in
yeast?
Hypothesis
The rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast is optimal in acidic
medium
Variables
MV : pH value
RV : rate of anaerobic respiration
CV : concentration of yeast solution
Apparatus and material
pH paper,hydrochloric acid,sodium hydroxide Yeast
solution,glucose solution,coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer
tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler,
boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper,
thermometer , beaker, retort stand
Procedure
Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.
Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
4 drop of 0.1mol dm3 Hydrochloric acid is added
The content in boiling tube is shaked.determine the pH of the
solution using pH paper
The boiling tube is filled with paraffin oil.
The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass
tube,rubber tubing and the manometer
The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the
manometer with a marker pen and a ruler
Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the
manometer (after 10 minutes)
Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
using a ruler
Repeat the experiment by placing add 4 drops o.o1 mol dm3 HCL,4
drops of distilled water and 4 drops of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium
hydroxide
Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight
Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast
by using a formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
pHThe height of coloured liquid in manometer (cm)Rate of
anaerobic respiration in yeast (cm/min)
13.THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE ON THE RATE OF
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST
Problem statement
what is the effect of concentration of glucose on the rate of
anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Hypothesis
the higher the concentration of glucose the higher the rate of
anaerobic respiration in yeast
Variables
MV : concentration of glucose
RV : The rate of anaerobic respiration
CV : Concentration of yeast solution
Apparatus and materials
Yeast solution,glucose solution,vaselin, coloured
liquid,paraffin oil,manometer tube,measuring cylinder , rubber
tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath,
stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort
stand
Procedure
Filled the boiling tube with yeast suspension.
Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
Glucose solution is heated to remove dissolved oxygen.the
solution is left to cool
The boiling is filled with paraffin oil
The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass
tube,rubber tubing and the manometer
Vaseline is used to make sure all the joints is airtight
The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the
manometer with a marker pen
Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the
manometer (after 10 minutes)
Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
using a ruler
Repeat the experiment by 10% and 30% glucose solution
Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast
by using a formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
Concentration of glucose (%)The height of coloured liquid in the
manometer (cm)Rate of anaerobic respiration(cm/min)
initialfinal
5
10
20
14.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SMOKING TO THE LUNGProblem
statement
What is the effect of cigarette number to the colour change in
cotton wool and the increase in temperature of thermometer?
Hypothesis
As the number if cigarette increase ,the more brownish the
colour of cotton wool and the higher the temperature in
thermometer
Variables
MV : the number of cigarette
RV : Change in cotton wool and increased in temperature of
thermometer
CV : Volume of universal indicator
Apparatus and materials
U-Tube,glass tube,boiling tube,suction
pump,temperature,measuring cylinder,boiling tube ,universal
indicator,cotton wool,cigarette
Procedure
Diagram with 5 correct labels
50ml of universal indicator is measured using measuring cylinder
and poured into the boiling tube
The initial temperature of the air in U-Tube is recorded
The initial colour of cotton wool/universal indicator is
recorded
One cigarette is lighted up and suction pump is switched on
Record the change of colour in cotton and increase in
temperature using a thermometer after cigarette stopped burning (In
a table)
Repeat steps 6 to 8 by using 2,3, and 4 cigarettes
Make sure all the joining are air tight
Presentation of data
Before experimentAfter experiment
Temperature (0C)
Colour of cotton wool
15.TO DETERMINE THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENTS IN
INHALED AND EXHALED AIRProblem statement
Does inhaled air contain more oxygen and less carbon dioxide
than exhaled hair?
HypothesisInhaled air contains more oxygen and less carbon
dioxide than exhaled air
Variables
MV : type of air sample(inhaled or exhaled air)
RV : percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and
exhaled air
CV : length of air used
Apparatus and materials
Potassium hydroxide solution,pottassium pyrogallate
solution,water,J-tube,ruler,beaker,boilng tube,basin/water
bath,ruber tubings
Procedure
Turn the screw of the J-Tube until the end
Dip the end of the J-Tube in water.Draw into the tube about 5cm
of water
Remove the J-Tube from the water.Draw into the tube about 10cm
of air(inhaled air)
Dip the open end of J-Tube into the water again .Draw in a
little more water (to seal the air column)
Adjust the screw so that air column is sin the middle of the
J-Tube
Immerse the J-Tube into the water bath for 2 minutes ,to
stabilize the temperature of air sample
Measure the length of air column using a ruler .Record the
measurement as P cmExpel some of the water in the J-tube leaving
about 2-3mm from the end of the tube
Dip the open end of the J-Tube into the potassium hydroxide and
draw in about 2-3cm of the solution(potassium hydroxide absorbs
carbon dioxide from the air column)
Remove the test tube from the solution and move the air column
to and fro several times
Repeat step 6 and 7 .Record the length of air column as q cm
Expel the potassium hydroxide solution leaving about 2-3 mm from
the end of the tubeRepeat step 9 using potassium pyrogallate
solution (potassium pyrogallate absorbs oxygen from the air
column)Repeat steps 6 and 7 .Record the length of the air column as
r cmBased on the results ,calculate the percentage of carbon
dioxide and oxygen in the sample of inhaled air column using
formulaRepeat steps 1 -17 using a sample of exhaled airCompare the
percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled airCompare the
percentage of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled airPresentation
data
Data for inhaled air
Length of inhaled air column at the beginning experimentP
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium
hydroxide solutionQ
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium
pyrogallate solutionR
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air(p-q)cm
Length of O2 column in inhaled air(q-r)cm
Percentage of CO2 in inhaled airp-qcm x 100%
p cm
Percentage of O2 in inhaled airq-rcm x 100
p cm
Data for exhaled air
Length of inhaled air column at the beginning experimentX
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium
hydroxide solutionY
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium
pyrogallate solutionZ
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air(x-y)cm
Length of O2 column in inhaled air(y-z)cm
Percentage of CO2 in inhaled air(x-y)cm x 100%
X cm
Percentage of O2 in inhaled air
(y-z)cm x 100%
X cm
15.TO STUDY HOW POPULATION SIZE OF SPECIES MIMOSA PUDICA AND
IMPERATA CYLINDRICA CAN BE DETERMINED IN YOUR SCHOOL FIELDProblem
statement
What is the population size of mimosa pudica and imperata
cylindrica in the school field?
Hypothesis
The population size of species mimosa pudica plant is higher
than species imeprata cylindrica in the school field
Variables
MV : type of plant
RV : population size
CV : quadrat size
Materials and apparatus
Plant species Mimosa Pudica and imperata cylindrica ,plastic
quadrat,marker pen,A4 paper,graph paper
Procedure
School field was chosen as the field study
Quadrats size 1mx1m was used
Two plants species mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica was
identified
The quadrats were thrown at random in the school field
The area of coverage each plant species were counted
If more than half of the squares in the quadrat are covered ,the
area of plant species will be counted.the area is not counted if
only less than half is covered
Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for nine quadrats
The area covered by plant species studied in each quadrat were
recorded and tabulated in a table
The percentage coverage of plant species were calculated by
using this formula :percentage of coverage = total are covered
plant species In all quadrats X 100
Total number of quadrants x area of quadrat
Presentation of data
Plant speciesNumber of plant species in the quadratTotal number
of plant species(m2) Percentage coverage area (%)
12345678910
19.TO INVESTIGATE THE WATER POLUTION LEVEL AND BOD VALUE AT THE
STATION A,B, AND C
Problem statement
Which sources of water sample A,B and C will be more polluted
and give the higher BOD value?
Hypothesis
Water sample C are the most polluted and have the highest BOD
value compare to water sample A and B
Variable
MV : type water samples
RV : water pollution level and BOD values
CV : volume of water sample
Apparatus and materials
Reagents bottles with stoppers,syringe,cupboard,stopwatch,label
paper, measuring cylinder, beaker, water sources from station A,B
and C,methylene blue solution
Procedure
200ml water samples from A,B and C sources are collected
3 bottles of reagent are labeled as A,B, and X respectively
100ml of water samples at A were measured by using measuring
cylinder are being put into reagent bottle
1ml of methylene blue solution 0.1% solution was added to the
base of each water samples using a syringe
The bottles are closed quickly and the contents are not to be
shaken
Steps 1 to 5 were repeated by using water source from station B
and C
All the bottles are placed in a cupboard and the stopwatch is
started
The bottle are examined from time to time
The time taken for methylene to decolourise is recorded for all
the water samples
The results are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Reagent bottlesWater samples (100ml)Time taken to decolourise
methylene blue (hour)BOD value and pollution level (unit)
A
B
C
16.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE POPULATION
GROWTH RATE OF LEMNA MINORProblem statement
What is the effect of light intensity on the growth rate of
lemna minor?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity the higher the growth rate of
lemna minor at the end of experiment
Variables
MV : light intensity
RV : the growth rate of lemna minor
CV : initial number of lemna minor
Apparatus and materials
Lemna minor,pond water,light bulb(5,40,80
watts),beaker,ruler,measuring cylinder,waterproof paint
Procedure
Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of water in
each beaker
The beakers are labeled as A,B and C with waterproof paint
5 lemna minor are put into each baker
Each beaker is placed at 30cm from the lamps with different
light intensities ,that is 5 watts ,40 watts, and 80 watts
respectively
All the beakers are placed in area of the same temperature
Change the water in each beaker every 3 days
After 7 days,the number of lemna minor in each beaker is counted
and recorded
The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using
formula:
The number of lemna minor
Time taken(day)
The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Light intensity (watts)Number of lemnaThe growth rate of lemna
minor
Beginning end
55
405
805
17.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE POPULATION GROWTH OF LEMNA
MINOR IN THIS LABORATORY
Problem statement
Does the changes in pH effects the growth rate of lemna
minor?
Hypothesis
The growth rate of lemna minor is higher in neutral medium
Variables
MV : the changes in pH
RV : the growth rate of lemna minor
CV : numberof lemna minor in the beginning of experiment
Apparatus and materials
Lemna minor,pond water,0.1M hydrochloric acid ,0.1M sodium
hyroxide,distilled water,beaker,waterproof paint,measuring cylinder
and dropper
Procedure
Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of pond water
in each beaker
The beaker are labeled A,B, and C with waterproof paint
Bu using measuring cylinder,10ml of 0.1M of hydrochloric acid is
measured and poured into beaker A,10ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide
solution is measured and poured into beaker B and 10ml of distilled
water is measured and poured into beaker C
20 numbers of lemna minor are put into each beaker
Each beaker is placed in an area of distributed light and
temperature
After 5 days,the number of lemna minor is counted in each
beaker
The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using
formula
The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
BeakerCondition of pHNumber of lemna minorThe growth rate of
lemna minor(day)
beginningending
A0.1M of hydrochloric acid(acidic)
B0.1M sodium hydroxide(alkaline)
Cdistilled water(neutral)
20.TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF SOLID POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR OF
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTProblem statement
Which place will produce the largest number of fine particle in
the air?
Hypothesis
The number of solid particles in school car park is higher than
air sample in air conditional room,classroom and school canteen
Variables
MV : location where glass slide is placed
RV : number of solid particles
CV : time exposure
Apparatus and materials
Glass slide,cellophone tape,light miscroscope,petri
dish,ruler,places of study,fine particles
Procedure
4 slides are prepared and labeled them A,B,C and D
5cm of cellophane tape is sticked on each slide with the sticky
surface facing outward
The slide A is placed at school park
Leave the slide undisturbed for a week
After one week,collect a slide view under light microscope under
low power
Repeat experiment for slide B at conditioned room,slide C at
classroom and slide D at school canteen
The number of solid pollutions is recorded
Presentation of data
Glass slidePlace where slide is locatedNumber of fine particles
as seen under microscope (unit)
AAir conditioned room
BClassroom
CSchool canteen
DSchool car park
21.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO
VOLUME(TSA/V) RATIO TOWARDS THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF SUBTANCES BY
USING POTATO
Problem statement
How does the TSA/V ration effect the rate of diffusion of the
substance?
Hypothesis
As the TSA/V ratio increases the rate of diffusion of the
substances increases
Variables
MV : TSA/V
RV : rate of diffusion
CV : concentration of coloured water
Apparatus and materials
Coloured water,potato,filter paper,knife,blade,white
tiles,forceps,stopwatch,grided transparency sheet,beaker
Procedure
Potato is cut into cubes which is 1cm3,8cm3,27cm3, and 64cm3Each
potato cubes is placed in a beaker containing coloured water for
20minutes
After 20minutes the potato cubes are cut into two halves
The outer surface of the potato cubes are dried using filter
paper
The transparency sheet is placed on the top of cut surface
The area that is stained red is drawn and shaded on the gridded
transparency
Coloured area in each potato cubes is measured by using gridded
transparency
The percentage of coloured area in each potato cube is
calculated and recorded
Calculated and recorded the rate of diffusion using a
formula
Percentage of coloured area %
Time taken(Min)
Presentation of data
Size of cubes(cm3)Percentage of coloured area (%)Rate of
diffusion of potato cube (%/min)
1
8
27
64
22.TO DETERMINE WETHER THE NUMBER OF LEAVES EFFECTING THE RATE
OF TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
Problem statement
Does number of leaves effect the rate of transpiration?
Hypothesis
The higher the number of leaves,the higher the rate of
photosynthesis
Variables
MV : number of leaves
RV : rate of transpiration
CV : air movement
Apparatus and materials
Plant shoot with leaves,water,photometer(or capillary
tube,ruler,ruber tube),stopwatch,light bulb,beaker
Procedure
A leafy shoot is chosen from a plant.the shoot is cut and is
immersed immediately into a basin of water
The shoot is cut 1cm from the bottom of the stem under water.the
leaves are removed from the shoot and 8 leaves is left behind
The cut end of the stem is inserted carefully into the rubber
tubing of the photometer under water
The apparatus is then set up as shown in diagram .the end of the
tube is immersed in a beaker of water
The leaves and the apparatus are wiped dry with a cloth
Vaseline is used to ensure no water leakage and the apparatus is
air tight
An air bubble is introduced in the tube
The photometer then placed in an enclosed room with no air
movement
The shoot Is allowed a few minutes to reach a steady state
before any readings is taken
The stopwatch is activated and the time taken for air bubble
travel10cm distance is recorded
The experiment is repeated to obtain two more reading
Steps 1 to 11 are repeated by using difference shoot with
difference number of leaves 6,4,2 and 0.
The time taken for air bubble to travel for each shoot is
recorded in the following table using stopwatch
Calculate the rate of transpiration by using formula
Presentation of data
Number of leavesTime taken (min)Rate of
transpiration(cm/min)
0
2
4
6
8
23.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
Is the light increasing the rate of of transpiration of a
plant?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity,the higher the rate of
transpiration
Variables
MV : distance light sources
RV : rate of of transpiration
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,knife,beaker,fluorescent lamp,meter ruler,
balsam plant,vaseline,water,tissue
Procedure
A suitable balsam plant is selected and is cut using a sharp
knife.the cut end is immediately immersed in a beaker filled with
distilled water
The cut plant is then fixed onto a photometer and the joint
between the plant and the photometer are sealed using a Vaseline to
make the airtight
The laboratory curtains and doors are pulled and closed so that
outside lightning will not effect the outcome of experiment
A 40W fluorescent lamp is set 30cm away from the edge of the
photometer with a meter ruler placed to measure the distance
The air bubble in photometer is set to 0cm.the lamp is switched
on and the stopwatch is started when the air bubble cross X
mark.
The movement of air bubble is observed and the stopwatch is
stopped when the bubble reaches Y mark that is 10cm
Record the time taken into a table using stopwatch
Step 4 to 7 are repeated ,with the distance of the lamp are put
at 40cm,50cm,60cm away from the photometer.
Calculate the rate of transpiration by using a formula
All the findings are recorded In a table
Presentation of data
Distance of lamp from the edge of photometer (cm)Time taken for
the air bubble to travel from X to Y (s)Rate of transpiration
(cm/second)
0
40
50
60
24.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF AIR MOVEMENT ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATIONProblem statement
What are the effect of the different speed of air movement on
the rate of transpiration?
Hypothesis
As the speed of the air movement increases,the rate of
transpiration increases.
Variables
MV : speed of air movement
RV : Rate of transpiration
CV : the temperature
Apparatus and materials
Capillary tube,retort stand,50ml beaker,basin,scalpel,rubber
tubing,tissue paper,vaseline,marker pen and
stopwatch,ruler,fan,water and plant shoot
Procedure
The leafy shoot is immersed In the water and cut using a sharp
scalpel
The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin
containing water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot
is inserted into the rubber tubing
Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to mae sure no air bubbles
are trapped in the apparatus
A finger is placed over the open the end of the capillary
tube.the apparatus is removed from the basin
The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the
beaker before ermoving the finger from the tube
The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot
using a tissue paper.some vaseline is smeared around the rubber
tubing to make the apparatus airtight
The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water
reservoir .the rubber tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop
of water from the capillary tube .the capillary tube is placed in
water
The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is
used to mark two points, X and Y at a distance of 5 cm apart
The photometer is placed under the table fan with speed 1
.record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from
point X to point Y using stopwatch
Repeat the experiment twice
To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air
bubble escapes into the beaker of water
The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same
shoot in under water a an with speed 2 and respectively
The average rate of the rate of transpiration measurement is
recorded in the table using formula
Prresentation of data
Speed of fanTime taken for the air bubble to move from point X
to Y (minutes)Rate of transpiration (cm/min)
First readingSecond readingThird readingaverage
Speed 1
Speed 2
Speed 3
25.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATIONProblem statement
Does the temperature affect the rate of transpiration of a
plant?
Hypothesis
The higher the temperature,the higher the rate of transpiration
of a plant
Variables
MV : temperature
RV : the rate of transpiration
CV : air movement
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of
water,marker,a leafy shoot,water,vaseline,dry
cloth,thermometer,transparent frame
Procedure
The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp
scalpel
The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin
containing water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot
is inserted into the rubbing tubing.
Steps 1 and 2 is carried out under water to make sure no air
bubbles are trapped in the apparatus
A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the
apparatus is removed from the basin
The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the
beaker before removing the finger from the tube
The water is dried from the surfaces of the leaves of the shoot
using tissue paper.Some vaseline is smeared around the rubber
tubing to make it airtight
The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water
reservoir.the rubber tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop
of water from the capillary tube.the capillary tube is placed in
water
The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is
used to mark two points ,X and Yat a distance 5cm apart
The non transparent frame is used to cover the leafy shoot and
of the photometer is placed in the shady place at 300C.the
temperature inside the frame is recorded using stopwatch
Record the time taken (in minutes)for the air bubble to move
from X to Y using stopwatch
To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air
bubble escapes into the beaker of water
The above step is repeated to get the three readings with the
same shoot with the transparent frame to cover the leaf shoot and
photometer is placed under the sun at 330C.the temperature inside
the frame is recorded using stopwatch
The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table
by using formula
Presentation of data
temperatureTime taken for the air bubble to move from X to Y
(minute)Rate of transpiration(cms-1)
123average
Shady place 300C
Under the sun 330C
26.TO INESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF AIR HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATIONProblem statement
Does humidity of air effect the rate of temperature?
Hypothesis
When the air humidity surrounding the plant is high,the rate of
transpiration is low
Variable
MV : humidity of air
RV : rate of transpiration
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of
water,marker,a leafy shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,anhydrous
calcium chloride,transparent bag
Procedure
The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp
scalpel
The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin
containing water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot
is inserted into the rubber tubing
Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubble
are trapped in the apparatus
A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the
apparatus is removedfrom the basin
The open end of the capillary tube is placed under in the beaker
before removing the finger from the tube
The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot
using tissue paper.some vaseline is smeared around the rubber
tubing to make sure the apparatus airtight
The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water
reservoir .the rubber tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop
of water from the capillary tube .the capillary tube is placed
under water
The apparatus is supported by a retort stand .a marker pen is
used to mark two points ,X and Y at a distance 5 cm apart
The transparent bag filled with presence of anhydrous calcium
chloride is used to cover the leafy shoot
Record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move
from pint X to Y using a stopwatch
Repeat the experiment twice
To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air
bubble escapes into the beaker of water
The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same
shoot with the transparent bag with absence of anhydrous calcium
chloride
The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table
using formula
Presentation of data
Condition inside tranparent bagHumidity of airTime taken for the
air bubble to move from X to YThe rate of transpiration
(cm.min)
contain anhydrous calcium chloride
Without anhydrous calcium chloride
27.TO DETERMINE THE URINE VOLUME RELEASED BY A STUDENT WHO
DRINKS DIFFERENT VOLUME OF MINERAL WATER
Problem statement
What is the effect of water intake of urine output?
Hypothesis
If more water is taken,more urine will be released
Variables
MV : volume of water
RV : volume of urine released
CV : same student
Apparatus and materials
Beakers,cup/mug,measuring cylinder,stopwatch,drinking water,a
student
Procedure
A student (sample A) is chosen and instructed to empty his
bladders before the start of the the experiment
200ml of water is measured and put into the mug
A student(sample A ) is given 200ml of mineral drinking water
drink
A stopwatch is started immediately after consuming the water
During the experiment,he is kept within 1-2 hours
He is instructed not to eat or perform any vigorous physical
activities
After half an hour,he is asked to empty his bladder
The collected urine is kept in a large beaker
At the interval of half an hour,until two hours,a student empty
his bladder
After two hours ,the total collected urine is measured using
measuring cylinder
Repeat step 2-9 for different amount of drinking
water(400ml,600ml,800ml,1000ml)
Step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a fixed time
and place
Dispose the measured urine properly
Measure and record the data collected into a table
Presentation of data
Volume of water intake(ml)
Volume of urine is produced(ml)2004006008001000
28.TO INVESTIGATE THE TRAIT OF COLOUR OF FLOWER OBEY MENDELS
FIRST LAWProblem statementIs colour of marble influence the total
of button pair in beaker?
Hypothesis
When the red button is cross breeding with white button,the
ratio of fillial is 3 red button and 1 white button if first filial
do self-breeding
Variables
MV : colour of button
RV : the number of pair button
CV : 50 red buttons ad 50 white buttons
Apparatus and materials
Plastic bag/can/box/pouch,red buttons,white
buttons,beaker,student X
Procedure
Two black pouches ,A and B each containing a mixture of 50 red
buttons and 50 white buttons
Pouch A and B were shaken to mix the buttons randomly
(without see)one button was drawn at random from each pouch by
student X
Both of buttons are combined to produce daughter in second
filial generation
Steps 1 to 4 are repeated when all buttons are completing
combined
The number of colour combination of buttons from each pouches
are recorded in table show
The genotype and phenotype of all the colour combination are
recorded in the table show
Presentation of data
Colour of combinationNumber of button
colourgenotypephenotype
Both are red colours
Both are white colours
One red colour and one white colour
29.TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVERAGE HEIGHT/GROWTH
RATE OF MAIZE PLANTS AND TIME AFTER PLANTING
Problem statement
What is the relationship between the average height of maize
plants and time after planting?
Hypothesis
The longer the time after planting,the more the average height
of maize plant until they reach maturity
Variables
MV : the time after planting
RV : the average height of maize plants
CV : number of seedlings types
Apparatus and materials
Maize seeds,nursery tile,garden soil,tap
water,fertilizer,measuring tape,meter ruler
Procedure
Prepare a site for nursery with garden soil
Plant 20 maize seeds in the soil with even spacing between each
seed
Water the seeds daily throughout the period of experiment
After 10 days,measure the height of maize plants using the meter
ruler or measuring tape
Repeat steps 4 over 90/120 days
Record all the results obtained In a table
Plot a graph of the average height of maize plants against time
after planting
Presentation of data
Time(days) after planting The height of maize plants /cmAverage
heights of maize plants (cm)
12345678910
10
20
30
40
50
30.TO DETERMINE THE TYPES OF VARIATION TO THE NUMBEROF
STUDENTS
Problem statementDo all the students have the same type of
fingerprints and height?
Hypothesis
Each student in group belongs to one fingerprint and height
Variables
MV : types of variation
RV : number of students
CV : same class
Apparatus and materials Student,graph paper,A4 paper,tissue
paper,fingerprint pad,hand lens,marker,meter ruler
Procedure
Ten names of students in the same group were written down in a
table
My height is measured by using a ruler and recorded in a
table
The experiment is repeated by investigating the type of
fingerprint
By using fingerprint pad,I placed my thumbprint were observed
and indentify
By using hand lens , the type of my thumbprint were observed and
identify
Steps 2 to 5 were repeated to other students in the same
group
The measurement of height and fingerprint are repeated twice to
get the average
Two graphs on the number of students against the types of
variation were plotted
Presentation of data
students name Type of fingerprint Height (m)
whorlcurvescompositeloops
31.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF CAMOUFLAGE ON PREY AND PREDATOR
RELATIONSHIP
Problem statement
What is the effect of colour camouflage on organism?
Hypothesis
When the colour between cloth and the buttons are more distinct
,the number of contrasting button chosen is greater
Variables
MV : the colour of cloth
RV : the number of coloured button chosen
CV : the size of cloth used
Apparatus and materials
Student,a piece of white cloth(50cmx50cm),a piece of black cloth
(50cm50cm),a piece of multicoloured patterned cloth(30cmX30cm),20
red buttons,20 black butons,20 white buttons,20 yellow buttons,20
green buttons, a white tile
Procedure
Student Y scattered various coloured button randomly on a piece
of white cloth measuring 50cmX50cm.the buttons used are:
20 red buttons
20 black buttons
20 white buttons
20 yellow buttons
20 green buttons
Student X did not observe what student Y did
Within 1-2 seconds ,student X then quickly took a button from
the white tile and placed it on a white tile
Step 3 was repeated 9 times
Use the same student that has been chosen
Count and record the number of coloured buttons according to
colour in the table
Steps 1-4 were repeated using a black cloth followed by a
multicoloured patterned cloth
Presentation of data
Colour of clothNumber of buttons according to colourotal number
of buttons were taken
blackwhiteredyellowgreen
White
Black
Multicoloured floral
To suction pump
Universal indicator
Ema-Mel0dy spm11