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Contents

CHAPTER FOCUS

SECTION 1 The Minoans

SECTION 2 The Mycenaeans

CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

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Chapter Focus 1

Overview

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• Chapter 9 introduces Minoan and Mycenaean cultures as forerunners of Greek civilization.

– Section 1 discusses the way of life of the Minoans.

– Section 2 explains the culture of the Mycenaeans.

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Chapter Focus 2

Objectives

• describe what life was like for the Minoans.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• discuss how geography influenced the people who lived on Crete and the Balkan Peninsula.

• summarize what life was like for the Mycenaeans.

• explain how the Dark Age affected the Aegean world.


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Chapter Focus 2

Read to Discover

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• What life was like for the Minoans

• How geography influenced the early peoples who lived on Crete and the Balkan Peninsula

• What life was like for the Mycenaeans

• How the “Dark Age” affected the Aegean world

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Places to Locate

People to KnowTerms to Learn

• Balkan Peninsula • Troy • Asia Minor • Ionia

Chapter Focus 3

• bull leaping

• labyrinth • parchment • shrines • megaron • tenants • civil wars

• Theseus • Homer • Odysseus • Helen

• Crete

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Greek civilization grew out of a combination of two earlier civilizations, Minoan and Mycenaean. Due to the geography of the land, both became great sea powers. Although their power was eventually destroyed, the Minoans and the Mycenaeans left an important legacy, or gift from the past, to the Greeks.

Chapter Focus 4

Why It’s Important

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End of Chapter Focus

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Section 1-1

The Minoans• Minoan civilization rose around 2800 B.C. on

Crete, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.

• The Minoans used their metalworking and carpentry skills to build ships and began to earn a living from trade instead of farming.

• They made their ships slimmer and faster, with two or three masts instead of one.

• By about 2000 B.C., Crete was the world’s first important seafaring civilization.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 151 of your textbook.

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Section 1-2

The People


• The Minoans were a small people with bronzed skin and long dark hair.

• Men farmed, fished, and raised cattle, long-horned sheep, and goats.

• Men also served in the navy and the royal guard.

• Women performed household duties, attended sporting events, and went hunting in chariots.

• The people of Crete loved sports.

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Section 1-3


• They built what was probably the world's first arena.

• Boxing matches and bull leaping, a form of bullfighting, were held there.

• Many experts believe bull leaping was a religious ceremony as well as a sport.

The People (cont.)

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Section 1-4


• At the heart of each Minoan city stood a palace rather than a temple.

• The palaces were a government building, temple, factory, and warehouse.

• The palace had several entrances, with passageways and rooms forming a labyrinth, or a network of paths through which it is difficult to find one’s way.

• Sea captains, merchants, and shipbuilders lived in houses around the palace.

Cities and Palaces

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Section 1-5


• Many early Minoan houses had no entrance from the street.

• A person went in or out through the roof and lowered a ladder over the side of the house.

• Later, wooden doors and windows made of oiled and tinted parchment, or thin animal skin, were added.

Cities and Palaces (cont.)

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Section 1-6


• The rulers of Crete were priest-kings.

• They made the laws and represented the gods on Earth.

• The Minoans had many gods, though their main god was the Great Goddess, Mother Earth.

• To honor her, the Minoans built shrines, or sacred places to worship, in palaces, on housetops, on hilltops, and in caves.

• The Minoans believed that certain things, such as the dove, were sacred.

Rulers and Religion

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Section 1-7


• No one is certain why Minoan civilization came to an end.

• About 1400 B.C., control of the sea and of Crete passed to the Mycenaeans.

• Legend explains the fall of the Minoans with the story of Theseus and the Minotaur.

The Fall of the Minoans

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Section 1-Assessment 1

Section Assessment

What kind of government did the Minoans have?

They were ruled by priest-kings, who represented the gods.

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Section Assessment (cont.)

How did cities in Crete differ from cities in other ancient civilizations?

At the heart of each city stood a palace, and the cities did not have walls around them.


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Making Generalizations How did geography influence the development of the Minoan civilization?

Answers will vary, but due to geography the Minoans became a sea power. Because of the forests on Crete, the Minoans worked with wood. Because Minoan cities were near the sea, they did not have walls.


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economy–world’s first important seafaring nation

cities–palace at the center instead of a temple, no walls

religion–Great Goddess, Mother Earth, main deity

sports–bull leaping



Draw a chart like the one on page 155 of your textbook, and use it to fill in details on Minoan civilization.


End of Section 1

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Section 2-1

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 155 of your textbook.

The Mycenaeans• The Mycenaeans came from the grasslands

of southern Russia.

• Around 2000 B.C. they settled in the lowlands of Greece.

• The Mycenaean kings built fortress-palaces on hilltops.

• The chief feature of the palace was the megaron, or a square room with a fireplace in its center, where the king held council meetings and entertained.

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Section 2-2


The Mycenaeans (cont.)

• Land was divided into estates that were farmed either by enslaved people or by tenants, or people who live on and work another person’s land.

• Although they kept large herds of cattle, the Mycenaeans relied on hunting to get more meat.

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Section 2-3


• Shortly after the Mycenaeans settled in the lowlands of Greece, they were visited by Minoan traders from Crete.

• The Mycenaeans began to imitate Minoan gold and bronze work.

• Most important of all, they learned how to build ships and how to navigate.

• The Mycenaens began to grow olives, and the sale of olive oil made them rich, leading them to found trading stations and settlements on nearby islands.

Traders and Pirates

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Section 2-4


• Despite their success in trade, the Mycenaeans were warriors at heart.

• At first, the Mycenaeans fought one another.

• By about 1400 B.C., they had replaced the Minoans as the chief power of the Aegean world.

Traders and Pirates (cont.)

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Section 2-5


• The Mycenaeans are famous for their attack on Troy, a major trading city in Asia Minor.

• This attack probably took place during the middle 1200s B.C.

• About 500 years after the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a blind Greek poet named Homer composed the Iliad, a long poem about the event.

• According to Homer’s account in the Iliad, the Trojan War was fought over a woman.

The Trojan War

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Section 2-6


• Homer also composed a poem called the Odyssey, which tells about the wanderings of Odysseus, a Mycenaean hero of the Trojan War.

• After ten years of fighting, the Mycenaeans still had not taken Troy.

• Then, Odysseus had the soldiers build a huge, hollow wooden horse.

• The best soldiers hid inside the horse, while the rest boarded their ships and sailed away.

The Trojan War (cont.)

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Section 2-7


• The Trojans saw the ships leave and thought they had won the war.

• They did not know the Mycenaean ships would return after dark.

• The Trojans tied ropes to the wooden horse and pulled it into the city as a victory prize.

• The hidden Mycenaeans killed the king of Troy and burned the city.

The Trojan War (cont.)

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Section 2-8


• The Mycenaeans did not return to peaceful ways after crushing Troy.

• A series of civil wars, or wars between opposing groups of citizens, broke out.

• Soon after, a people called Dorians entered Greece and conquered the Mycenaeans.

• As a result of the civil wars and the Dorian invasion, the Aegean world entered a “Dark Age,” which lasted until about 800 B.C.

A “Dark Age”

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Section 2-9


• The people of the Aegean region forgot how to write and keep records.

• The Aegean world was cut off from the Middle East, and the people had to create a new civilization on their own.

• Once again, herding and farming became the main ways of life.

• Local leaders ruled small areas and called themselves kings, but they were little more than chiefs.

A “Dark Age” (cont.)

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Section 2-10


• The people of these communities began calling themselves Hellenes, or Greeks.

• The civilization they created flourished from about the 700s B.C. until 336 B.C.

A “Dark Age” (cont.)

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Section Assessment

In what ways were the Mycenaeans influenced by Minoan culture?

They copied Minoan metalwork, adapted Cretan script, copied Minoan fashions, and learned how to build and navigate ships.


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According to Homer, how did the Mycenaeans finally win the Trojan War?

They hid soldiers in a huge, hollow, horse and tricked the Trojans into dragging it inside their city.


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What happened in the Aegean world during the “Dark Age”?

It was a time of wandering and killing, overseas trade stopped, people forgot how to write, and artistic skills disappeared.


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Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Why was the growing of olives such an important development for the Aegean world?

Answers will vary but could include the many uses of oil that developed and the trade and wealth it brought.


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Draw a diagram like the one on page 160 of your textbook, and use it to show the causes and effects of the Trojan War on the Mycenaeans.

causes–Trojan control of trade routes to the Black Sea; according to Homer, capture of Helen by the Trojan king

effects–eruption of a series of civil wars, conquest by the Dorians, “Dark Age” for the Aegean world


End of Section 2

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Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary & Study Guide• Minoan civilization began to develop on the

Mediterranean island of Crete around 2800 B.C.

• The Minoans started as farmers but eventually turned to trade.

• Since the Minoans depended on the sea and their ships for protection, their cities were not walled.

• The Minoans worshiped many gods, the most important of which was the Great Goddess, Mother Earth.


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Chapter Summary 2

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• Around 1400 B.C., the Mycenaeans took control of the Mediterranean.

• Instead of cities, the Mycenaeans built fortress-palaces on hilltops.

• The Mycenaeans learned many things from the Minoans, including a writing script and the skills of shipbuilding and navigation.

• The Mycenaeans fought a lengthy war against Troy, described in two long poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey.

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Chapter Summary 3

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• After years of civil war, the Mycenaeans were conquered by the Dorians.

• During the 300 years of the “Dark Age,” the people of the Aegean area lost many of their skills and had to create a new civilization.

End of Chapter Summary

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Chapter Assessment 1

Understanding the Main Idea

What civilizations combined to form Greek civilization?

Minoan and Mycenaean


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In what ways were the Minoan people able to gain control of the Mediterranean Sea?

They built faster ships with a large wooden beam in the prow to smash and sink enemy ships.



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What do experts believe about the sport of bull leaping?

that it was a religious ceremony as well as a sport



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Why didn’t Minoan cities have walls around them?

The people depended on the sea and navy for protection.



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What were some of the features of the palace at Knossos?

It was five stories high, built of stone, framed with wood, and decorated with frescoes. It had bathrooms, several entrances, and labyrinths.



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What did the Mycenaeans build instead of cities?

fortress-palaces


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How was the Trojan War described in the Iliad?

Paris took Helen to Troy. The Mycenaeans attacked Troy; they later built a huge wooden horse with soldiers hidden inside which was pulled into Troy. The Mycenaeans burned the city.



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Why did the people of Greece have to create a new civilization?

because their civilization was destroyed during the Dark Age



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How well did the Minoans use their natural resources? Explain your answer.

The Minoans used resources wisely.

Critical Thinking


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What effect did being an island civilization have on the Minoans?

It provided natural protection and also made travel and trade easier.


Critical Thinking

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What role did religion play in Minoan daily life?

Religion gave kings power.


Critical Thinking

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In what ways would the Mycenaean civilization have been different if the people had not learned to build and sail ships?

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

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Regions Refer to the map on page 156 of your textbook as you think about the “Dark Age” of the Aegean region. What human actions and geographic factors made it possible for this period of history to last for 300 years?Create a poster warning people about the events and geographic factors that led to the “Dark Ages.”

the isolation caused by the sea, mountains, migrations, and civil wars

Geography in History


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Imagine you are an archaeologist who has dug up artifacts you believe are Mycenaean. Describe two artifacts you have found and what each was used for.

Answers will vary.


End of Chapter Assessment

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History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

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Global Chronology


2000 B.C. Mycenaeans move toward Greece

2800 B.C.Minoan civilization begins

1250 B.C. Mycenaeans attack Troy in Asia Minor

1400 B.C. Mycenaeans take control of Crete

750 B.C.Homer writes the Iliad and the Odyssey

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People in History 2.1

Homer remains a mystery. Nobody knows what he looked like or exactly when he lived. Ancient Greek bards, or poets, called him the “Ionian bard,” so maybe Homer came from Ionia. Tradition says Homer was blind, but he was not blind to history. Archaeologists have proven that many of the stories told by Homer actually took place. That means his poems are more than good literature–they are also good history.

HomerC. 700s B.C.

Greek Poet

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Map Skills 1.1

Reading Longitude

• To measure distances east and west on Earth, mapmakers use imaginary lines on maps and globes.

• These are called lines of longitude, or meridians, and they run from the North Pole to the South Pole.

• Like lines of latitude, meridians are measured in degrees.


Continued on next slide.

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Map Skills 1.2

• All meridians are measured from the Prime Meridian, a line of longitude that runs through Greenwich, England.

• The Prime Meridian is marked 0º.

• Those lines east of the Prime Meridian are marked with an E, from 1º E to 180º E.

• Those lines west of the Prime Meridian are marked with a W, from 1º W to 180º W.



Reading Longitude

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Map Skills 1.3

• Unlike lines of latitude, meridians are not always the same distance from one another.

• They are farthest apart at the Equator, and closest together at the poles.

• Lines of longitude are often used to help specify location.



Reading Longitude

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Map Skills 1.4

• For example, it is much easier to find Troy on the map below if one knows that it is located at about 26º E.


Reading Longitude

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Map Skills 1.5


Study the map on page 156 of your textbook titled “The Early Aegean World.” Then answer the questions that follow.

Reading Longitude

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Map Skills 1.6

Along which line of longitude was Knossos located?

25º E



Reading Longitude

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Map Skills 1.7

Which early Aegean city was located closest to 20º E?

Mycenae


Reading Longitude

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