Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Europe in the Middle Ages Section 2:Section 2:Early American Civilizations Visual.

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Europe in the Middle Ages

Section 2: Early American Civilizations

Visual Summary

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Chapter Intro

What advancements will be made in your lifetime?El Caracol at Chichén Itzá, shown in this photo, was used by the Maya and the Toltec to measure the movement of the moon, stars, and planets. Built without metal tools, the windows of the observatory were placed at precise points in relation to the planets. In this chapter you will learn how people on different continents at different times tried to understand their place in the universe through science and religion.

• Why do you think studying the moon,stars, and planets was important tothe Maya and the Toltec?

• How do people today try tounderstand the universe?


Chapter Intro


Chapter Intro


Chapter Intro 1

Europe in the Middle Ages

How do changes in the size of a population affect a society?


Chapter Intro 2

Early American Civilizations

Why might several civilizations develop in a certain area?


Chapter Preview-End


Section 1-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

New Technologies New farming practices led to population growth, and architectural innovation made Gothic cathedrals possible.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• manor

• serf

• money economy

• commercial capitalism

• Inquisition

• new monarchies

Academic Vocabulary

• technology • corporation


Section 1-Key Terms

People and Places

• Venice

• Papal States

• Pope Gregory VII

• Henry IV

• Hildegard of Bingen

• Saint Francis of Assisi

• Rome

• Avignon


A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Do religious leaders influence the policies of governments in the world today?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 1

Peasants, Trade, and Cities

New innovations in farming and more stability led to the increase in trade and the rise of cities.


Section 1

• The European population doubled in size between 1000 and 1300.

• The large population increase in Europe was due in part to a more peaceful environment and changes in technology.

• Food production was increased by using iron to make scythes, axes, hoes, and the carruca.

Peasants, Trade, and Cities (cont.)


Section 1

• Europeans also started using three-field rotations, harnessing wind and water, and using animal power to save labor and produce more crops.

• The manor was an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants.


Organization of a Manor


Section 1

• Serfs were peasants who were legally bound to the land. They had to provide labor and pay rents, and were subject to the lord’s control.

• Peasants lived in cottages that generally consisted of one or two rooms.




Section 1

• Peasant women had to work in the field, raise children, and manage the household.

• The seasons of the year dictated peasant activities, which depended on the harvests.




Section 1

• Cities in Western Europe led a revival of trade during the 1000s and 1100s.

• Venice had a fleet of trading ships and was a major trading center in the Mediterranean.

• As trade increased, demand for gold and silver coins increased. Eventually, a money economy replaced the barter system.


Medieval Trade Routes


Section 1

• New trading companies and banking firms led to the economic system of commercial capitalism.

• The revival of trade led to a revival of cities. Merchants and artisans moved into these newly revitalized cities and became known as bourgeoisie.




Section 1

• The revival of trade allowed cities to become centers for manufacturing.

• People began to organize business associations or guilds based on a particular skill.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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What enabled Venice to become a major trading center?

A. Development of a mercantile fleet

B. Low taxes

C. Use of silver coins

D. Influence of Muslim trade


Section 1

Medieval Christianity and Culture

The Catholic Church had political as well as religious power.


Section 1

• The popes of the Catholic Church had political and religious control over the Papal States in central Italy.

• Pope Gregory VII wanted to free the Church of political interference from lords and kings in the appointment of Church officials.

• Henry IV of Germany disagreed with the pope’s view, but the new papal policy was issued.

Medieval Christianity and Culture (cont.)


Section 1

• Papal power was strengthened under Pope Innocent III, who believed the pope was the supreme judge of European affairs.

• During the late 1000s and early 1100s, women and men joined religious orders in great numbers.

• The Cistercian order took their religion outside the monastery to the people, which was contrary to the Benedictine monks, who spent their time inside the monastery in personal prayer.



Section 1

• Intellectual women such as Hildegard of Bingen joined convents. She became an abbess in western Germany.

• In the 1200s the Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi. The Franciscans became popular for their missionary work and devotion to the poor.



Section 1

• The Dominican order was founded by Dominic de Guzmán. The Dominicans were dedicated to defending the Church from heresy.

• To deal with heretics, the Church created the Inquisition. This court held regular proceedings to find and try heretics.



Section 1

• The Church in the High Middle Ages played a vital role in the lives of Europeans and people relied on the Church to receive sacraments.

• Saints were very popular with Christians and were revered by the people.

• Christians took pilgrimages to holy shrines. The two most popular shrines were in Rome and Santiago de Compostela.



Section 1

• Because of the influence of the Church and pilgrimages, many new churches were built in medieval Europe.

• Romanesque churches required massive pillars to hold up the stone roofs, and had little light due to the lack of windows.



Section 1

• A new style, called Gothic, utilized ribbed vaults and flying buttresses to allow for higher ceilings and thinner walls. Gothic cathedrals were spectacular churches with stained-glass windows.


Gothic Architecture


Section 1

• The High Middle Ages saw the rise of universities.

• The first European university was established at Bologna, Italy. Soon, universities were set up in Paris, France, and Oxford, England.

• Students studied liberal arts, and then could move on to study law, medicine, or theology. Theology was the most highly regarded subject.



Section 1

• New literature began to be written in vernacular, or everyday speech, instead of in Latin.

• The most popular vernacular literature of the twelfth century was troubadour poetry.

• The chanson de geste, or the heroic epic, was also popular.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What new style of architecture allowed the use of stained-glass windows in medieval churches?

A. Gothic

B. Romanesque

C. Vernacular

D. Cistercian


Section 1

The Late Middle Ages

Wars, disease, and turmoil in the Church brought changes in the 1300s.


Section 1

• During the 1300s, the Black Death killed millions of Europeans.

• The Black Death’s most common form was the bubonic plague, which was spread by rats infested with fleas.

• The plague generally followed trade routes. It devastated crowded cities, and entire villages in Germany and England disappeared.

The Late Middle Ages (cont.)


Section 1

• Effects of the Black Death

− Decline in trade

− Labor shortages

− Less demand for food

− Decline of serfdom



Section 1

• Near the end of the 1200s, European kings began to reject the papal claims of supremacy.

• After the death of Pope Boniface VIII, King Philip IV of France secured the election of a French pope who moved to Avignon.

• Popes lived in Avignon instead of Rome until Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377.



Section 1

• After Gregory’s death, the Italians elected an Italian pope and a group of French cardinals elected a French pope.

• The existence of two popes caused the Great Schism and divided Europe.

• The schism ended in 1417, but by then the Church had lost much of its political and religious power.



Section 1

• The Hundred Years’ War began in 1337 between France and England.

• The nature of warfare changed as English archers, using longbows, devastated the French knights at the battles of Crécy and Agincourt.

• The French, with the help of Joan of Arc, eventually won the war in 1453.


Hundred Years’ War


Section 1

• In the 1400s, rulers in France, England, and Spain attempted to centralize power and establish new monarchies.

• The Holy Roman Empire did not develop strong monarchies and Germany remained a land of independent states.

• Eastern Europe was also unable to centralize due to religious and political differences.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What was the Great Schism?

A. A decree by the French king against papal supremacy

B. The existence of two popes

C. The trial of heretics by the Inquisition

D. Another name for the Black Death


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

The BIG Idea

Order and Security The Maya, Aztec, and Inca developed sophisticated civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• tribute • quipu

Academic Vocabulary

• major • region


Section 2-Key Terms

People and Places

• Mesoamerica

• Yucatán Peninsula

• Maya

• Toltec

• Aztec

• Tenochtitlán

• Inca

• Pachacuti

• Ecuador

• Cuzco

• Machu Picchu


A. A

B. B

Section 2-Polling Question

Hundreds of years from now, future generations will be able to completely understand our society by studying our artifacts.

A. Agree

B. Disagree

0%0%


Section 2

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica

The Maya and the Toltec ruled Mesoamerica for nearly nine centuries.


Section 2

• Mesoamerica is the area of modern Mexico and Central America where ancient empires flourished before the Spaniards arrived.

• The Olmec are considered the oldest civilization in Mesoamerica.

• After the decline of the Olmec civilization, a major civilization arose on the Yucatán Peninsula.

Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica (cont.)

Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.–A.D. 1500


Section 2

• The Maya were one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the Americas.

• Maya cities were built around a central pyramid topped with a temple to the gods. To the Maya, all life was in the hands of the gods.

• Maya society included nobles, scribes, artisans, merchants, and peasant farmers.




Section 2

• The Maya created a sophisticated writing system based on hieroglyphs and a 365-day calendar.

• The Toltec came to power after the Maya civilization declined.

• The Toltec built pyramids and palaces, and worked with gold, silver, and copper.




Section 2

• The Toltec were a warlike people who controlled the upper Yucatán Peninsula for centuries.

• The Aztec established their capital of Tenochtitlán on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco.




Section 2

• The Aztec kingdom was not a centralized state, but a collection of territories that were governed by local lords who paid tribute to the Aztec ruler.

• Aztec society included nobles who served in the military, government, or priesthood.

• Most people were commoners, indentured workers, and slaves. Merchants traded extensively.




Section 2

• The Aztec believed in many gods. Their religion was based on an unending struggle between good and evil.

• At the center of Tenochtitlán was a massive pyramid that contained shrines to the gods and an altar for performing human sacrifices.




Section 2

• Tenochtitlán formed an alliance with two other city-states that enabled them to dominate an empire that included today’s Mexico and south to the Guatemalan border.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which group of people had a sophisticated writing system and accurate calendar?

A. Olmec

B. Maya

C. Toltec

D. Aztec


Section 2

South American Civilizations

The Inca civilization dominated South America.


Section 2

• The Chavin, Nazca, and Moche cultures existed in South America before the Inca came to power.

• In the fifteenth century, the Inca rose to power under the powerful leadership of Pachacuti.

• The empire extended from Ecuador to central Chile, with some 12 million inhabitants.

South American Civilizations (cont.)

Cultures of South America, A.D. 700–1530


Section 2

• The Inca state was built on war and conquered areas were kept under strict control.

• The Inca were great builders. The empire was connected by an extensive road system, and the buildings and monuments in the capital city of Cuzco impressed European visitors.




Section 2

• The ruins of the abandoned city of Machu Picchu demonstrate the architectural genius of the Inca, who used close-fitting stones without mortar.

• The Inca had no writing system, but kept records using a system of knotted strings called quipu.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following was not a characteristic of Inca civilization?

A. Irrigation techniques

B. Writing system

C. Advanced methods in architecture

D. Extensive road system


Section 2-End


VS 1a

EUROPE in the Middle Ages

• Farming inventions and efficient use of land contributed to population growth.

• As trade grew, cities expanded and became manufacturing and trade centers.

• The Catholic Church played a dominant role in the lives of people during the Middle Ages.


VS 1b

EUROPE in the Middle Ages

• New technological innovations during the High Middle Ages led to the building of Gothic cathedrals, one of the period’s great artistic triumphs.

• The Black Death caused major economic and social changes in the Late Middle Ages.


VS 2a

THE AMERICAS

• Unique civilizations developed as people spread through North and South America.

• Because of the variety of climate and geographic features, many different cultures emerged in the Americas.

• In Mesoamerica, the Olmec, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec developed influential civilizations.


VS 2b

THE AMERICAS

• In South America, the Inca established a sophisticated civilization, with sharp social and political divisions.


VS-End


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Vocab1

manor

in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

Vocab2

serf

in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor and pay rents, and was subject to the lord’s control

Vocab3

money economy

an economic system based on money rather than barter

Vocab4

commercial capitalism

economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits

Vocab5

Inquisition

a court established by the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover and try heretics; also called the Holy Office

Vocab6

new monarchy

in the fifteenth century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, e.q., France, England, and Spain

Vocab7

technology

the science or study of the practical or industrial arts; applied sciences

Vocab8

corporation

form of business organization that has a separate legal entity with all the rights and responsibilities of an individual, including the right to buy and sell property, enter into legal contracts, and sue and be sued

Vocab9

tribute

goods or money paid by conquered peoples to their conquerors

Vocab10

quipu

a system of knotted strings used by the Inca people for keeping records

Vocab11

major

great; significant in size or importance

Vocab12

region

a broad geographic area distinguished by similar features

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Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:Europe in the Middle Ages Section 2:Section 2:Early American Civilizations Visual.

Documents

cities cont

revival of trade

medieval trade routessection

rise of cities

chapter previewendsection

western europe

population growth

european population