Split Brain Split brain patient Phantom Limb Pain Amputees often feel pain in a limb after it has been removed Sensation in limb can be felt when touching.

Split Brain

Split brain patient

Phantom Limb Pain

• Amputees often feel pain in a limb after it has been removed

• Sensation in limb can be felt when touching other areas of body (most common: lost hand feels touch of face)

Plasticity

• The brain is plastic—subject to alteration in the way it functions, such as:

• Changes in the brain’s overall architecture in response to stimulation and environmental experience

• The central nervous system can grow new neurons:

• But limited ability to do so with cortical injury

• This promotes stability in the brain’s connections but is an obstacle to recovery from brain damage.

Plasticity

• Neurons are subject to alteration in the way they function, such as:

• Changes in how much neurotransmitter a presynaptic neuron releases

• Changes in neuron sensitivity to neurotransmitters

• Creating new connections by growing new dendritic spines

Principles and Functions

• Cephalization• All-or-None Law• Frequency Coding of Intensity• Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies• Localization of Function (+ Integration)• Topographic Projection (& Distortion)• Split Brain (Crossed Connections)• Connectivity & Functional Connectivity• Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

Motivation

What gets things going??

Motivation outline

• The major functions of motivation (activation and goal orientation/seeking)

• A typology of motivations: major types and an idea about their interdependence

• Yerkes-Dodson Law

• Evolution of adaptive mechanism of homeostatic control systems and how they operate

• A model of primary drives and how they fit into above control system model

Motivation: Characteristics

• Story-

• Activation + Goal orientation

Typology of Motivations

• Primary and Secondary Drives

• Pyramid of needs (Maslow)

Yerkes Dodson: Activation (Cockroaches & Quarterbacks!)

• Good/bad pool players: audience size 4

• Zajonc: Mere exposure (cockroaches!)

• Home field advantage-world series!

Primary Drive: Basic Model

• Claude Bernard: Mileau Interior & Evol.

• Walter Cannon & body wisdom (salt ex)

• Homeostasis & negative feedback

• Dual outputs

• Instinct & reflexes vs. motivation & learning (flexitility/adaptability)

Input

Output:Physiol/Motivtional

Negative feedback loop

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Setpoint

Body Water Levels & Thirst

• Physiological: Two systems of regulation– Prevent water loss– Hypothalamus/pituitary/kidney/ADH

• Control of reabsorption of water

– Pressure sensitivity

• Thirst: find new water

Hunger:

• Hunger: More complex– First, a “basic” physiological mechanism

• Hypothalamus VMH: satiety & feeding• Reinterpretation of satiety as change in set point

Other Hunger Regulators: (Long-term and Short-term

• Liver: glucose glycogen conversion

• Long term vs short term regulation

• Fat cell hypothesis & Leptin/NPY

• Genetic control

• Social control

Emotions

• Emotional expression– Darwin & Ekman: universality

• Some basic theories of emotion– Naïve– James-Lange– Cognitive/ Schacter-Singer/Cannon-Bard

A Higher-level Motive:Need for Achievement

• McClelland– Methodology: projective techniques– Goal setting– Parent-child immediate interaction– Longer-term developmental styles– Societal implications– Dweck: Mastery vs Performance orientation