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Specification
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Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Dec 23, 2015

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Page 1: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Specification

Page 2: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.
Page 3: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

An addiction is…“A state of Addiction is a

state of periodic or chronic intoxication

produced by repeated consumption of a drug,

natural or synthetic”(World Health Organisation)

“An addict is a person addicted to a habit, especially

one dependent on a drug” (OED)

The central feature of drug addiction is compulsive drug use - loss of control over apparently voluntary acts of drug seeking

and drug taking (Goldstein, 1994).

Page 4: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Addiction Unit Spec & Qs

Substance related disorders = Smoking Impulse control disorders = Gambling

Explain and Evaluate the Biological Approach to Addiction

Answer & Peer mark:Outline and evaluate the biological model as an explanation for the

maintenance of one addictive behaviour. (4 marks + 4 marks)

Page 5: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.
Page 6: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

What is addictive behaviour?The DSM-V has 2 categories:

1.Substance related disorders (smoking)

2.Addictive disorders (gambling)

50 word

wonder!Choose one and summarise in

50 words – MAX!Check your neighbours!!

Page 7: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Can an addiction be inherited?

100% InheritedGenetics(Nature)

100% EnvironmentLearnt(Nurture)

The Biological Approach to Addiction

Page 8: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

In each model we look at:

Initiation

Maintenance

Relapse

Definitions…

Write a definition for each

Page 9: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

InitiationThe process of

becoming addicted

Page 10: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

MaintenanceAddictive behaviour continues due tolerance or withdrawal

(even when aware of the undesirable consequences)

Page 11: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

CessationWhen an addictive

behaviour is treated or stopped and

finally terminated completely

Page 12: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

RelapseAfter a behaviour

has been terminated; signs

and symptoms begin to show again.

Page 13: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.
Page 14: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Can an addiction be inherited?

100% InheritedGenetics(Nature)

100% EnvironmentLearnt(Nurture)

The Biological Approach to Addiction

Page 15: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

The Biological Approach to Addiction

The Brain!

What is the focus of the Biological Approach?

What neurotransmitters are involved?

How can genetics explain gambling?

How does it link to the behavioural approach?

Page 16: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Assumptions:Addiction is an illness

Addiction is irreversible

Emphasis on

treatment

Page 17: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

InitiationAddictive drugs trigger the release of

dopamine - reward systemWhile the full diversity of drug effects is mediated by multiple

neurotransmitters acting in multiple brain regions, most addictive drugs share the common property of increasing dopamine release in

the striatum (e.g., Di Chiara and Imperato, 1988; Kuczenski et al., 1991).

Page 18: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Opiate (pleasure) pathways can be directly stimulated by heroin, alcohol and nicotine

Page 19: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Susceptible people to addictions are born with a more sensitive mesolimbic dopamine pathway

(Liebman and Cooper, 1989)

Mesolimbic pathways: spontaneously release small amounts of dopamine to maintain stable moods.

Page 20: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Maintenance

Persistent exposure to a drug eventually leads to a reduction in brain activity

Greater Tolerance = More drug useGreater Withdrawal

Draw a representation of this…

Less effect…

Page 21: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Relapse

Lasting memories maintain the need for the drug and the positive rewards.

Addicts crave the dopamine rush (not just the drug!)

Page 22: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Genetic Predisposition

Alcohol disorder patients: 36% of

their relatives also diagnosed with an alcohol disorder

(Merikangas et al, 1998)

Heritability of nicotine dependence has been estimated at 60-70% (Kendler, et al, 1999)

Heritability of alcohol dependence has been estimated at 39-60%

(Heath and Martin, 1993)

Page 23: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.
Page 24: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.
Page 25: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Can an addiction be inherited?

100% InheritedGenetics(Nature)

100% EnvironmentLearnt(Nurture)

The Biological Approach to Addiction

Page 26: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Evaluation Game!

Create an acronym or

image story to

remember these

terms

GeneralisabilityReliabilityApplicationValidityEthics

Page 27: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Evaluation Game!

Now apply them

to the Biological

Approach

GeneralisabilityReliabilityApplicationValidityEthics

Page 28: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Individual differences: genetic predisposition or

resistance?

Does everyone become an addict?

Nature AND nurture?

Much of the data is correlational…

What about Gambling?

Page 29: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.

Outline and evaluate the biological model as an explanation for the

maintenance of oneaddictive behaviour. (4 marks + 4 marks)

Page 30: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.
Page 31: Specification. An addiction is… “A state of Addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug, natural.