Sperry Sun_LWD and LWD Services

Sperry Drilling

MWD/LWD Services

These applications affect economics through:

• Elimination of the rig time required for conventional directional surveying by using MWD directional surveys and toolface measurements, as well as the realization of savings associated with better well placement.

• LWD replacement of wireline logs, eliminating the rig time required for wireline logging; this is particularly applicable in high-angle wells where wireline tools would have to be deployed on drillpipe.

• Improved production from better well placement. Sperry Drilling services’ MWD/LWD measurements provide information to a host of new well planning and drilling software applications that enable planning and steering the well directly in the earth model. These tools together with new directional drilling systems and Real-Time Operations (RTO) are enabling new interactive workflows that have a dramatic effect on upstream economics.

Sperry Drilling’s MWD/LWD services feature modular sensors that can be tailored to your drilling and formation requirements and well economics. They are compatible with all our drilling tools, including the Pilot™ fleet of rotary steerable systems. Our commitment to providing superior service quality and reliability is reflected in our MWD/LWD system development. The shock, pressure and heat of the downhole drilling environment make survival of any electronic instrument difficult. Our electronic designs are subjected to extreme heat, vibration and pressure tests until they meet Sperry Drilling’s stringent standards of reliability. Entire systems are then re-tested. Continuous improvements in design, inspection, failure analysis and certification have enabled Sperry Drilling MWD/LWD systems to continue to lead the industry in reliability.

Sperry Drilling MWD/LWD Services Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-

while-drilling (LWD) systems employ instrumented drill collars and a downhole-to-surface data telemetry system to provide wellbore directional surveys, petrophysical well logs and drilling information in real time while drilling. The term “MWD” is used generally to refer to all measurements acquired downhole while drilling or specifically to describe directional surveying and drilling-related measurements; “LWD” refers to petrophysical measurements, similar to openhole wireline logs, acquired while drilling. The decision to use MWD/LWD services is usually based on the need for better decisions based on real-time information and on improved economics. This economic improvement may reflect direct cost savings or increased productivity resulting from better well placement. Real-time data applications include: • Faster directional survey and toolface information for

directional drilling • Timely drilling efficiency and safety information for

drilling decisions, e.g., annular pressure, pore pressure, drillstring vibration

• Improved stratigraphic correlation and geological certainty for geosteering, hazard avoidance and casing/coring point selection

• Accurate petrophysical measurements with a minimum of formation damage, fluid invasion and washout

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The InSite® IXO interface is the link that connects the Sperry MWD/LWD systems to NOV’s IntelliServ® Network. The IntelliServ Network provides two-way communication between downhole MWD/LWD sensors and the surface at speeds up to 10,000 times faster than current mud pulse telemetry rates. It is built on the industry’s first commercial high-bandwidth drillstring.

In addition to transmitting data in real time, data can also be recorded in downhole memory and retrieved after each bit run as the tool returns to the surface. The use of downhole memory is important for multi-sensor LWD services in which much more data are acquired downhole than can be transmitted in real time. The parameters vital for real-time applications are selected for transmission, while the remainder of the information, including raw data and diagnostic parameters, is recorded in downhole memory and accessed at the end of each bit run.

Telemetry Systems Four MWD telemetry systems are available from Sperry Drilling: positive mud pulse, negative mud pulse, electromagnetic and via wired drillpipe. The mud pulse systems use valves to modulate the flow of drilling fluid in the bore of the drillstring, generating pressure pulses that propagate up the column of fluid inside the drillstring and then are detected by pressure transducers at the surface. The positive pulse system momentarily restricts mud flow through the downhole tool, resulting in a pressure increase, or positive pressure pulse, that propagates to the surface. With the negative pulse system, mud is momentarily vented from the bore of the drill collar directly to the annulus, bypassing the bit jets and creating a brief pressure drop, or negative pressure pulse, inside the drillstring, which propagates to the surface. In both mud pulse systems, data from downhole sensors are encoded and transmitted by varying the time between consecutive pressure pulses.

The electromagnetic telemetry (EMT) MWD system transmits data via low-frequency electromagnetic waves that propagate through the earth and are detected by a grounded antenna at the surface. It provides higher data rates and greater reliability than traditional mud pulse systems. Electromagnetic telemetry is particularly applicable for drilling with air, foam or aerated muds that preclude the use of mud pulse. It is also widely used in geothermal drilling, as well as in areas with high mud losses. Previously constrained to shallow land applications, this electromagnetic telemetry service has recently been enhanced by Sperry and successfully deployed offshore and in deep shale wells.

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Drillstring vibration sensors are the tri-axial DDS™ (drillstring dynamics sensor), the two-axis SVSS (sonde-based vibration severity sensor), and the single-axis VSS (vibration severity sensor). The DDS sensor measures torsional, lateral and axial accelerations, whereas the SVSS responds to lateral and axial accelerations and the VSS detects lateral drillstring vibrations. These sensors can record both the average and the maximum accelerations over a given interval. The DDS sensor can also record full time-series acceleration data for spectral analysis. When drillstring vibration exceeds pre-set thresholds, real-time alarm information is transmitted to the surface to facilitate immediate corrective action.

Borehole diameter measurements are provided in real time by the AcoustiCaliper™ sensor. This sensor has three acoustic standoff measurement transducers oriented 120 degrees apart azimuthally to provide borehole diameter when rotating or sliding. Real-time caliper logs provide immediate feedback on borehole stability conditions, as well as detect such conditions as undergauge bits, sloughing shales and washouts.

MWD Sensors Fundamental to our MWD services are sensors that provide directional survey and drilling information to facilitate accurate wellbore placement along with safe and efficient drilling. Directional surveying sensors consist of tri-axial accelerometers and magnetometers that determine the orientation of the drillstring with respect to the earth’s magnetic and gravitational fields. The Evader® MWD gyro service utilizes high accuracy rate-gyro steering in place of magnetometers making the sensor’s measurement unaffected by magnetic influences. Directional sensors provide the following data: • Wellbore inclination • Wellbore azimuth • Magnetic and gravity toolface orientation These measurements help determine the wellbore path and position in three-dimensional space; true vertical depth; the bottomhole location; and the orientation of directional drilling systems, such as steerable mud motors and rotary steerable systems. Sperry Drilling’s ABI™ (at-bit inclination) sensor is a tri-axial accelerometer package that mounts on the bit box of a steerable mud motor assembly and communicates data across the motor to the main MWD tool via an acoustic telemetry link. This means improved reliability over special power sections with feed-through wires. The ABI™ service provides immediate feedback to the directional driller on inclination changes. This knowledge of the bottom-hole assembly’s (BHA) tendency removes much of the uncertainty in steering and reduces wellbore tortuosities and resulting torque and drag. The following MWD sensors are also employed by the Sperry ADT® (applied drilling technology) optimization service specialists. Our experienced ADT service personnel model, measure and optimize drilling performance using a suite of advanced software and hardware tools. Downhole pressure measurements are provided by the PWD (pressure-while-drilling) service, which consists of high-accuracy quartz pressure gauges measuring annular and bore pressure. The PWD data have a number of valuable applications, including: • Accurate downhole measurement of ECD (equivalent

circulating density) • Kick detection, including shallow water flows • Swab/surge pressure monitoring while tripping and

reaming • Monitoring of hole cleaning • Accurate downhole measurement of hydrostatic

pressure and effective mud weight • Accurate LOT (leak-off test) and FIT (formation integrity

test) data without circulating to condition the mud 4

LWD Sensors LWD sensors provide petrophysical information similar to that obtained from openhole wireline tools but with the added benefits of delivering the data in real time while drilling and typically acquiring the data before significant invasion or washout has occured. LWD tools are particularly well suited to logging high-angle and horizontal wells, where real-time geosteering applications are often important and where wireline logging can be difficult, time-consuming and costly. LWD logging is also particularly applicable on high-cost drilling projects where the savings in rig time while replacing wireline are substantial.

Gamma ray measurements of the formation’s natural gamma ray activity are provided by the dual-detector, insert-based DGR™ (dual gamma ray) sensor or the sonde-based GM (gamma module) or PCG (pressure case gamma) sensors. Although these sensors provide a wireline-quality natural gamma ray log, the DGR and GM sensors also have multiple gamma ray sensors for redundancy. Additionally, gamma ray measurements are available with the AGR™ (azimuthal gamma ray) sensor, which is part of the EWR™-M5 integrated resistivity sensor. The AGR has multiple gamma ray sensors for redundancy, but also has the capability to azimuthally measure the formation's natural gamma ray activity to produce real-time gamma ray images for geosteering.

The GABI™ (gamma/at-bit inclination sensor) provides at-bit azimuthal gamma ray and inclination measurements for improved geosteering and optimum well placement. The sensor also produces a borehole image both while rotating and sliding that can be used to interpret the bed dip and determine the location of an approaching bed. The GABI sensor can be mounted within any SperryDrill® positive displacement motor below the power section. It is a powerful tool for drilling long horizontals and staying in the pay.

The ABG™ (at-bit gamma ray) sensor provides a gamma ray measurement within 3 feet of the bit as part of the 7600 and 9600 series Geo-Pilot® rotary steerable systems. Multiple gamma ray sensors allow the ABG sensor to produce a near bit real-time gamma ray image for geosteering.

Neutron porosity and formation density sensors are available in 4-3/4-, 6-3/4-, and 8-inch tool sizes and can log boreholes ranging from 5-7/8- to 12-1/4-inches in diameter.

The CTN™ (compensated thermal neutron) porosity sensor uses helium-3 detectors to provide a thermal neutron porosity measurement. The 6-3/4- and 8-inch CTN tools also incorporate the AcoustiCaliper sensor (see above) that facilitates accurate borehole size and standoff corrections and provides a borehole caliper log.

The SLD™ (stabilized lithodensity) spectral sensor provides compensated formation density and Pe measurements. The SLD tool design employs a stabilizer blade that emulates a wireline density tool detector pad. In in-gauge holes, a standard spine-and-rib compensation technique corrects for minor standoff. In enlarged boreholes or when directional drilling considerations require an undergauge stabilizer, a rapid-sampling rotational binning technique and statistical analysis algorithm isolate data acquired at minimal standoff distances, producing high-quality density and Pe logs even when detector pad contact is not maintained continually. The SLD tools are being retrofitted and phased out, replaced by the more advanced sensor electronics and azimuthal capability of the ALD sensor.

The ALD™ (azimuthal lithodensity) sensor incorporates all of the features of the SLD sensor but also provides azimuthally oriented density and Pe data for geosteering and borehole imaging applications. At high relative dip angles, such as those typically encountered when drilling high-angle and horizontal wells, formation structural dip may be determined from the ALD borehole image data. The azimuthally oriented data also permit real-time determination of relative dip angle for geosteering applications and provide an alternative method for optimizing log quality in enlarged boreholes.

This LWD quad-combo log shows deep, water-based filtrate invasion in a pay sand. A bit trip in the middle of the sand resulted in a long formation exposure time and thus, deep invasion. However, the INVAMOD™ program provided Rt, Rxo and Di to facilitate accurate calculation of Sw and movable oil.

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Resistivity measurements are provided by the following sensors:

The EWR®-PHASE 4™ multi-spacing propagation resistivity sensor provides eight independent formation resistivity measurements from four different transmitter-receiver spacings (four phase-shift measurements and four attenuation measurements). The EWR-PHASE 4 sensor is available for logging boreholes ranging from 3-5/8- to 30 inches in diameter and can operate in water- and oil-based muds, as well as in air- and foam-drilled boreholes.

The EWR™-M5 integrated resistivity sensor measures resistivity using three frequencies (2 MHz, 500 kHz, 250 kHz) and five compensated spacings. This provides very deep resistivities for bed boundary detection while geosteering, as well as a greater number of resistivity measurements to cover the broadest range of applications. With both phase-shift and attenuation measurements, the EWR-M5 sensor provides 30 unique compensated resistivity measurements. The M5 tool also incorporates an AGR™ azimuthal gamma ray sensor, a drilling mud resistivity sensor, a pressure-while-drilling sensor and a drilling motion sensor.

The InSite ADR™ azimuthal deep resistivity sensor combines a deep-reading geosteering sensor for distance to bed boundary determination with a traditional multifrequency compensated resistivity sensor for accurate azimuthal resistivity measurements. This one tool provides more than 2,000 unique measurements for both precise wellbore placement and more accurate petrophysical analysis. Deep-reading (up to 18 feet), directional and high-resolution images give early warning of

approaching bed boundaries before the target zone is exited, allowing you to keep the wellbore in the most productive part of the reservoir.

The full benefits of the InSite ADR sensor can be realized when run as part of our StrataSteer® 3D geosteering service. Using the industry’s most powerful and intuitive software, our experienced geosteering specialists provide valuable recommendations based on a thorough understanding of sensor physics, geology and directional drilling. The bottom line is that this comprehensive service can increase reservoir exposure up to 100 percent while refining the understanding of the geology in and around the reservoir.

The InSite AFR™ azimuthal focused resistivity sensor provides high-resolution borehole images, omni-directional laterolog-type resistivity measurements, azimuthal laterolog-type resistivity measurements and an at-bit resistivity measurement. The high-resolution, detailed images of structural and stratigraphic features allow for accurate determination of dip and fracture orientation. The InSite AFR sensor is ideal for picking casing points and for obtaining accurate resistivities where propagation-type tools have difficulty, such as when drilling with highly conductive muds or where the ratio of formation resistivity to mud resistivity (Rt/Rm) is very high. The at-bit resistivity measurement uses the BHA below the InSite AFR sensor as a measurement electrode. The AFR measurement is particularly useful for detecting conductive beds as the bit penetrates them.

Sonic log measurements of both compressional and shear slowness (∆tc and ∆ts) are provided by the BAT™ (bi-modal acoustic) LWD dipole sonic tools. BAT tools are available in 4-3/4-, 6-3/4-, 8-, and 9-1/2-inch tool sizes and can log boreholes ranging from 5-7/8- to 30-inches in diameter. The dual transmitter and dual, seven-element receiver array configuration of the BAT tool provide a superior signal/noise ratio, as well as measurement redundancy for service reliability. BAT tool applications include: • Real-time pore pressure interpretation • Real-time synthetic seismograms • Porosity • Gas detection from Vp/Vs • Bit wear calculation • Rock strength and mechanical properties

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The QBAT™ multipole LWD sonic tool has several significant design improvements over the original BAT tool. It delivers accurate shear and compressional velocity measurements in a wider range of formation types – including very soft formations – and under more challenging drilling conditions.

With the GeoTap® LWD formation pressure tester, it is possible to obtain direct pore pressure measurements as the well is drilled, with accuracy and precision comparable to that of wireline formation testers. GeoTap tools are available in 4-3/4-, 6-3/4-, 8-, and 9-1/2-inch tool sizes. The GeoTap® service also eliminates the rig time, risk and cost that would otherwise be incurred by running wireline or pipe-conveyed wireline formation test tools to acquire critical reservoir pressure and mud density information.

Formation pressure tests may be performed while mud circulation is maintained (if there is no motor in the BHA), facilitating real-time transmission of pressure data and test quality control information, while reducing the risk of tool sticking or well control problems.

The InSite GeoTap® IDS fluid identification and sampling sensor revolutionizes the industry by allowing downhole capture, identification and surface recovery of representative fluid samples on LWD. Only available on wireline before, formation fluid sampling is now possible using LWD technology. The GeoTap IDS sensor delivers real-time reservoir characterization and helps eliminate the time and cost of wireline sampling.

LWD NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) measurements are provided by the MRIL-WD™ sensor, which is an LWD adaptation of the successful MRIL wireline NMR logging tool. While drilling, the MRIL-WD sensor’s T1 acquisition mode provides logs of total porosity, bound water and free fluid enabling real-time evaluation of shaly sands and fine-grained formations with high irreducible water saturation. The unique implementation of the T1 acquisition mode, specifically designed for measurement while drilling, is virtually unaffected by lateral tool motion, rotation and drilling vibration. For more detailed evaluation of potential reservoir intervals, the MRIL-WD tool’s evaluation mode emulates the wireline MRIL tool measurements, providing a complete T2 decay spectrum with variable TE and TW modes for permeability logging, direct hydrocarbon detection and gas identification.

MRIL-WD™ sensor evaluation log from a run made at the Catoosa (Oklahoma) test facility with the first MRIL-WD prototype tool, Discovery 1.

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2-3/8-in. 61 mm

3-1/8-in. 79 mm

3-3/8-in. 86 mm

3-½-in. 89 mm

4-¾-in. 121 mm

6-½-in. 165 mm

6-¾-in. 171 mm

7-¼-in. 184 mm

7-¾-in. 197 mm

8-in. 203 mm

9-½-in. 221 mm

Sensors Directional (PM, DM, PCD) • • • • • • • • • • • At-bit inclination (ABI™) • • • • Drillstring vibration (DDS™) • • • • • Vibration severity (SVSS) • • • • • • • • • • • Annular/bore pressure (PWD) • • • • At-bit gamma (ABG™) • • • Gamma ray (GM, PCG) • • • • • • • • • • • Gamma ray (DGR™) • • • • Gamma/at-bit inclination (GABI™) •

Azimuthal gamma ray (AGR™) • • • Resistivity (EWR-PHASE 4™) • • • • • Resistivity (M5™) • • • Azimuthal deep resistivity (InSite ADR™) • • Azimuthal focused resistivity (InSite AFR™) • • •

Formation density (SLD™) • • • Azimuthal density (ALD™) • • • Neutron porosity (CTN™) • • • Caliper (AcoustiCaliper™) • • Sonic (BAT™) • • • • Sonic (QBAT™) • • • • Formation pressure (GeoTap®) • • • • Fluid sampling and identification (GeoTap® IDS) •

NMR (MRIL-WD™) • Telemetry Systems Positive pulse (DWD) • • • • • • • • • • • Negative pulse (MPT) • • • Electromagnetic (Mercury™) • • • • InSite® IXO interface for NOV IntelliServ® Network • • •

MWD/LWD Service Tool Size Availability

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