Specifier Reports Volume 7 Number 1 June 1999 Program Sponsors Energy Center of Wisconsin Iowa Energy Center New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance United States Environmental Protection Agency Introduction Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) were introduced in the United States (US) in 1979. By 1994, production of CFLs in the US had increased to approximately 31 million units, but that was less than 4% of the number of standard incandescent lamps produced that year (Conway and Mehra 1998). Specifiers and end users use CFL products (see the “Nomenclature” sidebar on p. 3) to replace incandescent lamps in luminaires with medium screwbase sockets, such as ceiling- and wall-mounted lumi- naires, exterior luminaires, recessed downlights, track lighting, and floor and table lamps. CFL products can reduce energy and mainte- nance costs compared to incandescent lamps. In fact, manufacturers often indicate the “equivalent incandescent wattage” on the packaging of their CFL products. However, CFL products differ from comparable incandescent lamps and from each other in size, shape, light output, power quality, and life. The National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP) produced this issue of Specifier Reports to promote better understanding of screwbase CFL products and to provide guid- ance to specifiers on selecting them. CFLs are fluorescent lamps, that have a tube diameter of 16 millime- ters (mm) [ 5 / 8 inch (in.)] or less. They are available in various shapes, as shown in Figure 1. Circular lamps have tube diameters equal to or Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products Energy-efficient alternatives to incandescent lamps NLPIP Online NLPIP Online is a new service of the Lighting Research Center (LRC). The Web site (www.lrc.rpi.edu) contains a full library of NLPIP products, including Specifier Reports, Lighting Answers, and searchable manufacturers’ data and NLPIP test results. Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is required to view Specifier Reports and Lighting Answers, is also available on the Web site. As new CFL products are tested in the future, the data will be updated online. Figure 1. CFL Envelope Shapes The terms used in this report to describe envelope shapes are: 1 quad; 2 triple tube; 3 four-tube; 4 coiled tube; 5 A-line; 6 circular; 7 square; 8 globe; 9 capsule; 10 reflector. Other envelope shapes (not shown) are referred to as “decorative.” These are NLPIP’s descriptions; manufacturers might use other terms. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Contents Introduction ....................................................... 1 Performance Characteristics ........................... 4 Human Response ............................................ 11 Application Guides ......................................... 12 Alternative Technologies ............................... 13 Performance Evaluations ............................... 14 Further Information ....................................... 15 Data Table Terms and Definitions ................ 16 Data Tables Manufacturer-Supplied Data .................... 18 NLPIP Evaluations .................................... 36 Manufacturer Contact Information .......... 42
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Specifier Reports
Volume 7 Number 1 June 1999
Program SponsorsEnergy Center of Wisconsin
Iowa Energy Center
New York State Energy Research andDevelopment Authority
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Introduction
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) were introduced in the UnitedStates (US) in 1979. By 1994, production of CFLs in the US hadincreased to approximately 31 million units, but that was less than 4%of the number of standard incandescent lamps produced that year(Conway and Mehra 1998).
Specifiers and end users use CFL products (see the “Nomenclature”sidebar on p. 3) to replace incandescent lamps in luminaires withmedium screwbase sockets, such as ceiling- and wall-mounted lumi-naires, exterior luminaires, recessed downlights, track lighting, andfloor and table lamps. CFL products can reduce energy and mainte-nance costs compared to incandescent lamps. In fact, manufacturersoften indicate the “equivalent incandescent wattage” on the packaging oftheir CFL products. However, CFL products differ from comparableincandescent lamps and from each other in size, shape, light output,power quality, and life. The National Lighting Product InformationProgram (NLPIP) produced this issue of Specifier Reports to promotebetter understanding of screwbase CFL products and to provide guid-ance to specifiers on selecting them.
CFLs are fluorescent lamps, that have a tube diameter of 16 millime-ters (mm) [5⁄8␣ inch (in.)] or less. They are available in various shapes,as shown in Figure 1. Circular lamps have tube diameters equal to or
ScrewbaseCompact Fluorescent
Lamp ProductsEnergy-efficient alternatives to incandescent lamps
NLPIP Online
NLPIP Online is a new service of the LightingResearch Center (LRC). The Web site(www.lrc.rpi.edu) contains a full library of NLPIPproducts, including Specifier Reports, LightingAnswers, and searchable manufacturers’ data andNLPIP test results. Adobe Acrobat Reader, which isrequired to view Specifier Reports and LightingAnswers, is also available on the Web site. As newCFL products are tested in the future, the data willbe updated online.
Figure 1. CFL Envelope Shapes
The terms used in this report to describe envelope shapes are: 1 quad; 2 triple tube;3 four-tube; 4 coiled tube; 5 A-line; 6 circular; 7 square; 8 globe; 9 capsule;10 reflector. Other envelope shapes (not shown) are referred to as “decorative.” Theseare NLPIP’s descriptions; manufacturers might use other terms.
Figure 4. Modular CFL Products(Incandescent A-lamp at front center shown for size comparison)
larger than 25.4␣ mm (1␣ in.). However, thisreport treats them as CFL productsbecause they are compact in overall sizeand can be used as alternatives to incan-descent lamps.
CFL products are available as eitherdedicated or screwbase products. Dedi-cated CFL products, like linear fluorescentlamp systems, use a ballast that is hard-wired to lamp holders within a luminaire.Because the lamps fit into specially keyedsockets, only dedicated CFL lamps can beused in the luminaire.
Screwbase CFL products are available intwo configurations: self-ballasted andmodular. A self-ballasted CFL contains alamp and ballast as a single unit. Self-ballasted CFLs are rated for 6000 to15,000 hours (h), and when the lamp fails,the entire unit must be replaced. Figure 2shows some self-ballasted CFLs with anincandescent A-lamp.
A modular CFL product consists of twocomponents: a screwbase ballast and areplaceable CFL. The ballast and lampconnect together using a socket-and-basedesign, as shown in Figure 3. Unlike theself-ballasted CFLs, modular CFL productsallow the lamp (rated for 7500 to 15,000 h)to be replaced without having to discard theballast (rated for 20,000 to 150,000 h).Figure 4 shows some modular CFL prod-ucts with an incandescent A-lamp.
This new Specifier Reports: ScrewbaseCompact Fluorescent Lamp Products re-places previous NLPIP publications onscrewbase CFL products and includesperformance data for CFL products thatwere available as of July 1997, designed tofit in a medium screwbase socket, and ratedat or above 13 watts (W). This reportincludes NLPIP test data and manufactur-ers’ data on self-ballasted CFLs and modu-lar CFL products that are sold with ballastand lamp packaged as a single unit.
One manufacturer supplied informationon an electrodeless CFL product. Thisreport treats it as a CFL product because itcan be used as an alternative to incandes-cent lamps. However, the technology andoperation of the product (current passingthrough an induction coil generates anelectromagnetic field, which excites themercury vapor) is different from that of theother CFL products in this report. Somesections of the report, such as the discus-sion of ballasts, do not apply to the elec-
Figure 2. Self-Ballasted CFLs(Incandescent A-lamp at front center shown for size comparison)
trodeless CFL product. Specifiers consider-ing an electrodeless CFL product shouldbe aware of its possible advantages, suchas a longer life and silent operation. Theyshould also consider its possible draw-backs, such as electromagnetic interfer-ence. The May/June 1995 issue of LightingFutures (Luo 1995) discusses electrodelesslamps in detail.
Lamps
As with all fluorescent lamps, CFLs emitlight when low-pressure mercury vapor isenergized inside the lamp, which producesultraviolet (UV) radiation. The UV radiationis absorbed by a phosphor coating on theinner surface of the lamp, which convertsthe radiation to light.
Most modular CFL products have barelamps to make it easier to replace the lamp.Self-ballasted CFLs have either bare orencapsulated lamps. Encapsulated lamps(shown on the right side in Figure 2) have apermanently attached glass or plastic cover,which is available in globe or capsule shape.Figure 1 on p. 1 shows examples of differentlamp envelope shapes.
Ballasts
Ballasts provide initial voltage for startinglamps and regulate lamp current duringoperation. They consume a small amount ofenergy while performing these functions.
CFL ballasts are either magnetic orelectronic. Magnetic ballasts contain a steelcore and copper coil, and operate lamps atthe power line frequency of 60 Hz. Theyweigh from 120–453 grams (g) [4–16 ounces(oz)]. Electronic ballasts contain a circuitboard and electronic components. They aregenerally more efficient and quieter thanmagnetic ballasts but can cause electromag-netic interference. Electronic ballastsoperate lamps at frequencies ranging from20–60 kHz. They usually weigh less than226␣ g (8␣ oz).
Some ballasts can dim CFLs, as dis-cussed in the “Dimming” section on p. 11.Tables 1 and 2 indicate when a ballast isdimmable. The sidebar “Starting Methods”on p. 4 explains the different methodsemployed by ballasts to start CFL products.
Nomenclature
Throughout this report,NLPIP uses the followingnomenclature:
The term CFL products in-cludes all self-ballasted andmodular CFL products with amedium screwbase.
A CFL is the lamp in a CFLproduct, regardless ofwhether it is modular or partof a self-ballasted unit.
A self-ballasted CFL is anintegrated lamp-ballast com-bination with a mediumscrewbase; this is also knownas an integral CFL or a one-piece CFL.
A modular CFL product is themodular CFL and the modu-lar CFL ballast operatingtogether as a unit.
A modular CFL is a CFL thatfits into a modular CFLballast.
A modular CFL ballast is themedium screwbase ballastwith a lamp holder (socket)for a modular CFL.
A compact fluorescentreflector lamp productincludes a reflector as eithera permanent or removablecomponent of the CFLproduct.
Accessories
Manufacturers provide accessories such asdiffusers, lenses, and reflectors that attach totheir products to modify the light distribu-tion. Some manufacturers offer other typesof accessories such as antitheft lockingdevices. Some accessories are permanentlyattached, while others are removable.
Diffusers are useful accessories for bare-lamp CFL systems (both modular and self-ballasted CFLs) where the lamp may be indirect view and cause glare. Focusingreflectors and lenses convert the primarilynon-directional light output from a CFL intomore directional light output so that it canreplace a directional incandescent lamp suchas a reflector (R) or a parabolic aluminizedreflector (PAR) lamp. Compact fluorescentreflector lamp products often are used inrecessed downlight and track lightingluminaires where a directional light source ispreferred. However, they don’t alwaysperform as well as directional incandescentlamps. See Specifier Reports: Reflector Lamps(1994) for a more complete discussion.Figure 5 shows some typical accessories,and Tables 1 and 2 on pp. 18–35 list accesso-ries offered by the manufacturers.
Figure 5. Typical Accessories for CFLs(Incandescent A-lamp and PAR30 lamp in front center shown for size comparison)
CFL products can replace incandescentlamps in many applications. However, theperformance characteristics of CFLproducts are different from those of theincandescent lamps they replace. Thissection discusses the performance charac-teristics (light output, life, power quality,efficacy, light distribution, color character-istics, and dimming) and what specifiersand end users should consider whenspecifying CFL products.
Light Output
The screwbase CFL products in this reporthave rated initial light output from 700 to4800 lumens (lm) under standard testconditions, which are described in the“Standard Testing” sidebar.
The mercury vapor pressure inside thelamp influences light output; if the pressureis either greater than or less than optimal,light output declines. Most older CFLscontain a small amount of excess mercury,
which condenses at the coldest point on thewall of the bulb [the location of the mini-mum bulb wall temperature (MBWT)], thusestablishing the vapor pressure. Manufac-turers have recently developed amalgamCFLs, which contain a mercury amalgam(two or three metals alloyed with mercury)added to the lamp to control the mercuryvapor pressure. Both amalgam and non-amalgam CFL products are still available.
The “wattage equivalence” that CFLmanufacturers sometimes include on theirpackaging refers to the wattage of astandard-life incandescent lamp of compa-rable initial rated light output. For example,the manufacturer of a 15-W electronic self-ballasted CFL might label it as a 60-Wequivalent because its initial rated lightoutput is similar to that of a 60-W incandes-cent lamp. However, there are no formalstandards, and another manufacturer mightlabel a similar CFL product as a 40-Wequivalent. Table 3 compares rated lightoutput of some CFL products with mea-sured light output and with the light outputof incandescent lamps that match themanufacturer-suggested wattage equiva-lences. The table also shows how position(base-up or base-down) affects the lightoutput of some of the tested products. Thistable can be useful when specifiers replaceincandescent lamps with CFL products.Tables 4 and 5 contain NLPIP’s measuredinitial light output for some additional CFLproducts. Generally, a 3:1 ratio betweenincandescent wattage and CFL wattageprovides equivalent in-use light output.
Although the rated initial light output oftwo lamps might be similar under standardtesting conditions, actual light output candiffer in common applications. The factorsthat influence light output are described inthe sidebar “Light Loss Factors” on p. 6. ACFL product’s expected light output can beestimated by multiplying the initial ratedlight output by the values of the light lossfactors. See the sidebar “Table LampApplication” on p. 7 for an example.
Installing a diffuser over a bare-lamp CFLproduct or using a CFL in an enclosedluminaire absorbs some of the light outputand can change the lamp’s thermal environ-ment, which also affects light output. See“Thermal Factor” in the “Light Loss Fac-tors” sidebar on p. 6.
Standard Testing
The initial rated light output ofCFLs is based on standardtest conditions approved bythe American NationalStandards Institute (ANSIStandard C78.5-1997) andthe Illuminating EngineeringSociety of North America(IESNA Standards LM-54-1991 and LM-66-1991).Among the conditions listed inthe standards are lampoperation on a referenceballast (for modular CFLs) oron the integral ballast (forself-ballasted CFLs) at 25±1°Celsius (C) [77±2° Fahrenheit(F)] in still air; lamp operationin a vertical, base-up position;lamp operation at nominal linevoltage; and lamp seasoningfor at least 100 h prior totesting. For life testing, thestandards also requireoperating cycles of 3 h on and20 minutes (min) off.
Starting Methods
Ballasts use one of three methods to start CFLs: preheat, instant start, or rapid start.
PreheatPreheat (also called switch-start) ballasts preheat the lamp electrodes for severalseconds to approximately 800 to 1000°C (1470 to 1830°F). After the electrodes arepreheated, the starter switch opens to allow a voltage of 200 to 300 volts (V) to beapplied across the lamp to strike the arc. Preheat ballasts stop supplying the electrodeheating voltage after starting the lamp. Magnetic preheat ballasts cause the lamp toflash on and off for a few seconds before finally staying lit. Electronic preheat ballastsstart lamps without flashing.
Instant StartInstant-start ballasts were developed to start lamps without delay or flashing. Insteadof heating the electrodes prior to starting, instant-start ballasts supply a high initialvoltage (over 400 V) to strike the arc. The high voltage is required to initiate the dis-charge between the unheated electrodes. The electrodes are not heated either beforeor during operation, so instant-start ballast systems have lower power losses thanrapid-start ballasts. It is generally accepted that instant-start ballast systems can re-duce lamp life compared to preheat ballasts, especially with frequent switching, be-cause the high initial voltage accelerates the degradation of the emissive coating onthe electrodes.
Rapid StartRapid-start ballasts provide a low voltage (about 3.5 V) to the electrodes, heatingthem to approximately 1000°C (1830°F) in 1 to 2 seconds (s). Then a starting voltageof 200 to 300 V is applied to strike the arc. Rapid-start ballasts supply the electrodeheating voltage even after the lamp has started, resulting in power losses of 3 to 4 Wfor each lamp. Rapid-start ballasts start lamps with a brief delay, but without flashing.
Manufacturers are developing new rapid-start technologies that more precisely controlthe starting process in order to extend lamp life. The new technologies have namessuch as programmed start, modified rapid-start, and controlled rapid-start.
Rated lamp life is the number of hours atwhich half the lamps in a large test grouphave failed under standard testing condi-tions (see the sidebar “Standard Testing”).A CFL will fail when the emissive coatingon its electrodes is all dissipated by evapo-ration or sputtering (Voorlander and Raddin1950; Covington 1971). Although the inertfill gas used in CFLs protects the electrodesfrom bombardment by mercury ions, loss ofemissive coating during lamp starting isunavoidable (See the sidebar “StartingMethods”). Therefore, if a CFL is startedless frequently than the standard 3-hour-on,20-minute-off cycle, it will have a life longerthan its rated life, but if it is started morefrequently than the standard cycle, it willhave a life shorter than its rated life. Formore details, see the sidebar “Long-TermPerformance Testing.”
The manufacturer-reported rated life ofnearly all modular CFLs included in Table 1is 10,000 h. However, one product has a7500-h life and one has a 12,000-h life. Formodular CFLs, rated life is based on theassumption that the lamp current crestfactor (CCF) is less than 1.7 (see thesidebar “Lamp Current Crest Factor” onp.␣ 8). When a modular lamp fails, it must bereplaced by a compatible lamp. If theidentical lamp is no longer available, themanufacturer should be able to recommenda replacement. Also, the packaging forreplacement lamps usually lists compatiblelamps. Replacing a lamp with a compatiblelamp from a different manufacturer mightaffect performance.
Modular ballasts have life ratings of20,000 to 150,000 h. These ratings arebased on a maximum allowable ambienttemperature.
The rated life of most self-ballasted CFLsreported in Table 2 is between 6000 and10,000 h. Only the electrodeless CFLproduct has a longer rated life (15,000 h)because it has an electrodeless lamp. Likemodular CFL ballasts, self-ballasted CFLshave recommended maximum ambienttemperatures.
Recommended maximum ambienttemperatures are reported in Tables 1 and 2.In enclosed luminaires, the ambient tem-perature can exceed a manufacturer’srecommended maximum temperature.
Long-Term Performance Testing
Long-term performance testing of CFL products was initiated at the LRC in June 1996and is continuing at the time of this publication. The purpose of the project is to studythe effect of different operating cycles used in typical residential applications on the lifeof CFL products and to document how different characteristics such as ballast tech-nologies, manufacturers, and lamp shapes affect the life of these products. The LRCdid not use the number of samples suggested in ANSI Specification C78.5-1997 (ANSI1997) because the object of the study was not to determine absolute life of the prod-ucts but to look at factors that might affect life under different operating cycles.
Using industry documentation and company information, NLPIP identified 11 differentCFL products to test from six different manufacturers. Six different operating cycleswere selected to represent possible applications for CFL products:
Cycle 1: 5 min on and 20 s offCycle 2: 5 min on and 5 min off (under cabinet)Cycle 3: 15 min on and 5 min off (bathrooms)Cycle 4: 1 h on and 5 min off (dining room)Cycle 5: 3 h on and 5 min off (kitchen or living room)Cycle 6: 3 h on and 20 min off (standard cycle)
For cycles 1–4, eight samples ofeach product were tested; for cycles5 and 6, four samples of eachproduct were tested. All the lampswere operated base-up because apilot study (Davis et al. 1996)showed that operating position hadno effect on lamp life for CFL prod-ucts. Four 6- × 5- × 3-foot (ft) lampracks were built for this study, eachwith five “shelves” that held 32lamps. A 45 kVA voltage regulator(120 V±0.5%) regulated the powerto the 440 lamps. A computer moni-tored and controlled testing. Ambi-ent temperature inside thelaboratory was 25±10°C (77±20°F).
Lamp starting characteristics (starting time, electrode preheat current, and lampstarting voltage) and lamp electrical characteristics (lamp operating current and CCF)were measured for one sample of each of the 11 different CFL products. The dataare presented in Table 6 on p. 42. Samples had to be taken apart to measure thesecharacteristics.
Although the testing is ongoing, the results to date provide insights into the life of CFLproducts. Some of the products have not failed yet. The following discussion coversonly those lamps for which all the samples have failed. Updates will be publishedthrough NLPIP Online at www.lrc.rpi.edu. (Table 6 shows the median lamp life in hoursand total operating hours as of December 31, 1998.)
The results so far show that shorter operating cycles significantly reduced the medianlamp life and that some products did not meet their expected life even with the stan-dard cycle. Lamp lives with 5-min, 15-min, and 1-h on-times were approximately 15,30, and 80%, respectively, of lamp life under the standard cycle.
Preliminary inferences regarding product design can be drawn when comparing theelectrical characteristics of the lamps. For example, ANSI standards currently limitCCF for fluorescent lamps to a maximum of 1.7, because higher CCF ratings areexpected to reduce lamp life. However, some OSRAM SYLVANIA products had CCFsgreater than 1.7, yet they had relatively long lives. The low operating current of theOSRAM SYLVANIA products (which limits the peak lamp current, even with a higherCCF) might explain their longer lives. This indicates that lamp operating currents mightalso influence lamp life.
The Lights of America Quad Lite had a high electrode preheat current and a very shortstarting time compared to the other electronic preheat products; its significantly shorterlife may indicate that longer starting time and lower preheat currents are better for thelamp. Similar results for lamp starting parameters for 4-ft linear T8 fluorescent lampswere found by Ji et al. (1997).
In this sidebar, NLPIP discusses factors that influence the light outputof a CFL: ballast factor, thermal factor, position factor, and lamplumen depreciation. In addition, NLPIP explains the effect of amalgamtechnology on position and thermal factors.
Ballast FactorThe light output of a modular CFL depends on the ballast used withit. Ballast factor is defined as the light output of a lamp operated bythat ballast divided by the light output of the same lamp when it isoperated by a reference ballast. Because self-ballasted CFLs do nothave separable lamps and ballasts, their light output ratings arebased on the light output with the integral ballast. Thus, ballastfactor does not apply to self-ballasted CFLs.
NLPIP’s tests of modular CFL products used the ballast provided inthe package with the lamps, rather than a reference ballast. NLPIPdid not measure the ballast factor for any of the ballasts. Ballastfactors are provided by some manufacturers.
Thermal FactorThermal factor is defined as the light output of a lamp at a particularambient temperature divided by the light output of the same lamp whenit is operated at 25±1°C (77±2°F) ambient temperature. The thermalenvironment surrounding a CFL product affects the mercury vaporpressure in the lamp and thus its light output. In non-amalgam CFLs,the mercury vapor pressure is directly related to MBWT, so light outputis also a function of MBWT. Every non-amalgam CFL has an optimalMBWT that provides maximum light output. For these CFLs, the opti-mal MBWT typically occurs at 25±1°C (77±2°F) ambient temperature,which is the temperature used in the standard test conditions.
For amalgam CFLs, the highest light output occurs above 40°C(104°F). Serres and Taelman (1993) showed that the relative lightoutput of some amalgam CFLs peaks at 45°C (113°F). The samestudy showed that amalgam lamps maintain more than 90% of theirlight output in the -15 to +65°C (5 to 149°F) range, except for theregion between 15 and 20°C (59 and 68°F), where the light outputdrops to 88% (see Figure A). Specifiers should consider the use ofamalgam CFLs when temperatures are likely to be above or belowthe optimum temperature for non-amalgam CFLs. For example, thetemperature within an enclosed luminaire can be much higher thanroom temperature.
Circular
Coiled tube
Double-bend tube
Figure B. Mercury Collection Regions in Some Non-Amalgam CFLs
Position FactorThe operating position of a CFL product (such as base up, basedown, or horizontal) can affect its light output by varying the mercuryvapor pressure inside the CFL. Position factor is defined as the lightoutput produced by the lamp in a certain orientation divided by thelight output produced by the lamp in the base-up position.
A study by Serres and Taelman in 1993 showed that when operatedat 25±1°C (77±2°F), amalgam CFLs have a position factor very closeto 1 (lamps operating in a base-down position produced 1.4% morelight output than when operating in a base-up position).
When non-amalgam CFLs are mounted base-up, the excess mercurycollects at the end of the lamp opposite the base, and most non-amalgam CFLs are designed so that the optimum vapor pressureoccurs in this position. When most non-amalgam CFLs are mountedbase-down, the excess mercury collects near the lamp electrodes andballast. At room temperature, the heat dissipated by the electrodesand ballast causes the mercury to evaporate, which elevates themercury vapor pressure above the optimum level and thereby re-duces light output.
Some non-amalgam CFL products are less sensitive to base-downorientation than others. The less-sensitive CFL products have lampshapes that allow the excess mercury to collect in a region of thelamp that is away from the lamp electrodes regardless of orientation.See Figure B.
Ambient Temperature in Degrees Celsius (Fahrenheit)
Rel
ativ
e Li
ght O
utpu
t
a
b
Comparison of relative light output vs. ambient temperaturefor two compact fluorescent lamp designs; one with amalgam(curve a) and non-amalgam (curve b).
Figure A. Light Output of Amalgam and Non-Amalgam CFLs
Base-up mercury collection region
Base-down mercury collection region
[Adapted from the IESNA Lighting Handbook (In press)]
Lamp Lumen DepreciationAs lamps operate, light outputdeclines. This lamp lumendepreciation (LLD) should betaken into account when compar-ing incandescent and CFLproducts. For CFLs, this deteriora-tion is mainly due to phosphordegradation. The mean lightoutput of a lamp is defined as itslight output at 40% of rated lamplife. Figure C shows typical lightoutput for ten incandescent lampsand one CFL over the expectedlife of the CFL. The mean lightoutput of an incandescent lamp is90% of initial light output. Basedon the manufacturer-supplied datain Tables 1 and 2, the mean lightoutput for CFLs ranges from 75 to93% of initial light output with anaverage of 86%.
Figure C. Light Loss Factor: Typical Lamp Lumen Depreciation
The light loss factors and other performance characteristics de-scribed in this report can be used to select an appropriate CFLproduct to replace an incandescent lamp in a particular applica-tion. For example, the table below shows the effect of light lossfactors on the light output of an incandescent lamp and two CFLproducts for a table lamp application.
Design light output is the product of initial rated light output andlight loss factors. Design efficacy is the ratio of the design light
NA = Not Applicablea Ballast factor does not apply to self-ballasted CFL products. If a
modular CFL product is used, the ballast factor should beincluded in the calculation.
b Thermal factor is 1.0 for the compact fluorescent lamp productsbecause the thermal operating conditions in the table lamp areassumed to be similar to the standard test conditions.
c A typical 15-W triple-tube lamp was used as an example. Positionfactor value was measured by NLPIP. Initial rated light output
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d A typical 28-W quad lamp was used as an example. Positionfactor value was measured by NLPIP. Initial rated light outputwas supplied by the manufacturer. LLD was obtained by dividingthe mean light output by the initial light output, both supplied bythe manufacturer.
output to the active power; the table below shows that, even con-sidering the effects of the light loss factors, the CFL products aremuch higher in efficacy than the incandescent lamp.
This example demonstrates, however, that selecting a CFL productto replace an incandescent lamp based on equivalent initial ratedlight output results in a design light output that is much lower thanthe light output of the incandescent lamp. Selecting a CFL productof higher wattage and higher initial rated light output is necessaryto overcome the effects of light loss factors.
Mean light output:incandescent lamp(1000-h lamp life)
Mean light output:CFL product(10,000-h lamp life)
[Adapted from the IESNA Lighting Handbook (In press)]
The term “power quality” refers to the levelof distortion of the electrical supply voltageor current and to shifts in the phase rela-tionship between the two waveforms. Powerquality also includes electromagneticinterference (EMI) caused by devices on anelectrical circuit, as discussed on p. 10. CFLproducts and other devices, such as vari-able-speed motor drives, can affect powerquality. See Lighting Answers: Power Quality(1995) for a more complete discussion.
The lighting industry has two metrics forpower quality: power factor and totalharmonic distortion (THD). THD measuresthe amount of distortion in the currentwaveform. Power factor takes into accountboth THD and phase displacements. TheFederal Communications Commission(FCC) regulates the amount of conductedEMI produced by an electronic device.Tables 1 and 2 contain manufacturer-reported power factor and THD values, andTables 4 and 5 report NLPIP test results forboth metrics.
In a single home, replacing incandescentlamps with CFL products does not affect thepower quality appreciably. However,complete lamp replacements in large
facilities could cause power quality con-cerns for utility and facility engineers whoare responsible for efficient and reliableelectrical system operation. For example,replacing all the lamps in a hospital withCFL products that have high THD couldaffect sensitive equipment unless the utilityor facility compensates for the distortion.See the section “Total Harmonic Distortion”on p. 9 for ways to solve this problem.
Power FactorPower factor is defined as the ratio of activepower (W) to apparent power [volt-amperes(VA)], and is a measure of the efficiencywith which an electrical device convertsinput current and voltage into usefulelectric power. Power factor ranges from0 to 1, with 1 being the ideal. All incandes-cent lamps have a power factor of 1. Whenpower factor is less than 1, the device drawsnon-work-producing current from theelectrical system. If two electric loads useidentical active power, the one with a lowerpower factor will require larger electricalsupply equipment (circuit conductors,transformers, and switch gear) to carry theadditional current. Many utilities penalizecustomers whose facilities have powerfactors below 0.8 to 0.9 because utilitiesmust build larger transmission and distribu-tion systems to serve the apparent powerdemands of their customers instead of justthe active power demands.
Devices with power factors greater thanor equal to 0.9 are called high power factordevices, and devices with power factors lessthan 0.9 are called normal power factordevices. Manufacturers’ sales literatureusually indicates if a CFL product has ahigh power factor, rather than specifying anumerical value. NLPIP measured powerfactors from 0.47 to 0.97 in both base-up andbase-down orientations.
Two aspects of the current wave shapereduce power factor: phase displacementand THD. Typically, magnetically ballastedCFL products primarily exhibit phasedisplacement, whereas electronicallyballasted CFL products primarily exhibitTHD. Figure 6 shows current wave shapesof two normal power factor CFL productsand of an incandescent lamp.
Phase Displacement A magneticallyballasted CFL product draws current thatlags behind the voltage. Phase displacement
Lamp Current CrestFactor (CCF)
Lamp current crest factor(CCF) is a measure of theshape of the lamp currentand is defined as the peakcurrent divided by the root-mean-square (rms), or “aver-age,” current. CCF isdetermined by the ballast onwhich a lamp operates, be-cause the ballast controls theoperating current of a lamp.
A high CCF indicates that thecurrent wave shape has highpeaks; a lower CCF indicatesa smoother current waveshape. The CCF of a sinewave is 1.41. ANSI StandardC82.11 (ANSI 1993)recommends a maximumCCF of 1.7. Lamp manufac-turers might not warranty theirlamps for rated life if the CCFof the ballast exceeds 1.7.
-1.0
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Figure 6. Lamp Current Comparison of Incandescent Lampsand CFL Products
is a measure of the degree to which thecurrent and voltage waves of a device are notsynchronized with one another. Somemanufacturers install a capacitor in theirmagnetically ballasted CFL products tocompensate for the lagging current, whichincreases the power factor to above 0.9.
When CFL products replace incandescentlamps of comparable light output, thereduced power factor does not cause acurrent overload in the existing electricalsystem because the reduced active powermore than compensates for the reducedpower factor. However, large-scale replace-ment of incandescent lamps with normalpower factor CFL products that have mag-netic ballasts could draw enough reactivecurrent to prompt a utility to install addi-tional capacitors on their distributionsystems to compensate for the reactivepower demand. Capacitors can also beinstalled in a facility to compensate forreactive power demand and to improve thepower factor of the facility’s electricalsystem.
Also, when normal power factor CFLproducts are installed in new construction,the load must be based on apparent powerinstead of active power.
Total Harmonic Distortion A harmonicwave has a frequency that is an integermultiple of the fundamental (also calledthe main wave). The fundamental plus oneor more harmonics can describe anydistorted waveform. A distorted 60-Hzcurrent wave, for example, might containharmonics at 120 Hz (second-order har-monic), 180 Hz (third-order harmonic),and other multiples of 60 Hz. Highlydistorted current waveforms (such as theelectronically ballasted CFL in Figure 6contain numerous harmonics. The evenharmonic components (second-order,fourth-order, and so on) tend to canceleach other’s effects, but the odd harmonicstend to add in a way that rapidly increasesdistortion because the peaks and troughsof their waveforms often coincide.
The lighting industry calls its mostcommon measure of distortion “currenttotal harmonic distortion (THD).” THDindicates the degree to which the currentwaveform deviates from sinusoidal. TheInstitute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) defines THD as the ratioof the rms value [See the sidebar “Root-
Mean-Square (rms)”] of the harmoniccontent to the rms value of the fundamentalcurrent. The American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), the Canadian StandardsAssociation (CSA), and the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC) defineTHD as the ratio of the rms value of theharmonic content to the rms value of thetotal current (Lighting Answers: PowerQuality, 1995). Manufacturers commonlymeasure THD as the IEEE defines it;NLPIP uses the ANSI definition to deter-mine THD.
Figure 7 shows the theoretical relation-ship between THD and power factor. Manydevices, such as incandescent lamps,motors, and resistive heaters, draw undis-torted, sinusoidal currents. However,nonlinear loads such as electronic devices(including televisions and computers),variable-speed motor drives, and mostelectronically ballasted CFL products drawhighly distorted currents.
Two methods have been developed toreduce THD anywhere within an electricalcircuit: passive filtering and active filtering.Passive filters use components like induc-tors, capacitors, and resistors arranged in apredetermined manner to attenuate the flowof harmonic components through them orto shunt the harmonic component into
Root-Mean-Square (rms)
Root-mean-square is theeffective average value of aperiodic quantity such as analternating current or voltagewave. It is calculated byaveraging the squared valuesof the amplitude over oneperiod and taking the squareroot of that average.
Components ofApparent Power
Apparent power is the rmsvoltage multiplied by the rmscurrent, measured in volt-amperes. Apparent powercomprises active power,reactive power, and distortionpower. Active power is thecomponent that providesuseful, work-producingpower. Neither reactivepower nor distortion powerprovides work-producingpower. Reactive power isproduced when the currentand voltage waves are out ofphase. Distortion power isproduced when the currentand voltage waves are ofdifferent shapes due toharmonics. See the section“Total Harmonic Distortion.”
Power Factor (watts/volt-ampere)
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Figure 7. Theoretical Relationship Between Total HarmonicDistortion and Power Factor
The curve shows themaximum THD that aproduct may have for agiven power factor. Thismaximum distortion occurswhen no phase displace-ment is present. Most CFLproducts cause both phasedisplacement and currentdistortion. Thus, for a givenpower factor, the actualTHD will fall below thecurve. The shaded regionrepresents THD values forhigh power factor products.
them. Passive filters can reduce THD to aslow as 20 to 30%. Active filters introduce acurrent waveform into the electrical distri-bution system, which, when combined withthe harmonic current, results in an almostperfect sinusoidal waveform. Active filterscan reduce THD to under 10% but are moreexpensive than passive filters.
Distorted currents cause a number ofother problems, including neutral conduc-tor current overload in three-phase electricsystems, increased heating and aging oftransformers and motors, and telephoneinterference. Specifying high power factorCFL products limits THD values to amaximum of 48%, as shown in Figure 7 onp. 9. Some electric utilities and consumergroups advocate THD values between 20–33% for CFL products. By comparison, otherelectronic devices, such as television setsand personal computers, have THD valuesover 100% and require significantly moreactive power than CFL products.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)Electronic devices employ power suppliesthat can generate EMI. This interferencecan be either conducted through the powersupply wiring or radiated through the air.Electronically ballasted CFL products mustcomply with FCC regulations regarding theamount of conducted EMI that they mayproduce. All but one of the products in thisreport meet FCC criteria for residential andcommercial applications. The electrodelessCFL product presently meets FCC criteriafor commercial applications but not forresidential applications.
Radiated EMI usually occurs in twofrequency bands. The first is between10␣ kHz and 100 kHz, which is below theamplitude modulation (AM) radio band.The source of this radiation is the lampcircuit, but the small size of the CFLproduct limits the amount of radio interfer-ence, so problems in this frequency bandare rare. The second frequency bandincludes infrared (IR) radiation. EMI inthis band is anecdotally reported tointerfere with the operation of remotecontrollers such as those for televisionsand videocassette recorders. Many ofthese controllers use modulated IR radia-tion for signaling. Specific solutions tospecific problems depend on the applica-tion, and a more detailed discussion can befound in Lighting Answers: ElectromagneticInterference Involving Fluorescent LightingSystems, 1995.
Efficacy
The efficacy of a lamp or lamp system (lampplus ballast) is the ratio of light output toactive power, measured in lumens per watt(LPW). CFL products are more efficaciousthan incandescent lamps because CFLproducts produce approximately the samelight output at about one-third the activepower. Figure 8 shows the system efficacyranges of incandescent, compact fluores-cent, linear fluorescent, metal halide, andhigh-pressure sodium lamp systems.
Light Distribution
Every CFL product has a particular lightdistribution pattern. CFL products withoutreflectors are primarily non-directional lightsources and are best suited for table lamps,floor lamps, and other luminaires designedto provide primarily diffuse light. Compactfluorescent reflector lamp products providea more directional light. See the section“Application Guides” on p. 12 for moreinformation about using CFL products indifferent luminaires.
Color Characteristics
Two measures commonly describe thecolor characteristics of a light source,correlated color temperature (CCT) andcolor rendering index (CRI). CCT indicateswhether a light source appears warm
(yellow-white) or cool (blue-white). CCT ismeasured in Kelvin (K), with higher CCTratings meaning cooler color appearances.Incandescent lamps appear warm andtypically have CCT ratings between 2700and 3000␣ K. CFL products are available withCCT ratings ranging from 2700 to 6500␣ K,but most of them simulate the color ofincandescent light with CCT ratings of2700, 2800, or 3000␣ K. The availability ofseveral CCT options allows specifiers toselect a CFL product with a color appear-ance that matches the dominant colors andother light sources within a space.
A lamp’s CCT is a result of two lampcomponents: the phosphor coating and themercury arc discharge. Both componentsreact differently to temperature changes.Color differences become apparent whenside-by-side luminaires have greatly differ-ent internal temperatures.
Light sources having the same CCT canhave different chromaticity coordinates(Wyszecki and Stiles 1982), so two CFLswith the same CCT may not appear identi-cal when viewed side by side. Therefore,using products from a single manufacturerin a multiple-lamp installation helps toensure that all CFLs have the same colorappearance.
The second color metric, CRI, is ameasure of the similarity with which a lightsource with a particular CCT renderscertain reference colors in comparison to areference light source with the same CCT.The highest CRI attainable is 100. Incandes-cent lamps have CRIs above 95. All but twoof the CFLs with manufacturer-reportedCRIs (see Tables 1 and 2) contain rare-earthphosphor (triphosphor) coatings, whichresult in CRIs that range from 82 to 88.
Dimming
A dimmable light source allows a singlelighting system to vary its light output.Manufacturers have recently introduceddimmable CFL products that can be usedwith the same variable resistance dimmersthat are used with incandescent lamps.Modular and self-ballasted CFLs withdimming electronic ballasts allow users tocontrol light levels from full light outputdown to 5% of maximum output. The“Ballast Type” column in Table 2 indicatesthe products (all are self-ballasted) that aredimmable.
“Step-dimming” products that are similarto three-way incandescent systems are alsoavailable. Table 1 lists these products (allare modular) with all three wattage settings.
A CFL product not designed for dimmingshould never be operated with a dimmer.
Human Response
Starting
Incandescent lamps provide full light outputnearly instantaneously. Instant-start CFLproducts start almost as quickly as incan-descent lamps, whereas rapid- and preheat-start CFL products may take up to a fewseconds to start. See the sidebar “StartingMethods” on p. 4 for a summary of thethree starting methods. CFL products withmagnetic preheat ballasts flash on and offwhen starting. CFL products with electronicpreheat ballasts, however, do not flash.
Most CFL products provide between 50and 80% of maximum light output immedi-ately after starting and may require severalminutes to achieve full light output, particu-larly at low ambient temperatures. Warm-uptime for amalgam CFLs is longer than forCFLs without amalgam additives. In someamalgam CFLs, an auxiliary amalgamaccelerates the rise in light output when thelamp is started.
These starting characteristics might notbe acceptable to people for some applica-tion. Manufacturer-supplied information onstarting method and minimum startingtemperature is reported in Tables 1 and 2.Table 6 reports NLPIP-measured startingtimes for some products.
Flicker
In North America, electrical systemsoperate at 60 Hz. Under these conditions,magnetically ballasted CFL products flickerat a frequency of 120 Hz, which very fewpeople can consciously perceive. CFLs withelectronic ballasts operating at high fre-quencies (20 to 60 kHz) do not have anyperceptible flicker. However, some elec-tronic ballasts flicker at 120 Hz, dependingon the ballast design. A British study(Wilkins et al. 1989) suggests that flickercan adversely affect a greater portion of thepopulation than those who can perceive it.The study found that workers’ complaints of
eye soreness and headaches decreasedwhen the British fluorescent lightingsystem, which flickers at a frequency of100␣ Hz (the electrical supply systemoperates at 50 Hz), was operated at 32 kHz.This effect may be less pronounced ornonexistent in North America, where theelectrical supply system operates at ahigher frequency.
Glare
When a lamp is in direct view, such as in anopen luminaire, diffusers can reduceobjectionable lamp brightness (glare). Insome downlights, a CFL product might betoo long for the luminaire and extend belowthe ceiling plane, causing glare. Lengths ofCFL products are provided in Tables 1 and2. In addition, CFL products have differentlight distributions than incandescent lamps.In recessed downlights, CFL productsgenerally provide higher illuminances onthe wall at vertical angles above 50 degrees,which is likely to reduce visual comfort dueto glare in large, open interior spaces (Jiand Davis 1993).
Sound
Magnetic ballasts often produce a faint humwith a frequency of 120 Hz, which mightannoy some people. Because sound dropsoff rapidly with distance, most objectionswill occur when people are close to lumi-naires that contain operating magneticballasts. Electronic ballasts have signifi-cantly reduced ballast noise, which isnormally imperceptible. Both types ofballasts are sound rated from “A” to “F.”“A”-rated ballasts are for indoor applica-tions, and noisier “B”-rated ballasts areintended for outdoor applications or indoorspaces such as warehouses where quiet-ness is not important. However, in anygiven system (such as inside a particularluminaire), an electronic ballast couldproduce an audible noise.
Application Guides
These guides are intended to point outsome of the most common CFL productapplications and give some tips on how tobetter use these products.
Indoor Versus Outdoor
All CFL products are rated for a minimumstarting temperature, which means thatbelow that temperature they cannot beexpected to start reliably. In addition,operating non-amalgam CFL products attemperatures above or below the optimalMBWT can affect light output. For outdoorapplications in cool weather, encapsulatedlamps or enclosed luminaires retain some ofthe heat produced by the lamp, so the lightoutput of the lamp is higher.
Indoor enclosed luminaires, particularlyairtight recessed downlights surroundedwith thermal insulation, reduce the lightoutput of a non-amalgam CFL productbecause the heat accumulated inside theluminaire affects the mercury vapor pres-sure inside the lamp (See “Thermal Factor”in the “Light Loss Factors” sidebar on p. 6).Tables 1 and 2 list the manufacturer-supplied recommended maximum tempera-tures. CFLs with amalgam additives are analternative for luminaires that are notproperly ventilated, such as lensed recesseddownlights. Most new CFL products useamalgam technology, but specifiers shouldcontact the manufacturer to verify whethera particular product contains an amalgam.
Frequent Starting Versus Long-TermOperation
If a CFL product is started less frequentlythan the standard 3-hour on, 20-minute offcycle, it will have a life longer than its ratedlife, but if it is started more frequently thanthe standard cycle, it will have a shorteroperating life. With frequent switching,instant-start ballasts are generally assumedto reduce lamp life more than other ballasttypes. CFL products are not recommendedin spaces where lights are switched on andoff frequently, such as bathrooms andclosets. CFL products are recommended inspaces such as living rooms, dining rooms,bedrooms, hotel rooms, and outdoors,where they are likely to be started lessfrequently than the standard cycle. See thesidebar “Long-Term Performance Testing”on p. 5.
Installation in Luminaires
One of the greatest barriers preventing thewidespread use of CFL products is thedifficulty of fitting them into some lumi-
naires. In comparison to incandescentlamps, CFL products can be bulky, awk-wardly shaped, and heavy. Some CFLproducts are almost as small as an incandes-cent A-lamp (see Figures 1, 2, and 4), but allare heavier. Even the A-line CFL does notquite match the shape or light distributionof an incandescent A-lamp because theballast is wider than the narrow neck of theA-lamp’s glass bulb.
Table or floor lamp shades that clip ontoincandescent A-lamps generally areincompatible with CFL products. Harpsthat support the lamp shade may interferewith installation. Inexpensive harp extend-ers are available to widen the harp near thelamp base, and longer replacement harpsare available to accommodate the tallerCFL products.
Screwbase circular and square CFLproducts are available with initial lightoutput ratings that are comparable toincandescent lamps of up to 150 W. Theseproducts, although they may interfere witha small lamp shade, usually are morecompatible with lamp shade harps thanother CFL products with comparable lightoutput ratings. The “bat-wing arm” availablewith some circular products, which allowsthe lamp to fit below the level of the screw-base adapter, makes the products morecompatible with some shades.
The added weight of a magneticallyballasted CFL product in a tall, narrow-based table, floor, or task lamp mightmake the luminaire unstable. The socketsin some luminaires, such as vanity lights,may not be able to support the addedweight of magnetically ballasted CFLproducts. The use of lighter electronicallyballasted CFL products can overcomethese problems.
Using an encapsulated or bare-lamp CFLproduct in a recessed downlight designedfor an incandescent reflector lamp is acommon misapplication. Much of thediffuse light emitted by the CFL is absorbedwithin the luminaire, reducing illuminancecompared to that of the original incandes-cent lamp. In these situations, a compactfluorescent reflector lamp product mightprovide a suitable replacement for thedirectional incandescent lamp. However,compact fluorescent reflector lamp productsdo not always perform as well as directionalincandescent lamps. See Specifier Reports:Reflector Lamps (1994) for details.
In recessed downlights for incandescentlamps, if a compact fluorescent reflectorlamp product is too short to reach the trimring, too much light will be absorbedwithin the luminaire. Screwbase lampsocket extenders are available that maysolve this problem.
Application Testing
Ji and Davis (1993) reported results fromapplication tests designed to compare theperformance of CFL products with theirmanufacturer-suggested equivalent incan-descent lamps. In the experiment, whichused CFL products in a table lamp applica-tion, tabletop illuminances more closelyapproximated the tabletop illuminances ofincandescent lamps of the next-loweravailable wattage than their manufacturer-suggested wattage equivalences. Forexample, a CFL product claimed to beequivalent in light output to a 60-W incan-descent lamp produced tabletop illuminancecloser to that of a 40-W incandescent lamp.The same results were obtained in therecessed downlight application testing.
Alternative Technologies
Dedicated CFL Luminaires
Luminaires dedicated to CFLs, whichcontain hardwired ballasts, are an alterna-tive when screwbase CFL products cannotbe used to replace incandescent lamps orwhen a more energy-efficient product isdesired. (“Installation in Luminaires” on p.12 discusses some barriers to replacingincandescent lamps with CFLs.) Recesseddownlights, torchieres, and surface-mounted and suspended luminaires that arededicated to CFLs are widely available inthe market. Table lamps dedicated to CFLsare available as well, though not as widelyas the products listed above. Althoughluminaire replacement is more expensiveand more difficult than simple lamp replace-ment, the improvements in energy effi-ciency and optical performance from adedicated luminaire might justify the addedexpense. Dedicated CFL luminaires alsoguarantee continued CFL use. If a luminaireis not dedicated to CFLs, the user canreplace a CFL product with an incandescentlamp instead. Retrofit kits are available that
convert a recessed downlight designed foran incandescent lamp to a luminairededicated to CFLs.
Incandescent Lamps
Incandescent lamps are available in a widevariety of types but their life and efficacyusually are inferior to those of other lightsources. Because of their low purchaseprice, incandescent lamps can be economi-cal for applications where light is neededinfrequently, including utility rooms incommercial buildings. Incandescentsources also are preferable where specificcolor properties, optical control, or frequentswitching (such as with an occupancysensor) are necessary. Such applicationsinclude retail spot lighting, museum artdisplays, certain medical tasks, and theatri-cal lighting. Additionally, incandescentlamps can be used in extremely coldstarting conditions.
The energy used by incandescent lampscan be reduced significantly by the use ofappropriate lighting controls, such asdimmers, timers, and occupancy sensors.
Tungsten-Halogen Incandescent LampsTungsten-halogen lamps are a special typeof incandescent lamp that can providemodest improvements in lamp life andefficacy compared to other incandescentlamps. Lamp lumen depreciation is alsoreduced in comparison to incandescentlamps. Hazardous operating characteristics,such as a lamp temperature high enough toignite nearby flammable materials and thepossibility of non-passive failure, should beconsidered when choosing some types oftungsten-halogen lamps.
Low-Wattage HID Lighting
High-intensity discharge (HID) lampsinclude low-wattage (150 W or less) metalhalide (MH) and color-improved high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. They haveseveral advantages over CFL products insome commercial and residential applica-tions. HID lamps provide a concentratedlight source that allows good opticalcontrol. They are available with higherinitial light output than CFL products. HIDlamps are less sensitive to starting andoperating temperatures than CFL products.For example, HID lamps are a good choice
for exterior lighting applications becausethey start reliably in low temperatures.
However, HID lamps have severaldisadvantages. HID lamps provide only afraction of their rated light output forseveral minutes after starting. Also, if thepower to an HID lamp is interrupted, thelamp arc will be extinguished and severalminutes must elapse before it can restrike.HPS lamps generally have fewer colortemperature choices and poorer colorrendering than CFL products. Color-improved HPS lamps are available but onlywith CCTs below 3000 K. Metal halidelamps are available with various CCTratings and with CRI ratings up to 93.However, shifts in color temperature takeplace over the life of a metal halide lamp.New metal halide technologies with re-duced warm-up and restrike time and bettercolor consistency are becoming available.Replacing incandescent lighting with anHID lighting system requires new lumi-naires. Finally, HID lamps, particularly HPSlamps, flicker at a frequency of 120 Hzduring operation and can produce a strobo-scopic effect on moving parts.
Performance Evaluations
Manufacturer-Supplied Data
Manufacturers of CFL products providedthe data in Tables 1 and 2 to NLPIP. InAugust and September 1998, NLPIP usedindustry documentation and companyinformation to identify 18 manufacturers ofscrewbase CFL products. NLPIP askedthem to send sales literature and photo-metric and electrical data. Data sheets fortwo types of products were included:modular CFL products (lamp and screw-base adapter sold as a whole package, notsold as individual lamps or adapters) andself-ballasted CFLs.
One company that received the requesthad discontinued all their CFL products,eight manufacturers sent the informationrequested, and nine did not reply. For six ofthese nine, NLPIP gathered the informationfrom the manufacturers’ most recent avail-able catalogs. NLPIP had no access to salesliterature for three of the manufacturers, sono data were gathered for them. In January1999, the 14 manufacturers for which NLPIPhad data were given the opportunity to
review the data submittals and the dataNLPIP gathered from their catalogs and toprovide corrections. At the same time, a finalrequest for data was sent to the threemanufacturers for whom NLPIP did not havecatalogs. The same three manufacturers didnot send any reply, so they were removedfrom the manufacturer-supplied data tables.Only those products that were commerciallyavailable in August 1998 were included in thedata tables.
NLPIP collected manufacturers’ contactinformation (see Table 7) from their salesliterature and Web sites.
Independent Product Testing
Prior to compiling the manufacturers’ data,NLPIP surveyed retailers in the Albany, NewYork, area in June and July 1997 and identi-fied 28 CFL products for testing. The testingwas intended to spot-check the accuracy ofthe manufacturers’ photometric and electri-cal performance ratings and to indicate thelikely range of performance that could beexpected from the CFL products.
Under NLPIP’s direction, IndependentTesting Laboratories (ITL) of Boulder,Colorado, conducted photometric andelectrical tests during the months ofSeptember and October 1997. It is impor-tant to note that since the testing wasperformed, the design of some productsmay have changed, even though catalognumbers may still be the same. Someproducts have been discontinued but mightstill be in stores or in use. NLPIP willperiodically test new products and reportresults through NLPIP Online atwww.lrc.rpi.edu.
All modular and self-ballasted CFLs wereseasoned for 100␣ h and operated at least15␣ h continuously in the base-up positionprior to testing. The lamp-ballast combina-tion was operated on a voltage conditionerand regulator. The light output was moni-tored until stabilization occurred with thelamp in a base-up position; data were thenrecorded. The lamp was seasoned again forat least 15␣ h in the base-down position andthe above procedure was repeated. Unlessindicated, all tests were conducted underIESNA (LM 66-1991, LM-9-1988, LM-54-1991) and ANSI (C82.11-1993) standardconditions (see the sidebar “StandardTesting” on p. 4). Unless stated otherwise,only one sample of each product was tested.
Two magnetic, modular circular CFLproducts and seven electronic, modularcircular CFL products were tested in bothbase-up and base-down positions. One ofthe products had the option to be used atthree different power levels. This productwas tested at the three available powerlevels (low, medium, and high). Eachmodular CFL product was tested with itsoriginal ballast. The results are shown inTable 4.
One magnetic, self-ballasted CFL and 18electronic, self-ballasted CFLs were testedin both base-up and base-down positions.Results for self-ballasted CFLs appear inTable 5.
Further Information
American National Standards Institute.1993. High-frequency fluorescent lamp bal-last, ANSI C82.11-1993. New York, NY:ANSI.
American National Standards Institute.1997. Specification for performance of self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamp, ANSIC78.5-1997. New York, NY: ANSI.
Conway, K. and M. Mehra. 1998. Lightingmarket opportunities: Reconciling consum-ers’ purchasing behaviors with environmen-tal values. Journal of the IlluminatingEngineering Society 27(2): 67–76.
Covington, E.J. 1971. Life prediction of fluo-rescent lamps. Illuminating Engineering66(4): 159–164.
Davis, R., Y. Ji, and W. Chen. 1996. Rapid-cycle testing for fluorescent lamps: What dothe results mean? Illuminating EngineeringSociety of North America annual conference:Technical papers. New York, NY: IESNA.pp. 460–481.
Davis, R., Y. Ji, and W. Chen. 1998. An in-vestigation of the effect of operating cycleson the life of compact fluorescent lamps.Illuminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica annual conference: Technical pa-pers. New York, NY:IESNA. pp. 381–392.
Illuminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica. 1988. IES Approved method for theelectrical and photometric measurements offluorescent lamps, LM-9-1988. New York,NY:IESNA.
Illuminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica. 1991. IES guide to lamp seasoning,LM-54-1991. New York, NY:IESNA.
Illuminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica. 1991. IES Approved method for theelectrical and photometric measurements forsingle-ended compact fluorescent lamps, LM-66-1991. New York, NY:IESNA.
Illuminating Engineering Society of NorthAmerica (In press). IESNA lighting hand-book, 9th ed. Edited by M.S. Rea. NewYork, NY:IESNA.
Ji, Y., and Davis, R. 1993. Application testingof compact fluorescent lamps: Table lampsand recessed downlights. Illuminating Engi-neering Society of North America annualconference: Technical papers. New York, NY:IESNA. pp. 22–42.
Ji, Y., R. Davis, C. O’Rourke, and E. Chui.1997. Compatibility testing of fluorescentlamp and ballast systems. Conference recordof the 1997 IEEE industry applications con-ference thirty-second IAS annual meeting.Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers. pp. 2340–2345.
Lowry, E.F., W.S. Frohock, and G.A.Meyers. 1946. Some fluorescent lamp pa-rameters and their effect on lamp perfor-mance. Journal of the IlluminatingEngineering Society 46(12): 859–872.
Serres, A.W. and W. Taelman. 1993. Amethod to improve the performance of com-pact fluorescent lamps. Journal of the Illumi-nating Engineering Society 22(2): 40–48.
Vorlander, F.J., and E.H. Raddin. 1950. Theeffect of operating cycles on fluorescentlamp performance. Illuminating Engineer-ing 40(1): 21–27.
Wilkins, A.J., I. Nimmo-Smith, A.I. Slater,and L. Bedocs. 1989. Fluorescent lighting,headaches and eyestrain. Lighting Researchand Technology 21(1): 11–18.
Wolf, S., and R.F.M. Smith. 1990. Studentreference manual for electronic instrumenta-tion laboratories. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Wyszecki, G., and W.S. Stiles. 1982. Colorscience; concepts and methods, quantitativedata and formulae, 2nd ed. New York, NY:John Wiley.
Data Table Termsand Definitions
The following data tables present productinformation supplied by manufacturers toNLPIP (Tables 1 and 2) and data collectedby NLPIP researchers in the tests de-scribed in the “Performance Evaluations”section (Tables 3, 4, 5, and 7). Data dis-cussed in the sidebar “Long-term Perfor-mance” on p. 5 appear in Table 6. Althoughmost of the performance characteristicslisted in these tables are discussed in thisreport or are self-explanatory, some itemsbear further explanation and are listedbelow in alphabetical order:
Accessories available. A brief list of theaccessories available for a CFL product.Some accessories are permanently at-tached, while others are removable.
Active power. For both modular and self-ballasted CFLs, the total rated or testedwattage of a lamp-ballast combination.
Ballast rated life. The number of hours atwhich half of a group of ballasts have failedunder standard test conditions. The ratedlife is a median value of life expectancy; anyballast, or group of ballasts, might varyfrom the published rated life.
CCF. Current crest factor. Peak lampcurrent divided by rms lamp current.
CCT. Correlated color temperature. Relatesthe color appearance of a lamp to that of areference light source.
CRI. Color rendering index. A measure ofthe similarity with which a light source witha particular CCT renders certain referencecolors in comparison to a reference lightsource of equal CCT. Maximum CRI is 100.
Electrode preheat current. The currentflowing through the electrodes to heat themduring starting.
Initial light output. Light output mea-sured under standard testing conditions.
Lamp base position. The location of thelamp socket, either in the center of the topof the ballast or on the side of the ballast.Modular ballasts for circular CFLs have alamp socket located at the end of a wiringharness.
Lamp envelope. The shape of either thebare lamp or the capsule surrounding thelamp. NLPIP grouped the lamps accordingto the following shapes: quad, triple tube,four-tube, coiled tube, A-line, circular,square, globe, capsule (bullet), reflector, anddecorative. See Figure 1 on p. 1 for examplesof these shapes.
Lamp operating current. Current flowingthrough the lamp during normal operation.
Lamp rated life. The number of hours atwhich half of a group of product sampleshave failed. The rated life is a median valueof life expectancy; any lamp, or group oflamps, may vary from the published ratedlife. Rated life is based on standard testconditions. See the sidebar “StandardTesting” on p. 4.
Maximum ambient temperature. Themaximum ambient temperature for whichthe CFL product is warranted to achieverated life.
Maximum overall length. For self-ballasted CFLs, the length from the top ofthe lamp to the bottom of the screwbase.For modular CFL products, the length fromthe top of the lamp to the bottom of thelamp base; this length must be added to theheight of the modular CFL ballast todetermine the total length of a modularproduct. See Figure 3 on p. 2. For compactfluorescent reflector lamp products, maxi-mum overall length includes the length ofthe reflector.
Mean light output. For CFL productswithout reflector accessories, light outputat 40% of rated lamp life. In combinationwith initial light output, mean light outputmay be used to estimate lamp lumendepreciation.
Minimum ambient temperature. Thelowest temperature at which the CFLproduct is warranted to start.
Operating cycle. The frequency withwhich the lamps were cycled on and off.
Position factor. The light output of thelamp in a certain position divided by thelight output of the lamp in the base-uppositions. The position factors reported inTables 4 and 5 are base-down light outputdivided by base-up light output.
Power factor. The ratio of active power(watts) to apparent power (rms volt-amperes). Power factor ranges from 0 to 1.See p. 8 for more information.
Starting method. Ballasts use one of threemethods to start CFLs: instant, preheat, orrapid. See the sidebar “Starting Methods”on p. 4.
Starting time. The time it takes the lampto start from the point at which voltage isapplied to the lamp until stable operation.
Starting voltage. The voltage appliedacross the lamp during starting.
Suggested retail price. Manufacturer’ssuggested retail price based on the pur-chase of a single unit from a retailer. Finalprices usually are set at the discretion of theretailer, so actual costs may vary widely.
THD. A measure of the degree to which thecurrent waveform deviates from sinusoidal.THD is expressed as a percentage andranges from zero to infinity. See p. 8 formore information.
Weight. For modular CFL ballasts, theweight of the ballast without a lamp. Forself-ballasted CFLs, this indicates the totalproduct weight.
pmaLD2 B/728/D283AEF erauqs cinortcele 93 05.0 071< SN 0872 5632
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Supplied for the base-down position.
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Supplied for the base-down position.
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Supplied for the base-down position.
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Available in medium and high power factor.c Dependent on medium or high power factor specifications.
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OCBA LFCcinortcelEdetargetnI 46370 dauq cinortcele 32 05.0 SN tnatsni 006 SN
LFCcinortcelEdetargetnI 56370 dauq cinortcele 51 05.0 SN tnatsni 009 SN
LFCcinortcelEdetargetnI 66370 dauq cinortcele 02 05.0 SN tnatsni 0021 SN
LFCcinortcelEdetargetnI 76370 elpirt cinortcele 32 05.0 SN tnatsni 0051 SN
eluspaCthgiL 09370 ebolg cinortcele 51 85.0 SN tnatsni 058 SN
eluspaCthgiL 59370 eluspac cinortcele 51 85.0 SN tnatsni 058 SN
eluspaCthgiL 69370 eluspac cinortcele 02 85.0 SN tnatsni 0021 SN
eluspaCthgiL 79370 eluspac cinortcele 82 85.0 SN tnatsni 0571 SN
eluspaCthgiL 89370 ebolg cinortcele 52 85.0 SN tnatsni 0731 SN
cirtcelEtieF bluBOCE A31LSEPB enil-A cinortcele 31 SN SN tnatsni 087 SN
bluBOCE C31LSEPB evitaroced cinortcele 31 SN b SN c tnatsni 085 SN
bluBOCE 51LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 009 SN
bluBOCE 51LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN b SN c tnatsni 708 SN
bluBOCE 03RAP51LSEPB rotcelfer cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 009 SN
bluBOCE 03R51LSEPB rotcelfer cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 009 SN
bluBOCE T51LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 0001 SN
bluBOCE T02LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 02 SN SN tnatsni 0021 SN
bluBOCE T32LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 32 SN SN tnatsni 0041 SN
bluBOCE 513LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN b SN c tnatsni 708 SN
bluBOCE 613LSEPB ebutelpirt cinortcele 61 SN SN tnatsni 0501 SN
bluBOCE D613LSEPB ebutelpirtelbammidcinortcele
61 SN SN tnatsni 0501 SN
bluBOCE NS613LSEPB ebutelpirt cinortcele 61 SN SN tnatsni 0501 SN
bluBOCE 023LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 02 SN b SN c tnatsni 4901 SN
bluBOCE 223LSEPB ebutelpirt cinortcele 22 SN SN tnatsni 0521 SN
bluBOCE NS223LSEPB ebutelpirt cinortcele 22 SN SN tnatsni 0521 SN
bluBOCE 423LSEPB ebutelpirt cinortcele 42 SN SN tnatsni 5731 SN
bluBOCE 523LSEPB ebutdelioc cinortcele 52 SN b SN c tnatsni 7631 SN
bluBOCE 623LSEPB ebutelpirt cinortcele 62 SN SN tnatsni 0051 SN
bluBOCE C31LSE evitaroced cinortcele 31 SN b SN c tnatsni 085 SN
bluBOCE 51LSE ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN b SN c tnatsni 708 SN
bluBOCE C51LSE eluspac cinortcele 51 SN b SN c tnatsni 708 SN
bluBOCE G51LSE ebolg cinortcele 51 SN b SN c tnatsni 708 SN
bluBOCE 61LSE ralucric cinortcele 61 SN b SN c tnatsni 059 SN
bluBOCE C02LSE eluspac cinortcele 02 SN SN tnatsni 0021 SN
bluBOCE G02LSE ebolg cinortcele 02 SN SN tnatsni 0021 SN
bluBOCE 83RAP52LSE rotcelfer cinortcele 52 SN SN tnatsni 0051 SN
bluBOCE 513LSE ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN b SN c tnatsni 708 SN
bluBOCE 023LSE ebutdelioc cinortcele 02 SN b SN c tnatsni 4901 SN
bluBOCE 523LSE ebutdelioc cinortcele 52 SN b SN c tnatsni 7831 SN
EGgnithgiL
spmaLxaiB WS/72XPS/FPH/XBT51ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 51 59.0 23< SN 528 007
spmaLxaiB 72XPS/XBT51ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 51 06.0< 071 SN 009 567
spmaLxaiB WS/72XPS/FPH/XBT02ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 59.0 23< SN 0021 0201
spmaLxaiB 72XPS/XBT02ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 06.0< 071 SN 0021 0201
spmaLxaiB 72XPS/XBT42ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 42 06.0< 071 SN 0251 0921
spmaLxaiB WS/72XPS/FPH/XBT52ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 52 59.0 23< SN 0251 0921
spmaLxaiB 72XPS/XBQ82ELF ebut-ruof cinortcele 82 06.0< 071 SN 0571 5841
srotcelfeRxaiB 03R/L/XBT51ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 51 06.0< 071 SN 515 044
srotcelfeRxaiB WS/LFR/FPH/XBT02ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 09.0 23< SN 008 086
srotcelfeRxaiB 04R/L/XBT02ELF ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 06.0< 071 SN 588 057
telluB 71BLF eluspac citengam 71 05.0< 23< SN 007 595
telluB 91T/S/XBT51ELF eluspac cinortcele 51 06.0< 071 SN 577 027
aruneG d 72/52R/32LE rotcelfer cinortcele 32 55.0 031 SN 0011 088
aruneG d 03/52R/32LE rotcelfer cinortcele 32 55.0 031 SN 0011 088
ebolG 92G/L/XBT51ELF ebolg cinortcele 51 06.0< 071 SN 056 055
ebolG E51GLF ebolg cinortcele 51 05.0 051< SN 058 027
ebolG 71GLF ebolg citengam 71 05.0 23< SN 007 056
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Available in medium and high power factor.c Dependent on medium or high power factor specifications.d The electrodeless CFL product uses a different starting technology than other CFL
products. However, the manufacturer treats it as a CFL product.e Supplied for the base-down position.
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Available in medium and high power factor.c Dependent on medium or high power factor specifications.
cinosanaP eluspaCthgiL 82E51GFE eluspac cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 058 SN
eluspaCthgiL 05E51GFE eluspac cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 018 SN
eluspaCthgiL 82E52GFE eluspac cinortcele 52 SN SN tnatsni 0731 SN
eluspaCthgiL 05E52GFE eluspac cinortcele 52 SN SN tnatsni 0231 SN
eluspaCthgiL 82E51TFE eluspac cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 058 SN
eluspaCthgiL DHU.82E51TFE eluspac cinortcele 51 09.0< 52< tnatsni 018 SN
eluspaCthgiL 05E51TFE eluspac cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 018 SN
eluspaCthgiL 82E02TFE eluspac cinortcele 02 SN SN tnatsni 0021 SN
eluspaCthgiL DHU.82E02TFE eluspac cinortcele 02 09.0< 52< tnatsni 0011 SN
eluspaCthgiL 05E02TFE eluspac cinortcele 02 SN SN tnatsni 0511 SN
eluspaCthgiL 82E82TFE eluspac cinortcele 82 SN SN tnatsni 0571 SN
eluspaCthgiL 05E82TFE eluspac cinortcele 82 SN SN tnatsni 0861 SN
ecnamrofrePnoitcelloC
72E51SFE dauq cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 009 SN
ecnamrofrePnoitcelloC
72E02SFE dauq cinortcele 02 SN SN tnatsni 0021 SN
thgiLrotcelfeReluspaC
R82E51GFE eluspac cinortcele 51 SN SN tnatsni 055 SN
spilihP-A-guBthgiLhtraEWAB51O/LEyaW
9-87782 eluspac cinortcele 51 55.0 – 26.0 SN SN 057 536
roceDthgiLhtraE5103G/SLSebolG
9-66162 ebolg cinortcele 51 55.0 – 26.0 SN SN 057 536
roceDthgiLhtraE5104G/SLSebolG
4-46162 ebolg cinortcele 51 55.0 – 26.0 SN SN 057 536
thgiLhtraE32D/SLSelbammiD
5-51172 ebutelpirtelbammidcinortcele
32 05.0 – 07.0 SN SN 0051 5721
doolFthgiLhtraE5103R/SLS
0-53022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 51 55.0 – 26.0 SN SN 005 524
doolFthgiLhtraE0203R/SLS
4-83022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 55.0 – 26.0 SN SN 575 584
doolFthgiLhtraE5104R/SLS
6-73022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 51 55.0 – 26.0 SN SN 526 035
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Available in medium and high power factor.
0204R/SLS2-93022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 26.0-55.0 SN SN 528 007
roodtuOthgiLhtraE51O/LE
8-47782 eluspac cinortcele 51 26.0-55.0 SN SN 008 086
roodtuOthgiLhtraE81O/LE
5-57782 eluspac cinortcele 81 26.0-55.0 SN SN 0011 539
pmaLelbaTthgiLhtraE51T/LE
2-27782 ebutelpirt cinortcele 51 26.0-55.0 SN SN 009 567
pmaLelbaTthgiLhtraE81T/LE
0-37782 ebutelpirt cinortcele 81 26.0-55.0 SN SN 0511 579
lasrevinUthgiLhtraE51SLS
8-30022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 51 26.0-55.0 SN SN 009 567
lasrevinUthgiLhtraE02SLS
7-80022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 26.0-55.0 SN SN 0021 0201
lasrevinUthgiLhtraE32SLS
1-85522 ebutelpirt cinortcele 32 26.0-55.0 SN SN 0051 5721
lasrevinUthgiLhtraE52SLS
5-90022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 52 26.0-55.0 SN SN 0571 0941
HR/lasrevinUthgiLhtraE61HR/SLS
8-42322 ebutelpirt cinortcele 61 09.0> ≤ 23 SN 009 567
HR/lasrevinUthgiLhtraE02HR/SLS
9-21022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 02 09.0> ≤ 23 SN 0021 0201
HR/lasrevinUthgiLhtraE32HR/SLS
7-31022 ebutelpirt cinortcele 32 09.0> ≤ 23 SN 0051 5721
thgiLorP retsiwT 51TE ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN SN SN 008 SN
retsiwT 81TE ebutdelioc cinortcele 81 SN SN SN 0011 SN
retsiwT 32TE ebutdelioc cinortcele 32 SN SN SN 0531 SN
retsiwT 51TE/23R ebutdelioc cinortcele 51 SN SN SN 085 SN
retsiwT 81TE/23R ebutdelioc cinortcele 81 SN SN SN 008 SN
retsiwT 32TE/23R ebutdelioc cinortcele 32 SN SN SN 0531 SN
retsiwT 81TE/04R ebutdelioc cinortcele 81 SN SN SN 0011 SN
retsiwT 32TE/04R ebutdelioc cinortcele 32 SN SN SN 0531 SN
NA = Not ApplicableNS = Not Supplied°F = (9/5)°C+321 cm = 0.394 in.1 g = 0.035 oza Rapid-start includes programmed and modified rapid-start.b Available in medium and high power factor.c Dependent on medium or high power factor specifications.d The electrodeless CFL product uses a different starting technology than other CFL
products. However, the manufacturer treats it as a CFL product.e Supplied for the base-down position.
a Initial light output averaged from incandescent lamp information in GE Lighting, Philips, and OSRAM SYLVANIA catalogs.b Supplied for the base-down position.c Manufacturer-supplied data does not include these products because they were discontinued; information obtained from lamp packaging.
Table 3. NLPIP Evaluations: Comparison of CFL and Equivalent Incandescent Light Output
NS = Not Supplieda Manufacturer-supplied data does not include these products because they were discontinued; information obtained from lamp packaging.b Supplied for the base-down position.
Table 4. NLPIP Evaluations of Modular Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products
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gnithgiLEG pmaLD2 WS/FPH/D222AEF a cinortcele 22 SN SN 0031
pmaLD2 WS/FPH/D293AEF a cinortcele 93 SN SN 0872
etilcriC DC/12ACF a citengam 12 SN SN 0021
etilcriC DC/WW/42ACF a citengam 42 SN SN 0011
aciremAfosthgiL etiLelcriC 0262 cinortcele 02 SN SN 0511 b
cinosanaP eluspaCthgiL 82E52GFE cinortcele 52 SN SN 0731
eluspaCthgiL 82E51TFE cinortcele 51 SN SN 058
eluspaCthgiL 82E02TFE cinortcele 02 SN SN 0021
eluspaCthgiL 82E82TFE cinortcele 82 SN SN 0571
spilihP thgiLhtraE 71G/LS a citengam 71 SN SN 006
thgiLhtraE 71O/LS a cinortcele 71 SN SN 078
thgiLhtraE 81O/LS a cinortcele 81 SN SN 0011
thgiLhtraE 61T/LS a cinortcele 61 SN SN 009
thgiLhtraE 02T/LS a cinortcele 02 SN SN 0021
NS = Not Supplieda Manufacturer-supplied data does not include these products because they were discontinued; information obtained from lamp packaging.
Table 5. NLPIP Evaluations of Self-Ballasted Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products
thgiLhtraE d 71O/LS eluspac cinortcele 71 322 26.1
NA = Not ApplicableNM = Not Measureda Information obtained from lamp packaging.b Total number of operating (on) hours for this cycle between 6/11/96 and 12/31/98.c Rated life is based on an operating cycle of 3 h on, 20 min off.d These products were also tested by NLPIP and are reported in Tables 4 and 5.e Median lamp life cannot be determined until half the samples have failed. These products, therefore, have a median lamp life exceeding the
total operating hours for this cycle. Number in parentheses indicates the number of lamps that have failed as of December 31, 1998.
Principal Investigator: Mariana G. FigueiroProgram Director: Rick CobelloTechnical Editor: Alma TaylorGraphics and Photography: James Gross,
Susan MaharProduction Manager: James Gross
The following people provided technicalreview: P. Banwell, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency; F. Barwig, Iowa EnergyCenter; K. Conway, Lighting ResearchCenter; D. Grant, Seattle Lighting DesignLab; R. Leslie, Lighting Research Center;N. Olson, Iowa Energy Center; C. O'Rourke,Lighting Research Center; S. Pigg, EnergyCenter of Wisconsin; M. Rea, LightingResearch Center; B. Steele, EnergyFederation, Inc.; W. VonNeida, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency; andM. Walton, New York State EnergyResearch and Development Authority.Reviewers are listed to acknowledge theircontributions to the final publication. Theirapproval or endorsement of this report is notnecessarily implied.
The Electrical Power Research Instituteprovided funding to support the long-termtesting project.
Production of this report involved importantcontributions from many staff members atthe LRC: S. Hayes, K. Heslin, H. Huang,M. Nickleson, C. O'Rourke, S. Sechrist,S. Vasconez, and K. Wilwol. Specialacknowledgment to W. Chen, formerNLPIP Program Director and principal
investigator, and Y. Ji for their contributionsto this publication.
No portion of this publication or the informa-tion contained herein may be duplicated orexcerpted in any way in other publications,databases, or any other medium withoutexpress written permission of RensselaerPolytechnic Institute. Making copies of all orpart of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is aviolation of United States copyright laws. It isagainst the law to inaccurately presentinformation extracted from Specifier Reports forproduct publicity purposes.
The products described herein have not beentested for safety. The Lighting Research Centerand Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard tosafety of products, in whatever form orcombination used, and the results of testing setforth for your information cannot be regardedas a representation that the products are or arenot safe to use in any specific situation or thatthe particular product you purchase willconform to the results found in this report.
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting forOffices, 1994; Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electro-magnetic Interference Involving Fluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality,1995; Thermal Effects in 2'×4' Fluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996; Controlling Lightingwith Building Automation Systems, 1997
GuidesGuide to Performance Evaluation of Efficient Lighting Products, 1991Guide to Fluorescent Lamp-Ballast Compatibility, 1996Guide to Specifying High-Frequency Electronic Ballasts, 1996Guide to Selecting Frequently Switched T8 Fluorescent Lamp-Ballast Systems, 1998
The National Lighting Product Informa-tion Program (NLPIP) was establishedin 1990 and is administered by theLighting Research Center at RensselaerPolytechnic Institute. The LightingResearch Center is a nonprofit educa-tional and research organizationdedicated to the advancement of light-ing knowledge.
NLPIP’s mission is to rapidly providethe best information available on energyefficient lighting products. NLPIPstrives to provide complete, current, andvaluable manufacturer-specific perform-ance data in useful formats to guidelighting decisions. Priority is given toinformation not available now or noteasily accessible from other sources.
The National Lighting ProductInformation Program tests lightingproducts according to accepted industryprocedures. If procedures are not avail-able or applicable, NLPIP developsinterim tests, focusing on those perfor-mance issues that are important to thelighting specifier and end user. Theprogram does not accept funding frommanufacturers.
50%TOTAL RECOVERED FIBER
15% POST-CONSUMER FIBER
To order publications, contact:Lighting Research CenterRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy, NY 12180-3590Phone: (518) 687-7100Fax: (518) 687-7120Internet e-mail: [email protected] Wide Web:
www.lrc.rpi.eduISSN 1067-2451
ScrewbaseCompact Fluorescent
Lamp Products
Screwbase Compact FluorescentLamp Products
Volume 7 Number 1 Supplement 1 October 1999
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about nine modular and self-ballasted screwbase com-pact fluorescent lamp (CFL) products from six manufacturers that were testedsubsequent to the group of CFLs reported in the original study. This supple-ment was created to provide additional information of new products on theNLPIP searchable online database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base on October 20, 1999.
ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel Number
FEIT ECO Bulb MLPL13
GE Lighting Circlite FCA21/CD
Lights of America Twister Bulb 2420
Maxlite Mini-Max SKM315EA (CCT 2800)
OSRAM SYLVANIA DULUX EL CF17EL/830/MED
OSRAM SYLVANIA DULUX EL CF23EL/830/MED
Philips Earth Light Universal SLS 20
Philips Earth Light Universal SLS 23
Philips Earth Light Universal SLS 25
Evaluation Methods
The testing procedure in this supplement differs slightly from the testingmethod in the original report. Three samples of each CFL product were testedhere: in the initial study, one sample of each CFL was tested. The products werepurchased at retail stores in eastern New York State. The stores, which werescattered over a wide geographic area, had the products readily available. NLPIPpurchased two samples of each CFL from one retailer and the third sample ofeach CFL from a different store in a different geographic area.
NLPIP directed the product testing from September to October 1997.Intertek Testing Services (ITS) in Cortland, New York, an independent testingorganization dedicated to commodity products, performed the tests. ITS fol-lowed all testing procedures and conducted all the tests described in SpecifierReports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products.
Program SponsorsEnergy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy CenterNew York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAlliance
United States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997
Principal Investigator:Conan P. O’Rourke
Program Director:Rick Cobello
Technical Editor:Alma Taylor
No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, orany other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws.
It is against the law to inaccurately present information extracted from Specifier Reports for product publicity purposes. Information in thesereports may not be reproduced without permission of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The products described herein have not been tested for safety. The Lighting Research Center and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard to safety of products, in whatever form or combination used, and the results of testing set forth for yourinformation cannot be regarded as a representation that the products are or are not safe to use in any specific situation, or that the particularproduct you purchase will conform to the results found in this report.
Products tested by the National Lighting Product Information Program may thereafter be used by the Lighting Research Center for research orany other purposes.
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about 22 modular and self-ballasted screwbase com-pact fluorescent lamp (CFL) products from 6 manufacturers that were testedsubsequent to the group of CFLs reported in the original study. This supple-ment was created to provide additional information of new products on theNLPIP searchable online database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base in June 2000.ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel Number
Energy Efficient Technologies Mini Lite ETU15
Harmony Lighting International LightWiz 1100.842
Harmony Lighting International LightWiz 1100.843
JKRL USA ECO-GLO YER(SB)15P
JKRL USA ECO-GLO YER(SB)20P
JKRL USA ECO-GLO YER(SB)23P
Shunde Corso Electronics Co., Ltd. “A” Lamp CPOB
Sunpark Electronics Corp. Spiral SP 15S
Sunpark Electronics Corp. Spiral SP 15SL
Sunpark Electronics Corp. Spiral SP 20S
Sunpark Electronics Corp. Spiral SP 23S
Sunpark Electronics Corp. Spiral SP 23SL
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 10111
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 10115
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 10118
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 10123
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 18009
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 18011
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 18015
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 18018
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 18023
Technical Consumer Products, Inc. SpringLamp 18026
Program SponsorsEnergy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy CenterNew York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAlliance
United States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
The testing procedure in this supplement differs slightly from the testingmethod in the original report. Three samples of each CFL product were testedhere: in the initial study, one sample of each CFL was tested. The products werepurchased from online retail sources and, where necessary, directly from manu-facturers.
NLPIP directed the product testing during April 2000. Intertek TestingServices (ITS) in Cortland, New York, an independent testing organizationdedicated to commodity products, performed the tests. ITS followed all proce-dures and conducted all the tests described in Specifier Reports: Screwbase Com-pact Fluorescent Lamp Products.
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997
Principal Investigator:Conan P. O’Rourke
Program Director:Rick Cobello
Technical Editor:Alma Taylor
No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, orany other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws.
It is against the law to inaccurately present information extracted from Specifier Reports for product publicity purposes. Information in thesereports may not be reproduced without permission of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The products described herein have not been tested for safety. The Lighting Research Center and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard to safety of products, in whatever form or combination used, and the results of testing set forth for yourinformation cannot be regarded as a representation that the products are or are not safe to use in any specific situation, or that the particularproduct you purchase will conform to the results found in this report.
Products tested by the National Lighting Product Information Program may thereafter be used by the Lighting Research Center for research orany other purposes.
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about 11 self-ballasted screwbase compact fluorescentlamp (CFL) products from six manufacturers that were tested subsequent to thegroup of CFLs reported in the original study. This supplement was created toprovide additional information of new products on the NLPIP searchableonline database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base on May 1, 2001.
ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel Number
FEIT ECOBULB BPESL15G
FEIT ECOBULB BPESL15T
GE Lighting NS FEA382D/3WAY
GE Lighting Spiral FLE21HLX/8/SW
Lights of America The Bulb 2000
Lights of America The Twister Reflector 2935
Maxlite SpiraMax SKS23EA
OSRAM SYLVANIA DULUX EL CF15EL/ G30/ 830/MED
Philips EARTH LIGHT Household EL/A 16W
Philips MARATHON EL/O 18W
Philips EARTH LIGHT Dimmable SLS/D 23W
NS = not supplied
Evaluation Methods
The testing procedure in this supplement differs from the testing method in theoriginal report. The product samples tested were procured from retail locationsthroughout the U.S. in December 2000. Three samples of the CFL productswere purchased and tested. In the initial study, one sample of each CFL wastested.
Testing occurred from January to February 2001 in the NLPIP fluorescentlamp testing laboratory in Troy, N.Y., which is accredited by the National Vol-untary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
Program SponsorsEnergy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy CenterNew York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAlliance
United States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997; Alternatives to Halogen Torchieres,2000
Principal Investigator:Yutao Zhou
Program Director:Conan O’Rourke
No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, orany other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws.
It is against the law to inaccurately present information extracted from Specifier Reports for product publicity purposes. Information in thesereports may not be reproduced without permission of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The products described herein have not been tested for safety. The Lighting Research Center and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard to safety of products, in whatever form or combination used, and the results of testing set forth for yourinformation cannot be regarded as a representation that the products are or are not safe to use in any specific situation, or that the particularproduct you purchase will conform to the results found in this report.
Products tested by the National Lighting Product Information Program may thereafter be used by the Lighting Research Center for research orany other purposes.
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about 18 self-ballasted screwbase compact fluorescentlamp (CFL) products from 12 manufacturers that were tested subsequent to thegroup of CFLs reported in the original study. This supplement was created toprovide additional information of new products on the NLPIP searchableonline database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base on December 1, 2001.
ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberAngelo Bros-Westinghouse TWIST 37353Commercial Electric NS 738-703Commercial Electric NS 846-038FEIT ECO Bulb BPESL13TFEIT ECO Bulb BPESL25TGE Lighting ULTRA FLE15TBX/L/LLCDGE Lighting NS FLE20/6/T19/827GE Lighting NS FLE20TBX/L/R40GE Lighting ULTRA FLG15/EHarmony Lighting International Lightwiz H20027Harmony Lighting International Lightwiz H23327JKRL USA ECO-GLO YER(SB)26PMaxLite SpiraMax SKS15EAOSRAM SYLVANIA DULUX EL CF20EL/TwistPanasonic GenIV EFA14E28Philips MARATHON SLS 15Sunpark Electronics Corp. NS SP 20SLSurya/PMI NS ET15
NS = not supplied
Evaluation MethodsThe testing procedure in this supplement differs from the method in the origi-nal report. The product samples tested were procured from retail locationsthrought the U.S. from August to September 2001. Three samples of the CFLproducts were purchased and tested.
Testing occurred from August to November 2001 in the NLPIP fluorescentlamp testing laboratory in Troy, NY, which is accredited by the National Vol-untary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
Program SponsorsEnergy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy CenterNew York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAlliance
United States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Screwbase CompactFluorescent LampProductsVolume 7 Number 1 Supplement 4
December 2001 (revised July 2005)
Principal Investigator:Yutao Zhou
Program Director:Conan O’Rourke
No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, orany other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws.
It is against the law to inaccurately present information extracted from Specifier Reports for product publicity purposes. Information in thesereports may not be reproduced without permission of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The products described herein have not been tested for safety. The Lighting Research Center and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard to safety of products, in whatever form or combination used, and the results of testing set forth for yourinformation cannot be regarded as a representation that the products are or are not safe to use in any specific situation, or that the particularproduct you purchase will conform to the results found in this report.
Products tested by the National Lighting Product Information Program may thereafter be used by the Lighting Research Center for research orany other purposes.
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997; Alternatives to Halogen Torchieres,2000
Screwbase Compact FluorescentLamp Products
Volume 7 Number 1 Supplement 5 December 2002
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about 20 self-ballasted screwbase compact fluorescentlamp (CFL) products from 12 manufacturers that were tested subsequent to thegroup of CFLs reported in the original study. This supplement was created toprovide additional information of new products on the NLPIP searchableonline database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base on December 1, 2002.ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel Number
Commercial Electric NS 738-702
FEIT ECOBULB BPESL11G
FEIT ECOBULB BPESL15R30
FEIT ECOBULB BPESL16A
FEIT ECOBULB BPESL30-100T
GE Lighting NS FLE27HLX/8/CD
GE Lighting NS FLE29QBX/DV/CD
GREENLITE NS ELR30
GREENLITE NS ELS-M 15W
Harmony Lighting Lightwiz H20027
Lights of America the Twister 2415
Lights of America the Twister 2425
MaxLite EconoMax SKE215EA
Philips MARATHON SLS/R30 15W
Philips MARATHON SLS/TW34W
Sunrise Lighting NS SSE15M
Surya/PMI NS ET15
Verilux Sunshine in a Box CFS 15VLX
Westinghouse TWIST 37351
Westinghouse NS 37488
NS = not supplied
Program SponsorsIowa Energy Center
New York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAllianceUnited States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection AgencyUnited States General ServicesAdministration
The testing procedure in this supplement differs from the test method in theoriginal report. The product samples were procured from retail locationsthroughout the U.S. during July and August 2002. Five samples of the CFLproducts were purchased and tested.
Testing occurred from August to November 2002 in the NLPIP fluorescentlamp testing laboratory in Troy, NY, which is accredited by the National Vol-untary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
Screwbase CompactFluorescent LampProductsVolume 7 Number 1 Supplement 5
December 2002 (revised July 2005)
Principal Investigator:Yutao Zhou
Program Director:Conan O’Rourke
No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, orany other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws.
It is against the law to inaccurately present information extracted from Specifier Reports for product publicity purposes. Information in thesereports may not be reproduced without permission of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The products described herein have not been tested for safety. The Lighting Research Center and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard to safety of products, in whatever form or combination used, and the results of testing set forth for yourinformation cannot be regarded as a representation that the products are or are not safe to use in any specific situation, or that the particularproduct you purchase will conform to the results found in this report.
Products tested by the National Lighting Product Information Program may thereafter be used by the Lighting Research Center for research orany other purposes.
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997; Alternatives to Halogen Torchieres,2000; T5 Fluorescent Systems, 2002; MR16 Lamps, 2002
Screwbase Compact FluorescentLamp Products
Volume 7 Number 1 Supplement 6 June 2003
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about 21 self-ballasted screwbase compact fluorescentlamp (CFL) products from 11 manufacturers that were tested subsequent to thegroup of CFLs reported in the original study. This supplement was created toprovide additional information of new products on the NLPIP searchableonline database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base on June 1, 2003.
ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberCOSTCO Technabright EDA-14COSTCO Technabright EDXR-38-19COSTCO Technabright EDXR-40-16FEIT Ecobulb BPESL15R30FEIT Conserv-Energy BPCE15R30GE Lighting NS FLE11/2/R30/SW/CDGE Lighting NS FLE15HLX/8/SW/CDGE Lighting NS FLE9/2/G25/SW/CDHarmony Lighting Lightwiz H23027Home Depot Commercial Electric 368-875Home Depot Commercial Electric 772-720Home Depot Commercial Electric 772-739Lights of America the Mini Twister 2414Lights of America NS 2920MaxLite SpiraMax MLS25EA3MaxLite SpiraMax MLS26EAOSRAM SYLVANIA Sylvania CF13EL/MINITWISTSunpark Electronics Corp. Sunpark SP 30SLSunrise Lighting NS SSE-24Westinghouse NS 07201Westinghouse NS 37354
NS = not supplied
Program SponsorsCalifornia Energy Center
Energy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy CenterNew York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAlliance
United States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Evaluation MethodsThe testing procedure in this supplement differs from the test method in theoriginal report. The product samples were procured from retail locationsthroughout the U.S. from January to March 2003. Five samples of the CFLproducts were purchased and tested.
Testing occurred from March to June 2003 in the NLPIP fluorescent lamptesting laboratory in Troy, NY, which is accredited by the National VoluntaryLaboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
Screwbase CompactFluorescent LampProductsVolume 7 Number 1 Supplement 6
June 2003 (revised July 2005)
Principal Investigator:Yutao Zhou
Program Director:Conan O’Rourke
No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, orany other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws.
It is against the law to inaccurately present information extracted from Specifier Reports for product publicity purposes. Information in thesereports may not be reproduced without permission of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The products described herein have not been tested for safety. The Lighting Research Center and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard to safety of products, in whatever form or combination used, and the results of testing set forth for yourinformation cannot be regarded as a representation that the products are or are not safe to use in any specific situation, or that the particularproduct you purchase will conform to the results found in this report.
Products tested by the National Lighting Product Information Program may thereafter be used by the Lighting Research Center for research orany other purposes.
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997; Alternatives to Halogen Torchieres,2000; T5 Fluorescent Systems, 2002; MR16 Lamps, 2002
Screwbase Compact FluorescentLamp Products
Volume 7 Number 1 Supplement 7 January 2004
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about 18 self-ballasted screwbase compact fluorescentlamp (CFL) products from 10 manufacturers that were tested subsequent to thegroup of CFLs reported in the original study. This supplement was created toprovide additional information of new products on the NLPIP searchableonline database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base on December 30, 2003.
ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberAmerican Top Lighting Toplite TL3U25LFeit Electric Conserv-Energy BPCE13T/8Feit Electric EcoBulb BPESL18PAR38GE Lighting GE Lighting FLE26HT3/2/SWGreenlite Lighting Greenlite 15W/ELXGreenlite Lighting Greenlite 20W/ELS-MGreenlite Lighting Greenlite 23W/ELS/DIMHarmony Lighting Lightwiz H15OG25Harmony Lighting Lightwiz H15OR30Harmony Lighting Lightwiz H23327Home Depot Commercial Electric 772-747Home Depot Commercial Electric 774-265Lights of America Lights of America 2509Lights of America Lights of America 2920Nedco International Save A Watt DEC3-U-25WOsram Sylvania Sylvania DULUX EL CF15/EL/BR30/1/BLOsram Sylvania Sylvania DULUX EL CF27EL/TWIST/1/BLSunpark Electronics Sunpark SP-11SL
NS = not supplied
Evaluation MethodsThe testing procedure in this supplement differs from the test method in theoriginal report. The product samples were procured from retail locationsthroughout the U.S. from August to October 2003. Five samples of the CFLproducts were purchased and tested.
Testing occurred from November to December 2003 in the NLPIP fluores-cent lamp testing laboratory in Troy, NY, which is accredited by the NationalVoluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
Program SponsorsCalifornia Energy Center
Energy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy CenterNew York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAlliance
United States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Introduction This supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Prod-ucts contains information about 18 self-ballasted screwbase compact fluorescentlamp (CFL) products from 10 manufacturers that were tested subsequent to thegroup of CFLs reported in the original study. This supplement was created toprovide additional information of new products on the NLPIP searchableonline database, located at:
Performance Evaluations NLPIP is reporting test data for the CFLs listed below. Manufacturer-supplieddata for these products, and NLPIP-measured data appear in the NLPIP search-able database. All the CFL products tested here were added to the online data-base on December 30, 2003.
ManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturerManufacturer Model NameModel NameModel NameModel NameModel Name Model NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberModel NumberAmerican Top Lighting Toplite TL3U25LFeit Electric Conserv-Energy BPCE13T/8Feit Electric EcoBulb BPESL18PAR38GE Lighting GE Lighting FLE26HT3/2/SWGreenlite Lighting Greenlite 15W/ELXGreenlite Lighting Greenlite 20W/ELS-MGreenlite Lighting Greenlite 23W/ELS/DIMHarmony Lighting Lightwiz H15OG25Harmony Lighting Lightwiz H15OR30Harmony Lighting Lightwiz H23327Home Depot Commercial Electric 772-747Home Depot Commercial Electric 774-265Lights of America Lights of America 2509Lights of America Lights of America 2920Nedco International Save A Watt DEC3-U-25WOsram Sylvania Sylvania DULUX EL CF15/EL/BR30/1/BLOsram Sylvania Sylvania DULUX EL CF27EL/TWIST/1/BLSunpark Electronics Sunpark SP-11SL
NS = not supplied
Evaluation MethodsThe testing procedure in this supplement differs from the test method in theoriginal report. The product samples were procured from retail locationsthroughout the U.S. from August to October 2003. Five samples of the CFLproducts were purchased and tested.
Testing occurred from November to December 2003 in the NLPIP fluores-cent lamp testing laboratory in Troy, NY, which is accredited by the NationalVoluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
Program SponsorsCalifornia Energy Center
Energy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy CenterNew York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAlliance
United States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Screwbase CompactFluorescent LampProductsVolume 7 Number 1 Supplement 7
January 2004 (revised July 2005)
Principal Investigator:Yutao Zhou
Program Director:Conan O’Rourke
No portion of this publication or the information contained herein may be duplicated or excerpted in any way in other publications, databases, orany other medium without express written permission of the publisher. Making copies of all or part of this publication for any purpose otherthan for undistributed personal use is a violation of United States copyright laws.
It is against the law to inaccurately present information extracted from Specifier Reports for product publicity purposes. Information in thesereports may not be reproduced without permission of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
The products described herein have not been tested for safety. The Lighting Research Center and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute make norepresentations whatsoever with regard to safety of products, in whatever form or combination used, and the results of testing set forth for yourinformation cannot be regarded as a representation that the products are or are not safe to use in any specific situation, or that the particularproduct you purchase will conform to the results found in this report.
Products tested by the National Lighting Product Information Program may thereafter be used by the Lighting Research Center for research orany other purposes.
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997; Alternatives to Halogen Torchieres,2000; T5 Fluorescent Systems, 2002; MR16 Lamps, 2002; Light Pollution, 2003; LED LightingSystems, 2003; Adaptable Ballasts, 2003
Screwbase Compact FluorescentLamp ProductsResults of Long-Term Performance Testing
Volume 7 Number 1 Supplement 8 July 2005
Program SponsorsCalifornia Energy CommissionEnergy Center of WisconsinIowa Energy Center
New York State Energy Researchand Development AuthorityNorthwest Energy EfficiencyAllianceUnited States Department of EnergyUnited States EnvironmentalProtection AgencyUnited States General ServicesAdministration
This publication is the eighth supplement to Specifier Reports: Screwbase Com-pact Fluorescent Lamp Products, 1999. This supplement differs from the previoussupplements in that it describes the results of both a long-term performance testand a life test of screwbase compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) products. Thisstudy was conducted to better understand how long-term CFL performance isaffected by operating at different positions and by operating within a luminaire.The tables presented here contain information gathered from manufacturersand the results of testing conducted by NLPIP.
Table 1 lists the five CFL products evaluated and their manufacturer-suppliedperformance data and contact information. That information was obtainedfrom the packaging, from manufacturer-supplied data published previously inTable 2 of Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products, andfrom the manufacturers’ web sites and catalogs.
When products were selected, they all had manufacturer-rated lives of 10,000hours (h), so testing at 100, 3500 and 7000 h corresponded to equivalent pointsin the rated lives of each product. However, between the testing at 3500 h and7000 h, NLPIP discovered that the OSRAM SYLVANIA product (CFL20EL/830/MED/6) had been re-rated by the manufacturer to a life of 6000 h. Whilethe testing at 3500 h and 7000 h corresponds to 35 and 70% of rated life forthe other products, these intervals correspond to 58 and 116% of rated life forthe re-rated OSRAM SYLVANIA product. Coupled with the fact that a maxi-mum of six CFLs remained at 7000 h in any operating condition, NLPIP is notreporting the 7000 h performance data for this product.
Evaluation Methods
NLPIP purchased 400 CFLs (80 of each product type) via the Internet andthroughout the U.S., from electrical distributors, big-box retail and do-it-your-self stores. These CFLs were selected because of their equally rated wattages andsimilarly rated performance characteristics. NLPIP conducted life testing underdifferent operating conditions from August 2000 through July 2004. Duringthis period, NLPIP also tested long-term performance in terms of light outputand electrical and color characteristics at these three intervals:
Previous long-term performance testing used different operating cycles. (Re-fer to the sidebar on p. 5 and to Table 6 in Specifier Reports: Screwbase CompactFluorescent Lamp Products.) In the study reported here, NLPIP used the 3-hours-on, 20-minutes-off cycle specified by the Illuminating Engineering Soci-ety of North America (IESNA) in the IESNA Guide to Lamp Seasoning (1999).NLPIP monitored performance in these operating conditions:
• base-up (standard testing position)
• base-down
• horizontal
• enclosed (CFLs were operated base-up, in a luminaire)
Testing occurred in the NLPIP fluorescent lamp testing laboratory in Troy,N.Y., which is accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory AccreditationProgram (NVLAP). The CFLs in each product type were divided randomlyinto four groups of 20, corresponding to the four operating conditions. Asshown in Figure 1, the CFL products were mounted on four racks with 20CFLs from each manufacturer, for a total of 100 on each rack. The CFLs with-out luminaires were mounted in their respective operating positions on threeracks; the fourth rack contained 100 CFLs mounted base-up in enclosed globeluminaires (Lightcraft Ceiling Light, model # 7827 WH). The luminaire had awhite base with a translucent white glass ball-shaped diffuser, eight inches (in.)in diameter and approximately 1/32 in. thick.
Electrical power to each rack was provided by an alternating current (ac)power supply set to provide a constant root-mean-square voltage of 120 volts ±1%. The order of the CFL mounting heights on the racks was constant for alloperating conditions, as follows:
• Row 1 (Top): GE Lighting
• Row 2: Lights of America
• Row 3: OSRAM SYLVANIA
• Row 4: Philips
• Row 5 (Bottom): Sunpark Electronics
Figure 1. Lamp testing racks for horizontal, base-up and base-down conditions (left), and for enclosed conditions (right).
The CFLs in the base-up, horizontal, and base-down operating conditionswere spaced approximately 9 in. apart horizontally and approximately 11 in.apart vertically. The enclosed CFLs were spaced approximately 19 in. apart.
The ambient laboratory temperature during life testing was maintained at25°C ±10°C (77°F ±18°F). The average ambient temperature measured at thecenter of each row of CFLs was between 24.5°C (76.1°F) and 25.2°C (77.4°F).
The CFLs were seasoned on a 3-hours-on, 20-minutes-off cycle for their first100 h (IESNA 1999), in the same conditions they were maintained during thelong-term testing. After seasoning, NLPIP used an integrating sphere and test-ing apparatus to measure four aspects of each CFL:
• light output
• input power
• power factor
• spectral power distribution (SPD)
From these measurements, several calculations were made:
• efficacy
• color characteristics—chromaticity, correlated color temperature (CCT),and color rendering index (CRI)
• lumen maintenance (for 3500 h and 7000 h)
• total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current
The testing temperature inside the sphere was 25°C ±1°C (77°F ±2°F). EachCFL was measured in the base-up position, following the procedures specifiedby the IESNA in LM-66-00 (2000). While CFLs were operated in life testing inthree different orientations, all CFLs were temporarily placed base-up to takemeasurements, and then returned to their respective orientations for additionallife testing.
The CFL products were tested at 100, 3500, and 7000 h. All CFLs reachedthe 7000 h mark in December 2001. Power to all surviving CFLs was switchedoff in July 2004, after more than 25,000 h, exceeding the manufacturer-ratedlife of any product tested. At the end of the test, 5 of the 400 CFLs were stilloperating (see Figure 2: a, b and e).
Results
NLPIP-measured data of the CFLs tested are summarized in Tables 2 through5. The elements in each of the tables are defined and discussed below, in theorder they are reported in the tables.
Operating LifeTable 2 lists the median operating life of each lamp type, in both hours of op-eration and as a percentage of its rated life, under each of the four operatingconditions. All of the CFL products met or exceeded their rated lives whenoperated in the base-up position. With some exceptions, life was longest for thebase-up condition. Figure 2 shows the number of elapsed hours and the percentsurvival under each of the four operating conditions, for each CFL type.Manufacturer’s rated life is usually determined by the median operating life orwhen 50% of the CFLs have failed (indicated by the dashed line in each figure).The initial sample size for each operating condition was 20 CFLs.
Lamp Power and EfficacyTable 3 shows the average power drawn by each group of surviving CFLs ateach testing interval. Lamp power either remained relatively constant or in-creased slightly while light output reduced with time. The average lamp effi-cacy reduced over time from over 50 lumens per watt (lm/W) at 100 h for allCFLs to as low as approximately 35 lm/W at 7000 h, in some cases. The GELighting product showed 11 to 16% increases in lamp power over time whilemaintaining the highest light output, presumably because the potential reduc-tion in light output was offset by the increase in lamp power. This CFL usedbetween 17.5 and 17.7 W at 100 h and between 19.6 and 20.2 W at 7000 h.
Light Output and Lumen MaintenanceTable 4 lists the average light output at each testing interval of all survivingCFLs in each group. In all cases, the average light output was lower than therated light output. There were reductions in light output at 3500 h and 7000 hrelative to 100 h. Lumen maintenance ranged from 70.1 to 100.8% at 3500 h,and from 60.8 to 94.7% at 7000 h.
Electrical CharacteristicsPower Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion. Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion. Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion. Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion. Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion. As shown in Table 5, NLPIPmeasured power factor and calculated THD of the input current for each lamptype and in each operating condition. Power factor ranged from about 0.44 to0.60 for all lamp types and remained stable up to 7000 h. Average THD rangedfrom 117 to 212%. Average THD decreased for each lamp type as a function ofoperating time, but to different degrees.
Color CharacteristicsTable 5 shows the average values of CCT, CRI, and chromaticity coordinatesfor all surviving CFLs, which were calculated based on the SPD measured foreach CFL type. As stated, each CFL was measured in the base-up position. CFLtypes were rated at 2700 kelvins (K) except the OSRAM SYLVANIA CFL,which was rated at 3000 K. Average CRI ranged from 79 to 83 and did notchange with operating life. Table 5 and Figure 3 show the average measuredchromaticity coordinates for each CFL type in each operating condition. Figure3 also shows a four-step MacAdam ellipse, as specified by the American Na-tional Standards Institute (ANSI) for linear and some compact fluorescentlamps in ANSI C78.376-2001 (2001). Ellipses of this type indicate acceptablemanufacturing tolerances for the color of light emitted by fluorescent lampswith the same designated CCT. Ideally, the chromaticities of fluorescent lampsshould lie within a particular four-step MacAdam ellipse.
In Figure 3, the dashed line is the CCT line for each rated CCT. The variousshapes and their respective colors represent the color variation at 100 h and thecolor shift from 100 h to 3500 h and then to 7000 h, in each operating condi-tion. The MacAdam ellipse is centered near the intersection of the CCT lineand the blackbody locus.
Color Variation. Color Variation. Color Variation. Color Variation. Color Variation. The bars in Figure 4 represent the average color variationsmeasured in MacAdam steps for the CFLs from each manufacturer, measuredin all four conditions, at 100 h (Rea et al. 2004). Color variation was calculatedby determining how many of the individual CFLs were within different sizedMacAdam ellipses, centered at the average x and y chromaticity coordinates forthat group of CFLs. For example, one group of CFLs had eleven lamps within aone-step MacAdam ellipse, six lamps within a two-step MacAdam ellipse, twolamps within a three-step MacAdam ellipse and one lamp within a four-stepMacAdam ellipse. The number of MacAdam steps was then averaged, yielding1.65 MacAdam steps, with a standard deviation of 0.88. Assuming that a four-step MacAdam ellipse represents a useful tolerance criterion for lamp color(ANSI 2001), all but the Sunpark Electronics CFL would have “acceptable” (bythis criterion) color variation at 100 h of operation. The error bars are standarddeviations.
Figure 4. Average color variations (and standard deviations) at 100 h of operationfor the CFLs in each operating condition.
Color Shift. Color Shift. Color Shift. Color Shift. Color Shift. A shift in color over time is another potentially important crite-rion to consider. The color shift for each lamp was determined based on howmany MacAdam steps it shifted from the average x and y chromaticity coordi-nates at 100 h for that specific CFL type. The same technique was used fordetermining the approximate MacAdam steps as described in Color Variation(above). Figure 5 shows the color shift from 100 to 3500 h for each lamp typeoperated in the four operating conditions, and from 100 to 7000 h for theCFLs with lives rated longer than 7000 h. The height of each bar in Figure 5represents the distance in color space the average chromaticities changed from100 to 3500 h and from 100 to 7000 h for each manufacturer. The error barsare standard deviations.
Figure 5. Average color shifts (and standard deviations) from 100 to 3500 h and from 100 to 7000 h of operationfor the CFLs in each operating condition.
a. GE Lighting
During testing, OSRAM SYLVANIA re-rated the life of its product from 10,000 h to 6000 h.
Table 1 presents manufacturer product and contact information gathered byNLPIP. Tables 2 through 5, described in the Performance Evaluations section,contain data measured and calculated by NLPIP. Table 2 shows median operat-ing life, Table 3 shows lamp power and efficacy, Table 4 shows light output andlumen maintenance, and Table 5 shows electrical and color characteristics. Al-though most of the performance characteristics listed in these tables are eitherdiscussed in the report or are self-explanatory, some items bear further explana-tion. Please refer to this section in Specifier Reports: Screwbase Compact Fluores-cent Lamp Products for definitions of other terms that are used in this documentbut not explained here.
Chromaticity coordinates. Chromaticity coordinates. Chromaticity coordinates. Chromaticity coordinates. Chromaticity coordinates. The chromaticity coordinates of a light source givethe relative proportions of three special color stimuli (primaries) that will matchthe color appearance of the light source. In the Commission Internationale del´Eclairage (CIE) 1931 chromaticity system, the coordinates are named x, y, andz (representing the relative proportions of the three primaries named X, Y, andZ). The sum of the three coordinate values always equals 1, so knowing x and ypredetermines the value of z (1 – x – y). The coordinates can be convenientlyplotted on a two-dimensional diagram along the x and y axes. Generally, chro-maticity coordinates that plot near the center of the CIE 1931 chromaticitydiagram match colors that are unsaturated in appearance, while those that plotnear the edges match saturated colors.
Efficacy. Efficacy. Efficacy. Efficacy. Efficacy. The ratio of the light output (lumens) of a lamp to its active power(watts), expressed as lm/W.
Lamps surviving. Lamps surviving. Lamps surviving. Lamps surviving. Lamps surviving. The number of CFLs still functioning at each testing inter-val.
Lumen maintenance. Lumen maintenance. Lumen maintenance. Lumen maintenance. Lumen maintenance. The light output produced by a light source at any giventime during its operating life as a percentage of its light output at the beginningof life (measured at 100 h).
Median life.Median life.Median life.Median life.Median life. Median number of hours each CFL type operated.
Operating condition.Operating condition.Operating condition.Operating condition.Operating condition. CFLs were tested in the base-up, base-down, horizontal,or enclosed (in a base-up manner) operating conditions.
Percent of rated life.Percent of rated life.Percent of rated life.Percent of rated life.Percent of rated life. The ratio of median life (found in this test) to themanufacturer’s rated life, expressed as a percentage.
Table 2. NLPIP-Measured Data: Median Operating Life
OperatingOperatingOperatingOperatingOperating Median Operating LifeMedian Operating LifeMedian Operating LifeMedian Operating LifeMedian Operating Life Percent of Rated LifePercent of Rated LifePercent of Rated LifePercent of Rated LifePercent of Rated LifeConditionConditionConditionConditionCondition (h) (h) (h) (h) (h) (%)(%)(%)(%)(%)
GE Lighting Base-up 19,251 193
Horizontal 17,434 174
Base-down 16,522 165
Enclosed 17,637 176
Lights of America Base-up 15,990 160
Horizontal 15,375 154
Base-down 12,037 120
Enclosed 7677 77
OSRAM SYLVANIA aaaaa Base-up 6007 100
Horizontal 6195 103
Base-down 5671 95
Enclosed 6217 104
Philips Base-up 15,153 152
Horizontal 14,760 148
Base-down 16,519 165
Enclosed 13,447 134
Sunpark Electronics Base-up 11,775 118
Horizontal 11,640 116
Base-down 9660 97
Enclosed 11,392 114
aaaaa During testing, OSRAM SYLVANIA re-rated the life of its product from 10,000 h to 6000 h.
Table 3. NLPIP-Measured Data: Lamp Power and Efficacy
NLPIP measurements are reported as an average [standard deviation].a a a a a During testing, OSRAM SYLVANIA re-rated the life of its product from 10,000 h to 6000 h.
NLPIP measurements are reported as an average [standard deviation].aaaaa During testing, OSRAM SYLVANIA re-rated the life of its product from 10,000 h to 6000 h.
NA = not applicable
Table 5. NLPIP-Measured Data: Electrical and Color Characteristics
NLPIP measurements are reported as an average [standard deviation].aaaaa During testing, OSRAM SYLVANIA re-rated the life of its product from 10,000 h to 6000 h.
American National Standards Institute. 2001. American National Standards for ElectricLamps– Specifications for the Chromaticity of Fluorescent Lamps, ANSI C78.376-2001.Rosslyn, VA: ANSI.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. 1991. Life Testing Methods ofSingle-Ended Compact Fluorescent Lamps, LM-65-91. New York, NY: IESNA.
———. 1991. Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Compact Fluorescent Lamps,LM-66-91. New York, NY: IESNA.
———. 1999. IESNA Guide to Lamp Seasoning, LM-54-99. New York, NY: IESNA.
———. 2000. Testing Methods for Electrical and Photometric Characteristics of CompactFluorescent Lamps, LM-66-00. New York, NY: IESNA.
———. 2001. Testing Methods for Life Testing of Compact Fluorescent Lamps, LM-65-01. New York, NY: IESNA.
Rea M., L. Deng and R. Wolsey. 2004. Lighting Answers: Light Sources and Color. Troy,NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Lighting AnswersT8 Fluorescent Lamps, 1993; Multilayer Polarizer Panels, 1993; Task Lighting for Offices, 1994;Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 1994; Electromagnetic Interference InvolvingFluorescent Lighting Systems, 1995; Power Quality, 1995; Thermal Effects in 2’ x 4’ FluorescentLighting Systems, 1995; T10 and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, 1995; T5FT Lamps and Ballasts, 1996;Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems, 1997; Alternatives to Halogen Torchieres,2000; T5 Fluorescent Systems, 2002; MR16 Lamps, 2002; Light Pollution, 2003; LED LightingSystems, 2003; Adaptable Ballasts, 2003; Light Sources and Color, 2004; Full-Spectrum LightSources, 2005; Mid-wattage Metal Halide Lamps, 2005
The following people provided technical review: V. Roberts, Roberts Researchand Consulting, and A. Bierman, Lighting Research Center. Reviewers are listedto acknowledge their contributions to the final publication. Their approval orendorsement of this supplement is not necessarily implied.
Production of this report involved important contributions from many staffmembers at the Lighting Research Center: J. Canterino, E. Hong, V. Jamjureeruk,M.N. Maliyagoda, R. Leslie, L. Lyman, T. Ondek, M. Overington, and Y. Zhou.
Principal Investigators:Conan P. O’RourkeMariana G. Figueiro
Program Director:Conan P. O’Rourke
Author:John D. Bullough
Editors:Keith E. ToomeyDennis S. GuyonJoseph Cavalcante
Layout and Graphics:Dennis S. Guyon
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