Spectroscopy

SPECTROSCOPY

Presented by:Ms. V. REVATHI AMBIKA,Lecturer in Physics

SPECTROSCOPY

Color can be related to spectroscopy.

It is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy.

It is the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelenth or frequency.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Examples: X rays, microwaves, radio waves, visible light, IR, and UV.

Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional.

c = , where c is the speed of light.

Energy per photon = h, where h is Planck’s constant. 4

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VARIETIES OF SPECTROSCOPY

XRD RAMANUV

VARIETIES OF SPECTROSCOPY

Optical spectroscopy,

Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, FT-NIRS),

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI)

and

Mass spectrometry and Electron spin resonance spectroscopy

TYPES OF SPECTROSCOPY

FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY

Has better sensitivity.

Less energy is needed from source.

Completes a scan in 1-2 seconds.

Takes several scans and averages them.

Has a laser beam that keeps the instrument accurately calibrated

X-RAY SCATTERING TECHNIQUES

HOW DO UV SPECTROMETERS WORK?

Two photomultiplier inputs, differential voltage drives amplifier.

Matched quartz cuvettes

Sample in solution at ca. 10-5 M.

System protects PM tube from stray light

D2 lamp-UV

Tungsten lamp-Vis

Double Beam makes it a difference technique

Rotates, to achieve scan

USE OF IR SPECTRA

Identification of functional groups

Spectral matching - by computer software and library spectra

Quantitative analysis

ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY

• Aim:

• To identify Elements and

Quantify their Concentrations,

• Inductively Coupled Plasma-

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

(ICP-AES) is one of Several

techniques available in

analytical atomic spectroscopy.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)

• It is a type of electron microscope

that images a sample by scanning it

with a high-energy beam of

electrons in a raster scan pattern.

• The electrons interact with the atoms

• The sample producing signals

• Contain information about topography, composition, and electrical conductivity.

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM)

It is a microscopy technique, A beam of electrons is

transmitted, An image is formed from the

interaction,

The image is magnified and

focused onto an imaging device,

such as: a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film,

or to be detected by a sensor

such as a CCD camera.

TOXICITY

HEAVY METAL - INTRODUCTION

PROPERTIES OF HEAVY METALS

NANOTOXICOLOGY

• Study of the toxicity of nanomaterials.

• Quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts.

• Nanomaterials, even when made of inert elements like gold, become highly active at nanometer dimensions.

• Sub-specialty of particle toxicology.

• Nanoparticles (particles <100 nm diameter) which appear to have toxicity effects that are unusual and not seen with larger particles.

• It is the process in which a plant or fungus emerges from a seed or spore, respectively, and begins growth.

• The most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm.

GERMINATION

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND SEED GERMINATION

Water, Light,

Temperature,Oxygen,

Smoke

SEED GERMINATION

FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION• Various plants require different

variables

• It depends on the individual seed variety

• It is closely linked to the ecological conditions of a plant's natural habitat.

• Future germination is affected by environmental conditions during seed formation; most often these responses are types of seed dormancy.

EDIBLE PLANTS

EDIBLE PLANTS PROTEIN STUDY

• Plants are one of the major sources of proteins. Potentially, plants provide a cheap source of industrial enzymes, and biopharmaceuticals.

• Proteins have considerable technological importance since they affect the stability and sensory quality of plant foods.

• Research on bioactive peptide/proteins has been increasing including work on the development of pathogen resistant and antimicrobial compounds

• The plants Arum maculatum, Portulaca oleracia Semicarpus anacardium, Carissa karandus, Cordia myxa, Solanum indicum and Chlorophytum comosum are widely available in the wild in many regions of Iran. These are consumed as fruits and vegetables.

EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON SEEDGERMINATION

Light can promote or inhibit germination.

Sensitivity to light is important to seed banks and other ecological responses, providing a mechanism for optimal timing of seedling establishment.

The photoreceptor for most types of seed responses is phytochrome

HIGH PROTEIN IN NUTS & SEEDS

Peanut butter, 2 Tablespoons - 8

grams protein

Almonds, ¼ cup – 8 grams

Peanuts, ¼ cup – 9 grams

Cashews, ¼ cup – 5 grams

Pecans, ¼ cup – 2.5 grams

Sunflower seeds, ¼ cup – 6

grams

Pumpkin seeds, ¼ cup – 8 grams

seeds – ¼ cup – 8 gram

Heavy metal contamination of soils is the major global environmental problem.

It has increased

considerably in last several years and a part is responsible for limiting the crop production.

Essential (Co and Ni) and non-essential (Pb, Cd and Cr).

Cd and Pb are considered as the most toxic metals.

Plants are affected by the increasing levels of these metals in the soil environment.

OUR AIM

The aim of this present study is to assess the tolerance of pollutant elements (Co, Ni, Cd, Cr and Pb) on visible foliar symptoms, tissue concentration and some biochemical parameters in sunflower or groundnut plants.