Speed control of dc motor using 89c51

A PROJECT REPORT ON

DC MOTOR CONTROLLER USING 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER

Submitted by

Serial Number Name Roll Number

1 2 3

Abhishek Sharma Pawan Gupta Danish Khan

1120503 1120520 1120528

In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree

THIRD YEAR OF ENGINEERING

In

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Under the guidance of

Prof. Amol Sankpal

Anjuman-I-Islam’s

M. H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

8, Saboo Siddik Polytechnic Road,

Byculla, Mumbai- 400 008.

Tel. : 2301 2922 / 2305 1356

www.mhsscoe.org

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

2013-2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take immense pleasure, thanking Prof. Amol sankpal and Prof.

Abdul Sayeed for having permitted us and helping us and personally

correcting us and providing their valuable support for successful completion

of the project.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to other faculty

members who had directly or indirectly helped us out through different

phase of the project.

Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express our heartfelt

thanks to our beloved parents for their blessings and our classmates for

their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project.

THANKING YOU

(Project Group Members)

Certificate

This is to certify that Abhishek Sharma, Pawan Gupta, Danish Khan

are bonafide students of M.H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering,

Mumbai. They have successfully carried out the project titled “DC

MOTOR CONTROLLER USING 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER ” in

fulfillment of the requirement of T.E. Degree in Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering of Mumbai University during the

academic year 2014-2015. The work has not been presented

elsewhere for the award of any other degree or diploma prior to this.

_________________________

___________________

(Prof. Amol Sankpal) External Examiner

Internal Guide

_________________________

___________________

(Prof. Abdul Sayeed) Principal

H.O.D.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

1.1 Motivation

1.2 Objectives 1.3 Layout of the Report

2. Hardware & Software Description

3. Algorithm and Process Flow Model

4. Simulation & Experimental Results

5. Conclusion 6. Bibliography i

SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

I. ABSTRACT

Solar energy is becoming increasingly attractive as we

grapple with global climate changes. However, while solar

energy is free, non-polluting, and inexhaustible, solar panels are fixed. As such,

they cannot take advantage of maximum sunlight as weather conditions and

seasons change. A solar panel receives the most sunlight when it is perpendicular

to the sun’s rays, but the sunlight direction changes regularly with changing

seasons and weather. Currently, most solar panels are fixed, i.e., the solar array has

a fixed orientation to the sky and does not turn to follow the sun. To increase the

unit area illumination of sunlight on solar panels, we designed a solar tracking

electricity generation system. The design mechanism holds the solar panel and

allows the panel to perform an approximate3-dimensional (3-D) hemispheroidal

rotation to track the sun’s movement during the day and improve the overall

electricity generation.

This system can achieve the maximum illumination and energy concentration and

cut the cost of electricity by requiring fewer solar panels, therefore, it has great

significance for research and development. The main use of this report is to utilize

the maximum power from the sun. Now a day we are in heavy need to use the solar

power as in the coming days everything we use might depend on this kind of

systems.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Solar energy refers to the utilization of the radiant energy from the sun. Solar power is used interchangeably with solar energy, but refers more specifically to the conversion of sunlight into electricity by photovoltaic, concentrating solar thermal devices, or by an experimental technology such as a solar chimney or solar pond. Solar panels are Photovoltaic cells which gives voltage directly if you place them in sun light. Here if you change the position of panels the power output will vary. Means, direct sunrays on solar panel can give good output otherwise there might be decrease in the value of their outputs. So we have to track the path where the maximum power will attain. Solar panel devices are of two types that collect energy from the sun. One is solar photovoltaic modules which use solar cells to convert light from the sun into electricity and the other is solar thermal collector which converts the sun’s energy to heat water or another fluid such as oil or antifreeze. In this project we are using the photovoltaic type. The main aim of the project is to design one system for automated solar tracking system. For this we are using 8051 family microcontroller and two LDR for finding the light intensity and stepper motor for rotation of the solar panel. We are

implementing one application program using embedded C and loading the program into microcontroller through ISP (in system programmer) and it will read data from the sensors through COMPARATOR and according to the data DC motor is rotating. DC motor is not directly connected to microcontroller it is connected through motor driver IC. The main use of this project is to utilize the maximum power from the sun. Now a day we this kind of systems are in heavy need to use the solar power as in the coming days everything we use might depend on.

1.1 MOTIVATION :

1.2 OBJECTIVES :

The aim of our projects is to utilize the maximum solar energy through solar

panel. For this a digital based automatic sun tracking system is proposed.

This project helps the solar power generating equipment to get the

maximum sunlight automatically thereby increasing the efficiency of the

system. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for

maximum intensity of light.

To fabricate a DC motor control interfaced with driver circuit.

To construct a model prototype solar cell movement system with a

mechanical assemble to move the panel from 180⁰ E to W.

To construct an emergency light inverter circuit i.e. to operate tube

light

with the help of charged battery from the solar panel.

1.2 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT

CHAPTER 2 : Circuit description and working will be described in this

chapter.

2.1 : Components list.

2.2 : Technical specification.

CHAPTER 3 : Hardware and Software description is presented.

CHAPTER 4 : Algorithm and Process Flow Model is presented.

CHAPTER 5 : Discussion on Simulation and Experimental result.

CHAPTER 6 :Discussion on Applications , Advantages and

Disadvantages.

CHAPTER 7 : Conclusion & Discussion on future course of research work.

CHAPTER 2

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND WORKING

Here we are using three sensors in three directions to sense the direction of maximum intensity of light. The difference between the outputs of the sensors is given to the microcontroller unit. Here we are using the

microcontroller for tracking and generating power from sunlight. It will process the input voltage from the comparison circuit and control the direction in which the motor has to be rotated so that it will receive maximum intensity of light from the sun. The full circuit of the Solar Tracking SYS is shown in circuit diagramed. The brain of the system is the Atmel AT89C2051 micro controller (U1). The micro controller examines incoming signals on Port P1 and controls the outputs over port P3. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the DC Motor, so Motor driver IC is required for Motor Controlling & operation. AT89C2051 MCU is one of the 8051-based micro controllers from ATMEL. The IC is preprogrammed. Using a micro controller greatly reduces the component count while providing more features than could be found using dedicated logic ICs. Cost is also lower. It is pre-programmed with software to provide all the functions. MCU Clock An 11.0592MHz (X1) crystal provides a stable clock frequency. MCU Reset The reset of the circuitry is standard for micro controllers. Capacitor C1 and resistor R1 provide power on reset. Light Detection See the circuit of the solar tracking system. The solar tracker comprises comparator IC LM339 (U3), for light detection and a few discrete components. Light-dependent resistors LDR1 through LDR3 are used as sensors to detect the panel’s position relative to the sun. These provide the signal to micro controller to move the solar panel in the sun’s direction. LDR1 and LDR3 are fixed at the edges of the solar panel along the X axis, and LDR2 is fixed at the center of solar panel and LDR1 and LDR3. .LDR1, 2, and 3 connected to comparators A1, A2 and A4, respectively. Presets PR1, PR2 and PR3 are set to get low comparator output at pins 1, 2 and 14 of comparators A1, A4 and A2, respectively. Comparator active low output signal fed to MCU Port Pin P1.0, P1.1 and P1.2. Port Pin P1.0, P1.1, and P1.2 Used as a digital Input Port and is pulled up via 10K resistors (R4, 5 and 6). LED L1 to L3 indicates LDR Detection is operated. LED has a current limiting resistor in series.

LED INTERFACE Four LEDs (L4 to L6) indicate the status of the solar panel direction. LED L4 to L6 Connected to, MCU Port pin P1.3 to P1.5 (PIN no 15 to 17) via, 220E current limiting resistor. MOTOR DRIVER A DC Motor is connected to port P3.4 and P3.5 of the micro controller through a H-bridge motor driver IC (U2). The DC Motor requires 12 volts at a current of around 250 ma, which cannot provided by the micro controller. So the driver IC is added. L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively. Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. Power supply The power supply circuit. It’s based on 3 terminal voltage regulators, which provide the required regulated +5V and unregulated +12V. Power is deliver initially from standard 12V AC/DC adapter or 12V battery. This is fed to diode D1. The output of which is then filtered using 1000uf electrolytic capacitor and fed to U4 (voltage regulator). U4 +5V output powers the micro controller and other logic circuitry. LED L7 and its associate 1K current limiting resistors provide power indication. The unregulated voltage of approximately 12V is required for Motor driving circuit (U2) and DC Motor.

2.1 COMPONENT LIST

R1 ~ 7 - 10K [BROWN, BLACK, ORANGE] (7 Nos) R8 ~ 13 - 220E [RED, RED, BROWN] (6 Nos) R14 - 1K [BROWN, BLACK, RED] R15 ~ 17 - 5 MM LDR (Light Sensor) (3 Nos) PR1 ~ 3 - 10K PRESET (3 Nos) C1, 7 - 100KPF DISC (0.1UF / 104) (2 NOS) C2 - 10UF / 25V Electrolytic C3, 4 - 33PF Ceramic Disc (2 NOS) C5 - 1000UF / 16V Electrolytic C6 - 47UF / 25V Electrolytic X1 - 11.0592 MHZ Crystal D1 - 1N4007 Diode L1 ~ 6 - 3 mm OR 5 mm RED LED (6 NOS) L7 - 3 mm OR 5 mm GREEN LED U1 - AT89C2051 - MICROCONTROLLER U2 - L293D MOTOR DRIVER U3 - LM339 - COMPARATOR U4 - LM7805 - +5V Voltage Regulator CN1 - 2 PIN SCREW TERMINALS BLOCK 1 nos - 20 PIN IC SOCKET FOR U1 1 nos - 16 PIN IC SOCKET FOR U2 1 nos - 14 PIN IC SOCKET FOR U3 1 nos - 30 RPM DC GEARED MOTOR.

2.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Working Voltage – 12V DC

completely automatic system

LDR based Sun Light detection Tracking

Onboard individual preset to Set LDR Sensitivity

LDR Detection LED indication

Solar Panel direction LED indication

DC motor output to move the solar panel

On board H –Bridge/Driver IC to Controlled DC Motor

Onboard regulator for regulated supply to the kit

Diode protection for reverse polarity connection of DC supply to the PCB

Operating Current - 1000ma Aprox

On board Power LED (Green) indicator

Microcontroller based design for greater flexibility.

CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

I. MICRO CONTROLLER AT89C2051

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. • Compatible with MCS®-51Products • 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory

• 2.7V to 6V Operating Range • Two-level Program Memory Lock • 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM • 15 Programmable I/O Lines • Two 16-bit Timer/Counters • Six Interrupt Sources • Programmable Serial UART Channel • Direct LED Drive Outputs • On-chip Analog Comparator.

II. L293D H-BRIDGE The L293D has 2 H-Bridges (actually 4 Half H-Bridges), can provide about 1 amp to each and occasional peak loads to 2 amps. The L293D contains 4 half H-bridges labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the pin diagram, which can be used in pairs as two full H-Bridges. In this IC there are two different power supplies (Vcc1 and Vcc2). Vcc1 is for logic input circuit while Vcc2 is supply for the output circuit. This means that you should apply about 5V to Vcc1 and whatever voltage required by the motor (upto 36V max for this IC) to Vcc2. Each Half H-Bridge has an individual Ground. So you must ground the terminal corresponding to the Half H-Bridge you want to use or else you can also just ground all the 4 terminals. Each Half H-Bridge has an Input (A) and output (Y). Also there are enable pins to turn on the Half H-Bridges. (if 1,2EN (Pin1) is given +5V, then the 1 and 2 Half H-Bridges are turned on. If Pin1 is Ground, then the 1 and 2 Half H-Bridges are disabled. Similar for 3,4EN). Once a Half H-bridge is enabled, it truth table is as follows:

So you just give a High level when you want to turn the Half H-Bridge on and Low level when you want to turn it off. When the Half H-Bridge is on, the voltage at the output is equal to Vcc2. If you want to make a Full HBridge, you connect the motor (or the load) between the outputs of two Half H-Bridges and the inputs will be the two inputs of the Half H-Bridges. Suppose we have connected Half H-Bridges 1 and 2 to form a Full HBridge. Now the truth table is as follows:

Input A Output Y

L L

H H

INPUT 1A INPUT 2A OUTPUT 1Y OUTPUT 2Y Description

L L

L L Braking (both terminals of motor are

Gnd)

L H L H Forward Running

H L H L Backward

Running

H H H H Braking (both terminals of

motor at Vcc2)

III. LM339 Comparator IC

LM339 is a comparator IC with four inbuilt comparators. A comparator is a simple circuit that moves signals between the analog and digital worlds. It compares two input voltage levels and gives digital output to indicate the larger one. The two input pins are termed as inverting (V-) and non-inverting (V+). The output pin goes high when voltage at V+ is greater than that at V-, and vice versa. In common applications, one of the pins is provided with a reference voltage and the other one receives analog input from a sensor or any external device. If inverting pin (V-) is set as reference, then V+ must exceed this reference to result in high output. For inverted logic, the reference is set at V+ pin. this comparator is designed for use in level detection, low-level sensing and memory applications in consumer automotive and industrial electronic applications.

IV. CDS Elements (LDR)

Some components can change resistance value by changes in the amount of light hitting them. One type is the Cadmium Sulfide Photocell. (Cd) The more light that hits it, the smaller its resistance value becomes. There are many types of these devices. They vary according to light sensitivity, size, resistance value etc. Pictured at the left is a typical CDS photocell. Its diameter is 8 mm, 4 mm high, with a cylinder form. When bright light is hitting it, the value is about 200 ohms, and when in the dark, the resistance value is about 2M ohms.

V. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters/receivers.

VI. LM7805 (3 TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATER) This is used to make the stable voltage of +5V for circuits. The LM7805 is three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220 - package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators. 3.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 1. Eagle software is used for PCB design. 2. Embedded C Programming. 3. Keil C Compiler.

CHAPTER 4 ALGORITHM AND PROCESS FLOW MODEL 4.1 ALGORITHM

STEP [1] : Block diagram and layout of the proposed system is designed and finalized.

STEP [2] : All the components and software platform to be used are selected which are also mentioned above.

STEP [3] : All the hardware components are soldered on their respective printed circuit boards with the help of soldering iron, solder and flux according to the hardware schematic shown in the Figure.

STEP [4] : Code/program of the proposed system is developed using assembly language with the help of software platform (Keil u vision3).

STEP [5] : The hex code of the program being created by the software platform is burnt into the flash code memory of our microcontroller IC.

STEP [6] : Testing is done at various levels to finalize the appropriate program for the most proper working of the system

4.2 FLOWCHART

CHAPTER 5

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

5.1 SOFTWARE SIMULATION

1. PROGRAM :

# include<reg2051.h>

void initialization();

void delay_ms (unsigned int);

unsigned int k;

void main()

//P1_0=east sensor

//P1_1=west sensor

//P1_2=sunrise

//P1_3=east led

//P1_4=west led

//P1_5=sunrise led

//P3_4=cw

//P3_5=ccw

{

initialization();

delay_ms(400);

while(1)

{

if(P1_0==1&&P1_1==1&&P1_2==1)

{

P3_4=0;//cw

P3_5=0;//ccw

P1_3=1;//east led

P1_4=1;//west led

P1_5=1;//sunrise led

}

else if(P1_0==1&&P1_1==1&&P1_2==0)

{

P3_4=0;///cw

P3_5=0;//ccw

P1_3=1;//east led

P1_4=1;//west led

P1_5=0;//sunrise led

}

else if(P1_0==1&&P1_1==0&&P1_2==0)

{

P3_4=1;///cw

P3_5=0;//ccw

P1_3=1;//east led

P1_4=0;//west led

P1_5=0;//sunrise led

delay_ms(20);

P3_4=0;///cw

P3_5=0;//ccw

delay_ms(20);

}

else if(P1_0==0&&P1_1==1&&P1_2==0)

{

P3_4=0;///cw

P3_5=1;//ccw

P1_3=0;//east led

P1_4=1;//west led

P1_5=0;//sunrise led

delay_ms(20);

P3_4=0;///cw

P3_5=0;//ccw

delay_ms(20);

}

else if(P1_0==0&&P1_1==0&&P1_2==1)//(sun rise)

{

P3_4=1;///cw

P3_5=0;//ccw

P1_3=0;//east led

P1_4=0;//west led

P1_5=1;//sunrise led

}

}

}

void initialization()

{

P3 = 0x00;

P1 = 0;

}

//generates delay in milli seconds

void delay_ms(unsigned int i)

{

unsigned int j;

while(i-->0)

{

for(j=0;j<500;j++)

{

;

}

}

}

2. Kiel-C Compiler: Many companies provide the 8051 assembler, some of them provide shareware version of their product on the Web,Kiel is one of them. We can download them from their Websites. However, the size of code for these shareware versions is limited and we have to consider which assembler is suitable for our application.

3. U Vision3: This is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: i. A project manager ii. A make facility iii. Tool configuration

iv. Editor v. A powerful debugger To get start here are some several example programs

A) Building an application in U vision2: To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in uVision2, you must:

1. Select Project–Open Project (For example, \C166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2) 2.Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. UVision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project.

B) Creating Your Own Application In Uvision2: To create a new project in uVision2, you must:

1. Select Project - New Project. i. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file. ii. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from the device. iii. Database iv. Create source files to add to the project. v. Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to the project. vi. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from the Device Database all-special options are set automatically. You only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most. vii. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or build target. C) Debugging An Application In Uvision2: To debug an application created using uVision2, you must:

1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function.

4. COMPONENT LAYOUT

5. PCB LAYOUT

I. ARTWORK:

Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB

designing software like DIPTRACE or EAGLE. Take a print of the layout on

the OHP sheet using a laser printer. Designed layout on OHP sheet.

II. IMPRINTING LAYOUT :

Place the OHP sheet (Wax Paper) which has the printed layout on

the PCB sheet. Make sure that the printed side should be placed on the

copper side of the PCB. Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start

ironing. The heat applied by the electric iron causes the ink of the traces

on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate exactly in the same way it is

printed on the OHP sheet. If the layout doesn’t come properly on the PCB

or some of the tracks are broken in between, use the permanent marker

and complete the traces properly.

IV. ETCHING :

Now, the layout is printed on the PCB. The area covered by the ink

is known as the mask area and the unwanted copper, not covered by the

ink is known as unmasked area. Now, make a solution of Ferric Chloride.

Dip the PCB in the Etching solution (Ferric Chloride solution, FeCl3) for

approximately 30 minutes. The FeCl3 reacts with the unmasked copper

and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is called

Etching.

V. DRILLING:

Now carefully drill the PCB using a drilling machine on the pads.

VI. SOLDERING:

Place the components properly on the component side at the

correct drilled place and carefully solder them on the Etched side (Copper

side). This completes the PCB Fabrication.

5.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT :

By completion of software simulation we get hex code which is to be

loaded into the microcontroller which control the process as per the user

program.After this we can make pcb using the steps which are discussed

above.At the end of the above process we will get our pcb.once the pcb is

being ready we will do solder the components as per the circuit diagram.

After this we can make a project setup & check the output.

1. Output of the power kit was tested and multimeter reading is 5v. 2. Power supply to the control kit was tested. 3. Seconds and minute operation of tracking system was verified.

CHAPTER 6

APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

6.1 APLLICATION :

The Solar Tracking system can be utilized for tracking the sun and thus pointing the solar panel at the point of maximum solar intensity.

We can use this in some home appliance like solar water heater or something like that.

6.2 ADVANTAGES :

Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are

manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are

under development.

Facilities can operate with little maintenance after initial setup.

Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel transport

is difficult, costly or impossible.

When grid-connected, solar electric generation can displace the highest cost electricity

during times of peak demand can reduce grid loading.

Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing

transmission/distribution losses.

Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power plant has been spent, operating costs

are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.

The power obtained by solar tracking is almost constant over a period of time when compared with the output obtained by a panel without tracking.

6.3 DISADVANTAGES :

Solar electricity is almost more expensive than electricity generated by other sources.

Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in cloudy weather conditions.

Therefore, a storage or complimentary power system is required.

Limited power density.

Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to ACwhen used in currently existing

distribution grids.

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSION :

In recent years, the generation of electricity using solar technology has seen a tremendous growth, in particular because of the economic considerations and smooth operation of the solar panels. Even though the initial costs are high, but operation costs and maintenance costs are low. Solar tracking system today offer an innovative method to track the solar insolation and provide economic compatibility of the generation of electric power where grid connections are difficult to setup and costly.

Here the tracking system is based on microcontroller with effective systematic operation and the solar panel is rotated by the dc gear motor effectively. 7.2 FUTURE SCOPE : The following recommendations are provided as ideas for future expansion of this project:.

Increase the sensitivity and accuracy of tracking by using a different light sensor.

A photodiode with an amplification circuit would provide improved resolution and better tracking accuracy/precision.

Different algorithm can be followed for more efficient tracking. This device can be given more intelligence, such as after tracking once, it will able to predict the line of movement of the sun across the sky.

User-handling can be more sophisticated, i.e. user can select the waiting time.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.ijettjournal.org

www.google.com

www.slideshare.net

http://en.wikipedia.org

Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by, Pearson Education.

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