Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental ... · Species Profiles: Life Histories and ... France and Portugal (Setzler et ... of striped bass of representative spawning ages,

IJ b ra ry Ncltlonal Wetlands Research Cent= U. S. Fish and Wildlift! ScNlCC 700 Cal undome Boulevard ~ a l u ~ e t k , La. 70506

FWSlOBS-82Il1 .8 TR EL-82-4 October 1983

Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and lnvertebrates (Mid-Atlantic)

STRIPED BASS

- Coastal Ecology Group Fish and Wildlife Service Watenvays Experiment Station U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

CONVERSION FACTORS

M e t r i c -- t o U.S. Customary

Mu1 t i p l y To O b t a i n

mi 11 i m e t e r s (mm) c e n t i m e t e r s (cm) meters (m) k i l omete rs (km)

i n c h e s i n c h e s f e e t m i l e s

square meters (m') square k i l o m e t e r s (km') hec ta res (ha)

square f e e t square m i l e s a c r e s

l i t e r s (1) c u b i c meters (m3) c u b i c meters

g a l 1 ons c u b i c f e e t a c r e - f e e t

mi 11 i grams (mg) grams (gm) k i l o g r a m s ( k g ) m e t r i c tons (mt) m e t r i c t o n s (mt) k i 1 oca l o r i e s ( k c a l )

ounces ounces pounds pounds s h o r t t o n s BTU

F a h r e n h e i t degrees Cel s i us degrees

U.S. Customary t o M e t r i c

mi 11 i r r ~ e t e r s c e n t i m e t e r s meters meters k i 1 ometers k i l o m e t e r s

inches inches f e e t ( f t ) fathoms m i l e s (m i ) n a u t i c a l m i l e s (nmi )

square f e e t ( f t 2 ) ac res 2 square m i l e s (mi )

square meters h e c t a r e s square k i 1 ometers

g a l 1 ons ( g a l ) c u b i c f e e t ( f t 3 ) a c r e - f e e t

1 i t e r s c u b i c mete rs c u b i c meters

ounces (oz ) pounds ( I b ) s h o r t tons ( t o n ) BTU

grams k i 1 ograms m e t r i c t o n s k i l o c a l o r i e s

Fahrenhe i t degrees Cel s i us degrees

CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVERSION TABLE PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGPIENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M O R P H O L O G Y / I D E N T I F I C A T I O N AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REASON FOR INCLUSION I N SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIFE HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R e p r o d u c t i v e P h y s i o l o g y l s t r a t e g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spawning Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Larvae . . . . . . . . . . . . . J u v e n i l e s . . . . . . . . . . . A d u l t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS Growth Rates . . . . . . . . . . Length-Weight Re1 a t i o n s h i p s . .

THE FISHERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial F i s h e r i e s R e c r e a t i o n a l F i s h e r i e s . . . . . . . . . . . P o p u l a t i o n Dynamics . . . . . . . . . ECOLOGICAL ROLE . . . . . . . . . . Food H a b i t s . . . . . . . . Feeding B e h a v i o r P r e d a t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Co~r lpet i t o r s

. . . . ENVIRONllENTAL REQUIREMENTS Hdbi t a t Sui t a b i l i t y Index i lode l s

. . . . . . . . . . Tempera t u r e Sal i n i t y . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . C u r r e n t Vel o c i ty Temperature-Sal i n i t y I n t e r a c t i o n T u r b i d i t y /To t a l D i sso l ved Sol i d s Impingement. . . . . . . . . . . Thermal k l l u t i o n D ischarge . . Env i ronmenta l Contar i inants . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE CITED

PREFACE

T h i s s p e c i e s p r o f i l e i s one o f a s e r i e s on c o a s t a l a q u a t i c o rgan isms, p r i n c i p a l l y f i s h , o f s p o r t , commerc ia l , o r e c o l o g i c a l impor tance. The p r o f i l e s a r e desigr led t o p r o v i d e c o a s t a l managers, e n g i n e e r s , and b i o l o g i s t s w i t h a b r i e f cornprei iensive s k e t c h o f t h e b i 01 o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and e n v i ronmenta l r e q u i r e - inents o f t h e s p e c i e s and t o d e s c r i b e how p o p u l a t i o n s o f t h e spec ies may be expected t o r e a c t t o e n v i r a n m e n t a l changes caused Sy c o a s t a l development. Each p r o f i l e has s e c t i o n s on taxonomy, 1 i f e h i s t o r y , e c o l o g i c a l r o l e , e n v i ronmenta l r e q u i rements, and economic i ~ n p o r t a n c e , i f app l i c a b l e. A t h r e e - r i n g b i n d e r i s used f o r t h i s s e r i e s so t h a t new p r o f i l e s can be added as t h e y a r e prepared. T h i s p r o j e c t i s j o i n t l y p lanned and f i n a n c e d by t h e 0.5. Army Corps o f Eng inee rs and t h e U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e .

A H a b i t a t S u i t a b i l i t y I n d e x ( H S I ) model has been comple ted by t h e U.S. F i s h and W i l d 1 i f e S e r v i c e f o r t h e s t r i p e d bass. H S I rnodels a r e des igned t o p r o v i d e a numer i ca l i n d e x of t h e r e l a t i v e v a l u e o f a g i v e n s i t e as f i s h o r w i l d l i f e h d b i t a t .

Sugges t i ons o r q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h i s r e p o r t s h o u l d he d i r e c t e d t o :

I r i f o r r n a t i o n T r a n s f e r S p e c i a l - i s t N a t i o n a l C o a s t a l Ecosystems Team U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e NASA-Sl i d ? l 1 Compu t e r Cospl ex 1010 Gause Roul eva rd S l i d e l l , LA 70458

U.S. Army Eng inee r Waterways Exper imen t S t a t i o n A t t e n t i o n : WESER P o s t 3 f f i c e Box G31 V icksbu rg , ;IS 39180

T h i s s e r i e s shou ld be r e f e r e n c e d as f o l l o w s :

U.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e . 1983. Spec ies p r o f i l e s : l i f e h i s t o r i e s and e n v i ronmenta l r e q u i rements o f c o a s t a l f i s h e s and i n v e r t e b r a t e s . I1.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e , D i v i s i o n o f B i o l o g i c a l S e r v i c e s , FWS/OBS-82/11. U.S. Army Corps o f Eng inee rs , TR EL-82-4.

T h i s p r o f i l e s h o u l d be c i t e d as f o l l o w s :

Fay, C.W., R . J . Neves, and G.B. Pardue. 1983. Spec ies p r o f i l e s : l i f e h i s t o r i e s and e n v i ronlnental r e q u i r e ~ n e n t s o f c o a s t a l f i s h e s and i n v e r t e b r a t e s (Mid- A t l a n t i c ) - - s t r i p e d bass. 1J.S. F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e , D i v i s i o n o f B i o l o g i c a l S e r v i c e s , FWS/OBS-82/11.8. 1J.S. Army Corps o f Eng inee rs , TR EL-82-4. 36 pp.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We a r e g r a t e f u l f o r rev iews by David Whi tehurs t , V i r g i n i a Commission o f Game and I n l a n d F i s h e r i e s , Roanoke, and Mark Bain, Department of F i s h e r i e s , Uni - v e r s i t y o f Massachusetts, Amherst.

Figure 1. Striped b a s s .

STRIPED BASS

Scient i f ic name. . . . . . . . Morone saxati l is Pre fe r red common name.. . S t r i ped

bass ( F i g u r e 1) O the r common names . . . S t r i pe r ,

rock, rockf ish, greenhead, squid- hound, l inesider, ro l le r (Westin and Rogers 1978)

Class.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Osteichthyes O r d e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perciformes Family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percichthyidae

Geographic range: At lant ic coast f rom t h e St . Lawrence River , Canada (Magnin and Beaulieu 1967), west t o Montreal (V ladykov and McAI- l i s t e r 19611, and south t o t he St .

Johns River , Flor ida (McLane 1955). Gu l f o f Mexico f rom west Flor ida coast t o Louisiana (blcl I - wain 1968). In t roduced t o No r th American Pacific coast i n 1879, now ex tend ing f rom B r i t i s h Columbia south t o Ensenada, Mexico (For res te r et al. 1972). In t roduced i n to waters o f t h e Soviet Union (Doroshev 19701, France and Portugal (Setz ler et a l . 1980). Landlocked fo rm has been in t roduced successful ly i n to many f reshwater impoundments i n No r th America (see F igure 2 f o r map of mid-At lan t ic d i s t r i bu t i on o f s t r i ped bass) .

ATLANTIC OCEAN

PHILADELPHIA

M I L E S

KILOMETERS

Coastal distribution

River or estuarine spawning a rea

Area of high abundance - Impassable dam

F i g u r e 2 . M i d - A t l a n t i c d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t r i p e d bass.

MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFlCATlON AIDS REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES

- The majority of th is information is taken from Hardy (1978), as summarized in Setzler et al. (1980). For f u r t he r information, t h e reader is re- fe r red t o summaries b y Westin and Rogers (1978) and Smith and Wells (1977).

Body elongate, moderately com- pressed. Color: dorsally, l igh t green t o olive, steel blue, brown t o almost black; laterally, s i lver wi th 7-8 dark, longitudinal, continuous stripes, one of which always follows the lateral line, and three of which are below the lateral line; ventral ly, white t o s i lver wi th brassy iridescence. Two dorsal f ins present, one spiny and one soft, separated at the base and approximately equal i n length. Two spines present on posterior edge of opercu- lum. Teeth a t base of tongue in two d i d i n c t parallel patches. Maxil lary extending nearly t o middle of orbi t , lower jaw project ing.

Meristic characters: F i r s t dorsal , f i n spines 8-10, usually 9; second

dorsal f i n rays 9-14 (10-14 in Chesa- peake Bay), usually 12; anal f i n rays 7-13 (9-12 in Chesapeake Bay), usual ly 11; anal spines 3, increasing stepwise in length. Scales ctenoid, 50-72 along lateral l ine (53-65 in Chesapeake Bay). Vertebrae 24-25, usually 25. Gi l l rakers on f i r s t arch 19-29 (21-27 in Chesapeake Bay).

Proportions as times in standard length; greatest depth, 3.45-4.20; average depth at caudal peduncle, 9.6; head length, 2.9-3.25. Propor- tions as times in head length; eye, 3.0-4.9; longest dorsal spine, 2.3; second anal spine, 5.0-6.0; maxillary, 2.5 (Hardy 1978).

The str iped bass is a major f i sh- e r y resource of both recreational and commercial importance. I t has a wide natural range and thr ives in many freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats. The str iped bass can be considered a "generalist" i n many respects and tolerant of a var iety o f environmental conditions. However, certain cr i t ical l i fe stages and physio- logical activit ies of the str iped bass are strongly influenced b y environmental factors, which act to l imit su r - v ival and abundance of the species (Bain and Bain 1982a).

The mid-Atlant ic coast is part icu- la r ly important f o r st r iped bass, because most of the major Atlant ic coast spawning grounds and an extensive recreational f i shery occur wi th in the region.

LIFE HISTORY

Reproductive Physiology/Strategy

Str iped bass are heterosexual, though hermaphroditism has been reported (Schultz 1931; Morgan and Gerlach 1950; Westin 1978). Females grow larger than males, and most st r iped bass over 13.6 k g (30.0 Ib) are females (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).

Most male bass mature dur ing the i r second year, and all are mature b y age three. Most females mature du r i ng the i r fou r th (Delaware and Potomac Rivers, Upper Chesapeake Bay) o r f i f t h (Connecticut and Hudson Rivers) year, and all are mature b y the i r s ix th year (Pearson 1938; Bason 1971 ; Texas Instruments, Inc. 1975a; Wilson e t al. 1976).

Str iped bass are polygamous and egg fert i l izat ion is external (Setzler e t al. 1980). Fecundity of s t r iped bass is

h igh ly correlated w i th weight, length, and age (Westin and Rogers 1978). Documented total fecundi ty estimates range f rom 15,000 eggs in a 46-cm (18.1 - inch) f i sh (Mansueti and Hollis 1963) t o 40,507,500 in a 13-year-old, 14.5-kg (32.0- lb) f i sh (Jackson and T i l le r 1952). Mean fecundi ty estimates (or ranges) f o r representat ive ages of

s t r iped bass f rom several mid-At lant ic areas are, g iven in Table 1. Not a l l ova present i n a female wi l l mature i n 1 year. Generally, 10% t o 30% o f the ova of a female s t r iped bass mature i n { a season, par t icu lar ly i n larger, o lder bass (Jackson a n d T i l l e r 1952; Lewis and Bonner 1963).

Table 1. Mean fecund i t i es ( o r range if mean unava i l ab le ) of s t r i p e d bass of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e spawning ages, leng ths , and weights , f rom var ious m i d - A t l a n t i c areas.

Age Thousands o f Weight Length, Loca t i on ( y r s ) mature ova (kg) ( cmFL ) Source

Hudson R i v e r

Hudson Ri ve r

Hudson R i ve r

Chesapeake Bay

Chesapeake Bay

Chesapeake Bay

Chesapeake Bay

Po tomac R i ve r

Roanoke R i ve r

Roanoke R i ve r

Roanoke R i ve r

Offshore, N. Caro l ina




Texas Instruments, Inc . (1973)

Texas Instruments , Ihc. (1973)

Texas Instruments, Inc. (1973)

Jackson and T i l l e r (1952)

Jackson 'and T i 1 l e r (1 952 1

Jackson 'and T i 1 l e r (1952)

Jackson and T i l l e r ( 1 952)

H o l l i s (1967)

Lewis and Bonner (1966)



Ho l land and Ye1 ver ton (1973)

Hol land and Ye1 ver ton (1973)

Hol land and Ye1 ver ton (1 973)

Hol land and Ye1 ver ton (1973)

- ---

a~~ = f o r k leng th .

Linear re la t ionships a re avai lable f o r t h e Roanoke R iver , N o r t h Carol ina (Lewis and Bonner 1966), a n d Hudson R iver , New Y o r k (Texas Ins t ruments , I nc . 1973), t h a t p r e d i c t t h e number o f mature ova i n a s t r i ped bass f r om i t s weight . Simi lar re la t ionships a r e avai lable f o r f e c u n d i t y based on body weight, length, and age o f s t r i p e d bass o f f t h e N o r t h Caro l ina coast (Hol land and Ye lver ton 1973) .

Spawn ing

S t r i p e d bass a r e anadromous, spawning once a yea r i n f r e s h o r near ly f r e s h wate r . A long t h e A t lan t i c coast, t h e spawn ing . pe r i od ranges f r om m id -Feb rua ry i n F lor ida t o J u n e and J u l y i n t h e Gu l f o f S t . Lawrence (B ige low and Schroeder 1953; B a r k u - loo 1970). Tab le 2 g ives spawning seasons and peaks f o r some o f t h e major s t r i p e d bass spawning areas o f t h e m id -A t l an t i c reg ion . T h e months o f Ap r i l , May, and June span t h e t ime o f nea r l y al l spawn ing ac t i v i t i es i n t h e mid -A t lan t i c reg ion . ,

T h e p r i nc i pa l spawning areas f o r s t r i p e d bass along t h e A t lan t i c coast a r e f o u n d i n Chesapeake Bay and i t s t r i b u t a r i e s (Merr iman 1941 ; Raney 1957; Kernehan e t al. 1981). Spawning locations f o r selected areas of t h e m id -A t l an t i c reg ion a re g i v e n i n Tab le 3 . Kernehan e t a l . (1981) suggested t h a t p rev ious , inadequate sampl ing had underest imated t h e impor tance o f t h e U p p e r Chesapeake Bay as s t r i p e d bass spawn ing g rounds . O t h e r researchers s ta ted t h a t t h e Chesa- peake-Delaware Canal ( C - D Canal) i s t h e most impor tan t m id -A t l an t i c reg ion spawning area (Hol l is 1967; Dovel 1971; Dovel a n d Edmunds 1971; Warsh 1977). Based on to ta l eggs spawned i n an area, data f r om Kernehan e t a l . (1981) showed tha t , f o r t h e years 1973-1977, U p p e r Chesapeake Bay f r om T u r k e y Point southeast t o Worton Point i s f a r more impor tan t t han t h e re l a t i ve l y small C - D Canal.

Males a r r i v e f i r s t on t h e spawn- i n g g rounds i n t h e sp r i ng , wh i le most females remain o f f sho re u n t i l s h o r t l y be fo re spawning (V ladykov a n d Wal- lace 1952; T r e n t and Hassler 1968; Hol land and Ye lver ton 1973) . A f t e r a r r i v a l o f t h e females on t h e spawn ing g rounds , charac te r i s t i c mat ing behav- i o r consists o f a s ing le female s u r - r ounded by u p t o 50 males, a t o r near t h e sur face (Se tz le r e t al. 1980). Eggs a r e broadcast loosely i n t h e water, and normal spawn ing d u r a t i o n f o r a s ing le female i s less t h a n 4 h r (Lewis and Bonner 1966).

Spawning peaks a r e appa ren t l y t r i g g e r e d b y a not iceable increase i n wate r temperature, genera l I y beg in - n i n g a t temperatures o f a t least 14OC (57 OF), t h o u g h spawning a t lower temperatures has, been obse rved (Johnson a n d Koo 1975; M i h u r s k y e t al . 1976; Westin and Rogers 1978).

Eggs

L i v e s t r i p e d bass eggs a r e cha r - ac te r i s t i ca l l y t ransparen t , g reen t o go lden green, spher ical , nonadhesive, and semibuoyant, w i t h a s ing le l a rge o i l g lobu le a n d a w ide pe r i v i t e l l i ne space (Raney 1952; Mansuet i and Man- suet i 1955; Westin and Rogers 1978). Fu l l y wa te r -hardened eggs (1-2 h r a f t e r fe r t i l i za t ion) range f r om 1.3 mm (Murawsk i 1969) t o 4 .6 mml ( A l b r e c h t 1964) i n diameter. Mean diameter i n t h e C - D Canal was repo r ted a t 3 . 4 mm (Johnson a n d Koo 1975). S t r i p e d bass eggs average 280 mg to ta l we t we igh t (E ld r i dge e t al. 1977), a n d 0 .3 mg dry we igh t (Westin and Rogers 1978) .

S t r i ped bass eggs ha tch f r om 29 t o 80 h r a f t e r fe r t i l i za t ion , depend ing on wa te r tempera tu re (Setz ler e t a l . 1980). T w o equat ions have been repo r ted f o r ca lcu la t ing ha t ch ing t ime o f s t r i ped . bass eggs (Polgar e t al. 1976; Rogers e t al . 1977). T h e equa- t i on f r o m Polgar e t al . (1976) i s :

1 25.4 mm = 1 i nch .

Table 2. Spawning seasons and peaks (where a v a i l a b l e ) f o r s t r i p e d bass f rom ma jo r spawning areas a l ong t h e m i d - A t l a n t i c r eg ion .

I

Loca t ion Season Peak Source(s)

Nor th Ca ro l i na La te .4pri 1 , May

Chesapeake Bay A p r i l , May, e a r l y June

Ches. -Del . Canal M i d - A p r i l t o mid- June

Potomac R i ve r M i d - A p r i l t o m i d- June

De 1 aware R i ve r La te Clay t o mi d -Ju ly

Hudson R i v e r Mid-May t o mid June

- Chapoton and Sykes (1961 ) - Chapoton and Sykes (1 961 ) ; Dovel (1 971 )

A p r i l 20 t o Kernehan e t a l . May 10 ( 1 981 )

A p r i l 23 t o Setzler-Hami 1 t on May 8 e t a l . (1981)

June Raney (1952)

Las t 2 wks. Raney (1 952) ; Rath j e n o f May and M i l l e r (1957)

Table 3. Spawning grounds and peak l o c a t i o n s (where a v a i l a b l e ) f o r ma jo r mid- A t l a n t i c s t r i p e d bass popu la t i ons .

Loca t i on Dis tance upstream Peak l o c a t i o n f rom mouth (km) d i s t ance (km) Source (s )

Roanoke R i ve r

York R i v e r Potomac R i v e r Po tomac R i ve r

Ches. -Dele Canal

Upper Chesapeake Bay

Del aware R i v e r Hudson R i ve r

Throughout Canal

Turkey Pt. t o Worton Pt.

107.5-231.6 F i r s t 46 k n

o f f reshwate r

F ish and McCoy (1959); Dovel and Edmunds (1971 )

R i na l do (1971 ) Boynton e t a1 . (1977) Setzler-Hami 1 t on

e t a l . (1981) Kernehan e t a l .

(1 981 ) Kernehan e t a l .

(1 981 ) Murawski (1 969) Rath jen and M i l l e r

(1 957)

a S e c i f i c peak l o c a t i o n s : 1974, Douglas P o i n t (km 116); 1975, between Maryland h m 107) and I n d i a n Head (km 139); 1976, Possum P o i n t (km 128); 1977, Kary- ;and P o i n t (km 107) and Douglas P o i n t (km 116) (Se l t ze r -Hami l ton e t a l . 1981 ) .

where I is incubation time i n hours and T is incubation temperature i n

1 degrees C.

Larvae

Surv'ival o f t h e s t r iped bass la r - val stagd is considered t o be most crucial f o r f u t u r e population abundance otf mid-Atlant ic s t r iped bass stocks. I n combination w i th envi ronmental conditions d u r i n g ear ly l i fe stages, surv iva l rate o f larvae probably determines t h e occurrence o f occasional dominant year classes, so evi - dent i n s t r iped bass populations (Bain and Bain 1982a).

A t hatching, s t r iped bass larvae range i n length f rom 2.0 t o 3.7 mm, w i th a mean o f 3.1 mm. Yolk sac absorpt ion t ime varies f rom 3 t o 9 days, depending upon water tempera- t u r e (A lbrecht 1964; Eldr idge e t al. 1977; Rogers e t al. 1977). Yolk sac larvae attempt t o remain near t h e s u r - face, b u t s ink between swimming e f fo r ts . They requ i re enough t u r b u - lence t o keep them from set t l ing t o the bottom where they are of ten smothered (Pearson 1938; Raney 1952; Mansueti 1958a; Barkuloo 1970). I n laboratory aquaria, yo lk sac larvae were able t o swim horizontal ly and exhib i ted posi t ive phototaxis a t 4-5 days (McGill 1967).

F igure 3 i l lust rates t h e morphology o f 6.2 -mm f in fo ld larvae (Hardy 1978), 12.0-mm post f in fo ld larvae, and 29.0 -mm juveni le s t r iped bass (Man- sueti 1958a). More detailed descrip- t ions and drawings o f ear ly develop- mental stages o f s t r iped bass are g iven i n Pearson (1938), Bigelow and Schroeder (1953), Mansueti (1958a), Doroshev (1970), Hardy (1978) and Westin and Rogers (1978).

T h e f in fo ld stage lasts an average o f 11 days (Polgar e t al. 1975),

and t h e post f in fo ld stage 11-65 days, depending upon water temperature and nutr i t ional state of t h e larvae (Rogers e t al. 1977). Rogers e t al. (1977) found the fol lowing durat ions f o r t h e larval stage ( f in fo ld and post f in fo ld stages combined) at d i f f e ren t temperatu res : at 1 5 " ~ (59 ?=) - 68 dayslo a t 18°C (64°F) - 33 days, at 2 1 " ~ (70 F) - 24 days, and at 24 "C (75 OF) - 23 days.

Setzler-Hamilton e t al. (1981 ) and Kernehan e t al. (1981) prov ided extensive information concerning t h e horizontal and ver t ica l d is t r ibu t ion o f s t r iped bass eggs, yo lk sac larvae, f in fo ld larvae, and post f in fo ld larvae, i n t h e Potomac River Estuary and t h e C-D Canal, respect ively. Generally, larval stages remained i n o r near t h e area spawned, and apparent change i n location was upstream i n t h e Potomac Estuary, despite a net downstream f low o f water (Setzler-Hamilton e t al . 1981). Two mechanisms were proposed t o explain th i s observat ion (or ig inal ly proposed i n Polgar e t al. 1976) :

1) Ac t ive spawning stock con- t inua l ly migrates upstream over .time; there fore sam- ples indicate an "upstream movement" o f larvae.

2) Dif ferent ial (h igher ) mor- t a l i t y o f early-spawned versus late-spawned larvae.

Addit ional ly, post yolk-sac stages tended t o be midchannel-oriented and i n highest concentrations near t h e r i v e r o r estuary bottom (Kernehan e t al. 1981).

Juveniles

The durat ion o f t h e juveni le phase ( f rom metamorphosis t o sexual matur i ty ) varies w i th sex. I n t h e mid-Atlant ic region, male bass f rom 25 mm (1 inch) t o approximately 300 mm (12 inches) and female bass f rom 25

o r moved upstream from release points i n t h e Patuxent River, Maryland, subsequently moving downstream to Chesapeake Bay proper d u r i n g the i r second year. Setzler-Hamilton e t al. , (1981) also found some upstream movement of 1976 juveni le s t r iped bass d u r i n g t h e i r f i r s t summer i n the Poto- mac Estuary. Dur ing w in ter months, juveniles may move toward deeper water and downstream (Westin and Rogers 1978) .

Schooling behavior has been observed f o r juveni le s t r iped bass, and general ly they are found i n groups o f a few f ish t o thousands i n r i ve r ine and estuar ine areas (Westin and Rogers 1978).

Figure 3. Morphology of s t r iped bass post1 arvae and juveni les ; a . f in fo ld 1 arva (Hardy 1978); b. postf i nfo1 d 1 arva (Mansueti 1958a) ; c. juveni 1 e (Mansueti 1958a).

mm (1 inch) t o approximately 500 mm (20 inches) a re general ly considered juveniles. The upper length l imits correspond to ages 2 o r 3 f o r males and 4 o r 5 f o r females (Westin and Rogers 1978).

T h e in i t ia t ion and ex tent o f juve- n i le s t r iped bass migrations v a r y w i th location (Westin and Rogers 1978), and most juveniles remain i n the r i v e r and estuarine areas where they were spawned. L i t t le evidence exists f o r coastal migrations of bass less than 2 years o ld (Vladykov and Wallace 1938; Merriman 1941; Mansueti 1961; Mass- mann and Pacheco 1961). Dur ing t h e f i r s t summer, young-of- the-year s t r i ped bass general ly move downstream (Markle and Grant 1970; M ihu rsky et al. 1976) and shoreward (Raney 1952; Carlson and McCann 1969; Texas Instruments, Inc. 1974; Kernehan e t al. 1981). Ritchie and Koo (1968) observed tha t tagged young-of- the-year remained stat ionary

Adul ts

Numerous tagg ing studies have determined migratory and d i s t r i bu - t ional pat terns o f adul t s t r iped bass. Westin and Rogers (1978) prov ided an extensive review of tagg ing studies and migratory pat terns o f s t r iped bass. Generally, s t r iped bass i n the Gul f of Mexico, from Flor ida t o south- e rn Nor th Carolina, and i n the St. Lawrence River, show l i t t l e coastal migrat ion (Raney 1957). Most popula- t ions f rom those areas are r i ve r ine (Vladykov 1947; Scruggs and Ful ler 1955; Scruggs 1957; Mu raws k i 1958; Barkuloo 1970; Dudley e t al. 1977). From Cape Hatteras, Nor th Carolina, t o New England, substant ial numbers o f s t r iped bass leave the bays and estuaries at age 2 o r 3 and join coastal migrations, moving noi-th i n summer and south i n fa l l and w in ter (Vladykov and Wallace 1938, 1952; Merriman 1941; Chapoton and Sykes 1961; C lark 1968). The longest migrations are those o f large, female bass. Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) found t h a t 90% of all s t r iped bass caught i n nor thern waters were females. Similarly, s t r iped bass catches from the Rhode Is land (Ov ia t t 1977) and Nor th Carolina (Holland and Yelverton 1973) coasts, and Long

Is land's south shore (Schaefer 1968b), consisted of 90°0, 90°0, and 85.7% females, respect ive ly .

Since more than 50°0 of t h e At lan- t i c coast s t r iped bass catch or iginates f rom spawning grounds i n Chesapeake Bay (Setzler et al. 1980), spawning success and young-o f - the-year s u r - v iva l i n the Chesapeake Bay area may largely determine subsequent s t r i ped bass catches and stock sizes f rom Long Island t o Maine (T i l l e r 1950; Raney 1952; Mansueti 1961). Koo (1970) concluded t h a t Chesapeake Bay s t r iped bass between ages 2 and 3 cont r ibu ted s ign i f i can t ly t o t he en t i r e At lant ic coast f i she ry . Kohlenstein (1981 ) showed t h a t approximately 50% o f t he 3-year -o ld female s t r i ped bass i n Chesapeake Bay, and a smaller percentage o f 2- and 4-year-o ld females, moved t o t he coast t o join t h e migrat ion annual ly . I n contrast , few males of t h a t age were migra to ry . Berggren and Lieberman (1978) used discr iminate func t ion analysis to show t h a t 90.2% o f t h e coastal s t r iped bass f i she ry f rom southern Maine t o Cape Hatteras was der ived f rom f i s h spawned i n Chesapeake Bay. Two o the r studies suppor t ing t h e importance of t he Chesapeake Bay - der ived s t r i ped bass f o r maintaining observed seasonal abundance in no r the rn waters a re Schaefer (1968a) and Aust in and Custer (1977).

A por t ion o f t h e migra to ry stocks o f s t r iped bass enters and overw in te rs i n mid-coastal r i ve rs such as t h e Hudson, fvlullica, and Delaware. How- ever , these f i s h make u p on ly a small percentage of t h e total m igra to ry populat ion (Westin and Rogers 1978).

Along w i t h migra to ry stocks, por t ions (sometimes large) of adu l t s t r iped bass stocks of t h e mid-At lant ic region remain i n o r near t h e i r areas o f o r i g i n . T h i s is suppor ted b y tag- g i n g studies i n t h e Hudson R iver - Long Island Sound area (Raney e t a l . 1954; C la rk 1968; Schaefer 1968b;

Texas Inst ruments, I nc. 19741, south- e r n New Jersey (Hamer 1971), Chesa- peake Bay (Mansueti 19611, Upper Chesapeake Bay (Moore and Bu r ton 1975), t h e Potomac R ive r (Nichols and Mi l ler 1967; Mi l ler 1969), and V i rg in ia r i ve rs (IVassman and Pacheco 1961 1 . I n almost eve ry s tudy , some tagged bass appeared t o remain i n t h e same area all year, whi le others were recaptured 1000 km (621 mi) o r more f rom t h e release area. I t is no t known why some s t r iped bass migrate and others do not .

A recent ly documented tagg ing s tudy (McLaren et al . 1981) on the Hudson R iver ind icated t h a t most adu l t f i sh remained all year w i th in 50 km (31 mi) of tagg ing si tes. Most f i sh t h a t moved ou t of t h e Long Island Sound area moved nor theastward. The most no r the r l y recapture area ove r 2 years o f s tudy was Provincetown, Massachusetts. I n con t ras t t o what has been repor ted f o r Chesapeake Bay s t r iped bass, no dependence on age, size, o r sex was found f o r t h e migra- t o r y segment of t h e Hudson R ive r populat ion. Evidence ind icated t h a t t h e Hudson R iver populat ion was most l i ke ly se l f -perpetuat ing and sel f-con- tained w i th in t h e r i v e r and immediate su r round ing coastal area. L i t t l e ev i - dence ex is ted f o r ming l ing o f Chesa- peake and Hudson stocks, e i ther d u r - i n g migrat ions o r w i t h in ove rw in te r i ng populat ions (McLaren et al. 1981).

Local movements of adu l t s t r iped bass also have been invest igated. Great numbers of s t r i ped bass appear t o r ide t ida l f lows f rom one local i ty t o another ( K e r r 1953). Results f rom sonic t r ack ing i n t h e C - D Canal i n d i - cated t h a t movements were made in a " res t and go" manner, o f ten w i th leng thy res t per iods. I f cu r ren ts moved in a desirable d i rect ion, t h e f i sh swam o r d r i f t e d w i th t h e c u r r e n t . I n an opposing c u r r e n t , t h e f i sh remained stat ionary. The re was l i t t l e d i f ference between day and n i g h t movements (Koo and Wilson 1972).

School ing is t yp ica l f o r s t r i p e d bass as la rge as 4 . 5 k g ( 9 . 9 15). L a r g e r f i s h school a t va r ious times, b u t i nd i v i dua l s ove r 13.6 k g (30.0 I b ) a re more o f ten f o u n d s i ng l y o r i n small g r o u p s (Raney 1952; Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). S t r i ped bass appear t o school b y size r a t h e r t h a n age (Westin and Rogers 1978). V la - d y k o v and Wallace (1938) conc luded t h a t s t r i p e d bass school movements were based on schooled p r e y f i s h movements, r a t h e r t han isotherms o r sa l i n i t y va r ia t ions .

S t r i p e d bass females u p t o 29 years o ld (29.5 k g o r 65.0 I b ) (Me r r i - man 1941) and 17 years o l d (1158 mm o r 45.6 inches) (F r i sb ie 1967) have been repo r ted f r o m na tu ra l env i r on - ments. A female i n c a p t i v i t y l i ved 21 years ' (West in and Rogers 1978). S t r i ped bass o v e r 12 years o l d a re rare, and a re almost always female (Westin and Rogers 1978; Setzler e t al. 1980). T h e maximum recorded we igh t f o r a s t r i p e d bass was a 56.7-kg (125.0- lb) female taken f r om N o r t h Caro l ina waters in 1891 (Setz ler e t al. 1980).

Parasites and diseases o f s t r i p e d bass have been s tud ied and repo r ted b y Paperna and Zwerner (1976) and Bonn e t a l . (1976). Summary tables o f paras i te and disease l i t e ra tu re a re p r o v i d e d i n Westin and Rogers (1978), Smith and Wells (1977), and Setzler e t al. (1980). T h e most commonly repo r ted diseases o f s t r i p e d bass a r e f i n r o t disease, pasteurel losis, colurn- nar is, lymphocyst is , and ep i the l iocys- t i s (Se tz le r e t a l . 1980). T h e most commonly o c c u r r i n g abnormal i ty o f s t r i p e d bass is "pugheadedness," a fo reshor ten ing o f t h e head and face area. Researchers have speculated t h a t i t s cause is genet ic o r genet ic/ env i ronmenta l in o r ig in , r a t h e r t han a resu l t o f mechanical damage t o t h e head i n ear l y l i f e stages (fvlansueti 1958b; Westin and Rogers 1978).

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS

Grow th Rates

T h e g r o w t h ra te f o r s t r i p e d bass .-

up t o 70 cm (27 .6 inches) can b e ca l - cu la ted f r o m scales w i t h t h e fo rmu la :

where L = to ta l l eng th o f f i s h (cm), L ' = scale rad ius, I = change i n to ta l length, and I' = ra t io of rad ius t o annu lus i n quest ion (Setz ler e t at. 1980). O the r b o d y leng th t o scale re la t ionships a re g i ven in Robinson (1960), Mansuet i (1961), Lawler e t al . (1974), and Texas Inst ruments, I nc . (1974) . Convers ion fac to rs between f o r k l eng th ( F L ) , s tandard leng th (SL ) , and to ta l l eng th ( T L ) values f o r s t r i ped bass a re repo r ted i n Mansuet i (1961), T r e n t (1962), Texas I n s t r u - ments, I n c . (1973), and Westin and Rogers ( 1978).

T r e n t (1962) observed a nea r l y l inear g r o w t h ra te f o r young -o f - t he - yea r s t r i p e d bass f r om Albemarle Sound, N o r t h Carol ina. Observed rates ranged f r om 0.272 t o 0.433 mm/ day, f o r t h e pe r i od June t o Novem- " ber , o v e r 5 years o f s t u d y . To ta l leng th a t t h e e n d o f t h e f i r s t g r o w i n g season averaged 100 mm. Stud ies b y Rathjen a n d Mi l le r (1957) and Texas Inst ruments, I nc . (1975b) also repo r ted nea r l y l inear g r o w t h ra tes f o r Hudson R i ve r young -o f - t he -yea r s t r i p e d bass . b e t w e e n June and November. G r o w t h ra te was g rea tes t d u r i n g June and Ju ly , and averaged 0.45 mm/day o v e r t h e g row ing season (Rath jen and Mi l le r 1957). I nstanta- neous g rowth . i n we igh t f o r Hudson R i ve r young -o f - t he -yea r ranged f r om 0.0311 t o 0.0407 f o r t h e months o f J u l y and Augus t , and -0.0157 t o 0.0145 f o r t h e months o f October and November [Texas Inst ruments, I nc . 1976). Dey (1981) r epo r ted young -o f - t he -yea r g r o w t h ra tes i n t h e Hudson

Na tu ra l logar i thm o f r a t i o o f f i na l we igh t t o in i t i a l we igh t , for- a u n i t of t ime. .-

R i v e r o f 0 . 2 mm/'day i n May a n d J u n e , 0 . 8 mm/day d u r i n g J u l y a n d A u g u s t , d r o p p i n g o f f r a p i d l y t h r o u g h Septem- b e r a n d O c t o b e r . T h e y e a r classes s t u d i e d by D e y (1981) g e n e r a l l y showed p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n be tween m a g n i t u d e o f i ns tan taneous g r o w t h r a t e a n d mean w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s ince peak s p a w n i n g .

L a b o r a t o r y s tud ies o f j u v e n i l e s t r i p e d bass co l lec ted f r o m Chesapeake B a y f o u n d r e l a t i v e g r o w t h ra tes o f 8.8&, 3.88, 4.68, a n d 9.100 f o r t h e mon ths o f O c t o b e r , November , May a n d June , r e s p e c t i v e l y . h o g r o w t h o c c u r r e d be tween December a n d A p r i l o r be low 10 " C (50 " F) . Maximum g r o w t h o c c u r r e d a t 20 OC (68 O F ) . G r o w t h o f j u v e n i l e s t r i p e d bass i n t h e P a t u x e n t R i v e r , M a r y l a n d , was h i g h - e s t i n J u l y , f o l l owed by A u g u s t , June , September , May, a n d O c t o b e r . N o g r o w t h o c c u r r e d be tween November a n d A p r i l ( K o o a n d R i t c h i e 1973).

N icho lson (1964) f o u n d t h a t corn- p e n s a t o r y g r o w t h ( r e d u c t i o n o f s ize v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n age c lasses as age inc reases ) o c c u r r e d f o r age 2 a n d some age 3 s t r i p e d bass i n A lbemar le Sound, N o r t h Caro l i na . T a b l e 4 sum- mar izes mean l e n g t h s a n d a n n u a l i n c r e m e n t s f o r s t r i p e d bass age 1-12 f r o m v a r i o u s areas a long t h e m i d - A t - l a n t i c coast (da ta f o r separa te sexes g i v e n w h e r e a v a i l a b l e ) . Males a n d females g e n e r a l l y g r o w a t t h e same r a t e u n t i l age 4, w h e n females m a t u r e a n d b e g i n t o g r o w f a s t e r . T h i s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 4 f o r male a n d female s t r i p e d bass f r o m Chesapeake B a y (Mansue t i 1961) .

L e n g t h - W e i g h t Re la t i onsh ips

T h r e e s t u d i e s h a v e deve loped l e n g t h - w e i g h t r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r y o u n g - o f - t h e - y e a r a n d y e a r l i n g s t r i p e d bass comb ined . T h e s e r e l a - t i o n s h i p s are, f o r t h e H u d s o n R i v e r , log10 ( w t ) = 2.94 log lc ( L ) - 4.886, ( u n i t s , g m a n d mm T L ) ( T e x a s I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . 1973); f o r t h e

P. ._I- - Males c-- Females

I AGE IN YEARS I F i q u r ? 4. I t i of iiia!.? ,?n:1 f e : l i a l e s t r i pcd bas5 I ti) 11 year's o l d , f r o 1 2 Chesapeake ( f : d n s ~ ~ e t i 1 9 6 1 ) .

Rappahannock R i v e r , V i r g i n i a , log10 ( w t ) = 3 .073 logl0 ( L ) - 5.081, ( u n i t s , g m a n d mm F L ) ( K e r b y 1972); a n d f o r A lbemar le Sound, N o r t h C a r o - l ina, logli i ( w t ) = 2.9198 logI CL) - 1.8462, ( u n i t s , m g a n d mm T L ) ( T r e n t 1962) . L e n g t h - w e i g h t re la - t i o n s h i p s f o r a d u l t s t r i p e d bass (males a n d females separate, w h e n ava i l ab le ) f rom v a r i o u s m i d - A t l a n t i c areas a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5 . T h r o u g h o u t t h e i r range , m a t u r e male s t r i p e d bass w e i g h less t h a n m a t u r e females o f t h e same l e n g t h (Mer r iman 1941 ; Mansue t i 1961 1 .

T r e n t (1962) r e p o r t e d t h a t c o n d i - t i o n f a c t o r s ( K ) r a n g e d f r o m 0 .984 t o 1.471 f o r y o u n g bass 18.5 t o 91 mm

T a b l e 4. Vean f o r k l e n g t h s ( F L i n mm) and annua l i n c r e m e n t s ( A 1 i n nim) f o r s t r i p e d b a r s ages 1 -12 fro171 v a r i o u s n i d - A t l a n t i c a r e a s .

a Loca t i o n CN PP Cii C P P R P P PS ~ e x b li u v F - ~4 - F [I

Age FL $41 FL A1 FL A 1 FL A1 FL A1 FL A1 FL

a CN = C o n n e c t i c u t ( r 'er r i rnar l 1941) , DR = Pe lawd re R i v e r ( ? a s o n 1 9 7 1 ) , CB = Chesapeake Bay ( t 1 a n s u e t i 1961 ) , PR = Potolrlac R i v e r ( Jones z t a1 . l Q 7 7 1 , PS = Pa1111 i c o Sound, I i o r t h C a r o l i n a ( I . l a rsha l1 1 9 7 6 ) .

b P I = nial es, F = f e m a l e s , R = b o t h sexes cornl3i ned .

C Sample s i ze o f one f i s h

Table 5. P r e d i c t i v e l eng th -we i g h t r e g r e s s i o n s f o r s t r i p e d bass f rom v a r i o u s areas o f t h e m i d - A t l a n t i c r e g i o n . A l l r e g r e s s i o n $ a r e o f t h e e q u a t i o n a l f o r m l o g ( w t ) = a log,,, ( L ) + b, excep t t h e Potomac R i v e r r e g r e s s i o n s , wh ich a r e I n t i t ) = a i n ( L ) t b.

Samp 1 e Sl ope I n t e r c e p t Uni t s b

L o c a t i o n y e a r ( s ) sexa ( a ) ( b ) L Source

Massachuset ts 1956-1 959 Rhode I s l a n d 1973-1975

F r i s b i e (1 967) Rogers e t a1 .

(1 977) Texas I n s t r u m e n t s ,

I n c . (1973) Texas Ins t rumen ts ,

I n c . (1973) Law le r e t a l .

(1 974) Texas Ins t rumen ts ,

Inc . (1975b) Texas I n s t r u m e n t s .

Hudson R i v e r 1972


Hudson R i v e r 1971 -1 972 cm?


Hudson R i v e r 1974 I n c . (1975b)

Bason (1971 ) Bason (1971 ) Bason (1971 ) Bason (1971 ) Bason e t a1 .

(1975) Mansuet i (1961 ) Mansuet i (1961 ) Rogers e t a l .

(1 977) Wi lson e t a l .

(1 976) Wi lson e t a1 .

(1976) N i l s o n e t a l .

(1 976) Wi lson e t a1 .

(1976) Wi lson e t a l .

(1 976) Wi lson e t a l .

( 1 976)

Delaware R i v e r 1968 Delaware R i v e r 1968 Delaware R i v e r 1969 Delaware R i v e r 1969 Ches .-Del . 1974

Canal Chesapeake Bay 1957-1958 Chesapeake Bay 1957-1958 N a n t i coke R i ver,1974-1975

Mary1 and Potomac R i v e r 1974

nm FL mmFL mm FL mmFL mmFL

Potomac R i v e r 1974 mmFL

Potomac Ri v e r 1975 mmFL

Potomac R i v e r 1975 mmFL

Po tomac R i ve r 1976 mmFL

Potomac R i v e r 1976

SI M = males, F = females, B = sexes combined.

O r i g i n a l u n i t s o f l eng th -we i g h t reg ress ions .

T L i n Albemarle Sound, N o r t h Caro- l ina. Texas Inst ruments, I nc . (1973) calculated condi t ion fac to rs f o r s t r i p e d bass 200-800 mm T L f r om t h e Hudson R i ve r a n d Chesapeake Bay ( u s i n g data f rom Mansuet i 1961 ) . These fac to rs ranged f r om 0.91 t o 1 . 1 f o r Hudson R i v e r bass and 0 .87 t o 1 .35 f o r Ches- apeake Bay bass.

THE FISHERY

Commercial Fisher ies

T h e commercial catch o f s t r i p e d bass d u r i n g t h e last decade has f a l l - en o f f f r om a reco rd ha rves t o f 6335 met r i c t ons (m t ) i n 1973 a n d 5023 m t i n 1974, t o 1594 mt, 2041 mt , and 1740 m t i n 1979, 1980, and 1981, respec- t i v e l y . T h e values o f t h e 1980 and 1981 commercial catches were $4,902,000 and $5,272,000, respec- t i v e l y . T h e dominant year class o f 1970 was last read i l y avai lable t o commercial gea r i n 1973 and 1974. O f t h e annual commercial landings, 98% o r more have been taken b y Un i t ed States f i s h i n g boats, t h e remainder b y C a n ~ d a . T h e ma jo r i t y o f t h e commer- c ial catch ( > 90%) has occu r red i n t h e nor thwes t A t lan t i c reg ion ( S t . Law- rence R i ve r t o V i r g i n i a ) . I n 1981, 97.9% o f t h e commercial catch occu r red i n waters less t h a n 4 . 8 km ( 3 mi) f r om t h e coast, whi le t h e remain ing 2.1% was caugh t between 4.8 and 320 km (3 a n d 200 mi) o f f shore . (Nat ional Mar ine Fisher ies Serv ice 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982a). Since 1930, Mary land and V i rg i n i a have p roduced t h e h ighes t commercial landings, f o l - lowed by New Yo rk , N o r t h Carol ina, and i n recen t years, Massachusetts (Setz ler e t al . 1980) .

A v a r i e t y o f commercial gea r has been employed t o catch s t r i ped bass, depend ing on geographical area and s ta te regulat ions, which v a r y cons id- e rab ly . S ta t ionary g i l l nets, d r i f t g i l l

nets, haul seines, f y k e nets, pound nets, f i sh t raps , and hoop nets a re t h e most commonly used gear t y p e s . S ta t ionary g i l l nets, i l legal eve rywhe re excep t V i r g i n i a a n d t h e Potomac R iver , have been v e r y e f fect ive. Haul seines in New Yo rk , pound nets i n New Jersey, and f i s h t r aps i n Rhode Is land a re t h e most popu la r gear t ypes (Setz ler e t a l . 1980). Pound, f yke , and bow nets a re nonse- lec t i ve f o r s t r i p e d bass, wh i le g i l l nets and haul seines a re cons idered size select ive ( T i l l e r 1950; V ladykov and Wallace 1952; Mansueti 1961; T r e n t and Hassler 1968; G r a n t and Joseph 1969). Setz ler e t a l . (1980) summarized commercial and recreat ional f i sh i ng regulat ions f o r most A t lan t i c Coast States.

T h e age d i s t r i b u t i o n o f commer- c ial l and ings var ies d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e ava i lab i l i t y of dominant yea r classes rec ru i t ed t o t h e f i s h e r y . For exam- ple, t h e Long Is land south shore catch i n 1936 a n d 1937 was dominated b y 2- and 3 -year -o lds , respect ive ly , f rom t h e dominant 1934 yea r class (Merr iman 1941). I n 1942 and 1943, t h e commercial catch f rom Chesapeake Bay was dominated by 2- and . 3-year -o lds f r om t h e 1940 year class. I n 1944 and 1945, a substant ia l num- b e r o f 4- and 5 -year -o lds f r om t h e 1940 year class, p lus many 2- and 3 -year -o lds f rom t h e re la t i ve ly s t r o n g 1942 yea r class, dominated t h e catch ( T i l l e r 1950). O t h e r examples o f t h i s occur rence a re g iven i n F r i sb ie and R i tch ie (19631, Davis (1966), Schaefer (1968b1, and Johnson e t al . (1977). Dominant s t r i p e d bass year classes, wh ich appeared i n subsequent commercial catches, occu r red i n t h e years 1934, 1940, 1958, 1964, and 1970 (Merr iman 1941 ; T i l l e r 1950; Mansueti and Holl is 1963; Koo 1970; Schaefer 1972). O t h e r apparen t l y s t r onge r t han average year classes occu r red i n 1942, 1961, and 1972 (Setz ler e t a l . 1980).

Recreational Fisher ies

I n 1970, t h e s t r i p e d bass ranked t h i r d beh ind b lue f i sh and spot ted sea t rou t i n to ta l we igh t landed by recreat ional f ishermen along t h e A t l an t i c and Gu l f coasts. From Maine t o Cape Hatteras, IVorth Carol ina, t h e s t r i ped bass ranked t h i r d beh ind t h e b lue f i sh and A t l an t i c mackerel (Nat ional Mar ine Fisher ies Serv ice 1979).

T h e recreat ional ca tch o f s t r i p e d bass has decl ined o v e r t h e pas t decade, even more d ras t i ca l l y t h a n t h e commercial catch. Comparison o f rec - reat ional and commercial l and ings o v e r t h e pas t decade demonstrates t h a t t h e recreat ional catch has d ropped f r o m f o u r t o f i v e t imes t h e commercial catch i n 1970, t o approx imate p a r i t y w i t h t h e commercial catch i n 1979. I n 1970, an est imated 33,015 m t o f s t r i p e d bass were landed by recrea- t ional f ishermen along t h e A t l an t i c coast. B y 1974, t h e ca tch f r o m Maine t o V i r g i n i a ( cons t i t u t i ng t h e ma jo r i t y o f t h e A t l an t i c coast ca tch) d ropped t o 17,937 mt . I n 1979, t h e last yea r w i t h complete data available, an est i - mated 2917 m t o f s t r i ped bass we re landed by recreat ional f ishermen (Nat ional Mar ine Fisher ies Serv ice 1982b). His tor ica l records ind ica te t h a t t h e mid -A t lan t i c reg ion has always dominated t h e recreat ional catch. I n 1979, Mary land (68.4%) and New Y o r k (29.1%) con t r i bu ted g r e a t l y t o t h e recreat ional catch. Also, 71% o f t h e 1979 A t l an t i c coast recreat ional ha rves t was taken w i t h i n t h e con t igu- ous coast l ine ( i n l and coastal wa te rs ) (Nat ional Mar ine Fisher ies Serv ice 1982b).

Dominant yea r classes were responsib le f o r l a r g e numbers o f 2- and 3 -year -o lds o c c u r r i n g i n t h e s p o r t f i s h e r y ca tch between 1959 and 1961 i n t h e Potomac R iver , and s im i la r l y i n t h e 1974 and 1975 s p o r t f i s h e r y catch i n Albemarle Sound, N o r t h Carol ina (F r i sb ie and Ri tch ie 1963; Johnson e t a l . 1977).

Spo r t f i s h e r y regulat ions d i f f e r among States along t h e A t lan t i c coast. Minimum leng th l imits v a r y f r om no l imi t i n Delaware and South Carol ina, t o 30.5 cm (12 inches) i n Mary land and N o r t h Carol ina, 40.6 cm (16 inches) i n most States, and 45.7 cm (18 inches) i n New Jersey . Leng th l imits also d i f f e r as t o F L o r T L spec- i f icat ions. New Jersey, New Yo rk , and Connec t i cu t have closed seasons i n w in te r , b u t most States d o not . D u r i n g t h e spawn ing season i n Mary - land waters , a l l s t r i p e d bass o v e r 6.8 k g (15.0 I b ) mus t b e immediately released (Setz ler e t al . 1980). Incon- s istencies i n regu la t ion have led i n p a r t t o many o f t h e management, enforcement, and data col lect ion p r o b - lems encountered w i t h t h e A t l an t i c coast s t r i p e d bass populat ion i n recen t years. M i g r a t o r y versus sedenta ry s t r i p e d bass s tocks also complicate species management. Overa l l , t h e regu la to r y s i tuat ion is a h i g h - p r i o r i t y prob lem need ing s t u d y a n d analysis.

Populat ion Dynamics

Probab ly t h e s ing le most impor- t a n t f ea tu re o f s t r i p e d bass populat ion dynamics i n re la t ion t o management is poor r ep roduc t i ve success i n t e r - spersed w i t h occasional dominant yea r classes. Most l ike ly , env i ronmenta l su i t ab i l i t y d u r i n g t h e la rva l s tage acts i n l a rge p a r t t o determine yea r class success and f u t u r e s t r i p e d bass s tock abundances (Ba in and Bain 1982a).

Sex ra t ios. D u r i n g summer and fa l l i n coastal waters, t h e sex ra t i o is genera l l y abou t 9:1 i n f a v o r o f females, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e n o r t h (B ige low a n d Sch roeder 1953; Hol land and Ye lver ton 1973; - 0 v i a t t 1977). I n t h e Potomac R i v e r Es tuary , age spe- c i f ic sex ra t ios (p ropo r t i on o f males) were as fol lows: age 3 - 0.97, age 4 - 0.94, age 5 - 0.81, age 6 - 0.31, and age 7 - 0.19 (Jones e t al . 1977). Dominant yea r classes a f f ec t t h e sex ra t i o i n subsequent years . For exam- ple, as females o f t h e 1970 yea r class

began r e t u r n i n g t o spawn i n t h e Poto- mac R ive r i n 1975 and 1976, t h e sex rat io (males t o females) changed f rom 4:1 i n 1974 to 1:1.3 i n 1976 (Jones et al . 1977).

Reproduct ive rates/ l i fe stage abundance. - - Zankel e t al. (1975) est i - mated a peak spawning populat ion of 1 - mil l ion adults b y us ing an acoustic su rvey on t h e Potomac R iver i n 1974. S t r iped bass egg, yo lk sac, f in fo ld, and pos t f in fo ld larval densit ies and estimates of l i fe stage product ion f rom the Potomac R iver f o r t h e years 1974 - 1976 have been g iven i n M ihu rsky e t al . (1974, 1976), Polgar e t al. (1976). and Boynton e t al . (1977). Data f rom Boynton e t al. (1977) is summarized below.

Stage 1974 1975 1976

Egg p r o d u c t i o n 8.11(9) 1 .16(9) 8 .85 (8 ) % m o r t a l i t y 99.20 63.62 92.99 Yo1 k-sac l a r v a e 7 .47(7) 4 .21(8) 6.20(7) % m o r t a l i ty 96.15 94.02 81.70 F i n f o l d l a r v a e 2 .49(6) 2 .69 (7 ) 1 .14 (7 ) % m o r t a l i ty 81.65 80.59 93.94 P o s t f i n f o l d 4.60(5) 4.69(6) 7.30(5)

Note: l n teger i n parentheses represents exponent o f 10 mul t ip l ied b y product ion estimates.

Estimates f rom Boynton e t al . (1977) a re based on a uni form age d i s t r i bu t i on assumption, which proba- b l y causes an underestimation of egg product ion (Setzler e t al. 1980). Pol- gar e t al. (1976) assumed an exponent ial age d i s t r i bu t i on and obtained an egg product ion estimate o f 26.9 X

9 10 f o r t h e Potomac R iver i n 1974. McFadden (1977) estimate,d fa l l young-o f - the-year populations i n t h e Hudson R iver at 1.68 X l o 6 , 1.29 X 106, and 1.02 X l o 6 , f o r t h e years 1973, 1974, and 1975, respect ively, us ing Petersen mark- recaptu r e meth- ods.

Two specif ic environmental condit ions have been hypothesized t o be responsible f o r in f luencing t h e spawning success and occurrence o f dominant year classes i n s t r iped bass populations. F i rs t , water f low (bo th veloc i ty and volume) was found t o be an important factor f o r spawning success i n Cal i fornia r i ve rs and t h e Roa- noke R iver i n Nor th Carolina (Van Cleve 1945; Hassler 1958). Higher f lows d u r i n g spawning produced the most successful year classes. Second, subnormal w in te r temperatures have been h igh l y corre lated w i th t h e p r o - duct ion o f s t rong year classes t h e fo l - lowing sp r ing . Several studies sup- p o r t a general conclusion t h a t dominant year classes th rough recent h i s to ry have always been preceded b y a colder than normal w in te r (blerriman 1941; Koo 1970; Heinle and Flemer 1975; Heinle e t al. 1976; Boynton e t a l . 1977). One proposed mechanism o f t h e severe w in ter -s t rong year class association is t h rough t h e estuarine food chain. Heinle and Flemer (1975) hypothesized a simple food chain con- s is t ing of detr i tus, zooplankters (Eurytemora af f in is and Neomysis americana), and anadromous f i sh l a r - vae i n t h e Patuxent River , Maryland. Production of E. af f in is d u r i n g a sp r ing t h a t led t o a s t rong s t r iped bass year class was f o u r t o f i v e times greater than d u r i n g a sp r ing tha t led t o a poor year class ( ~ e i n l e e t al. 1976) .

A review o f factors t h a t may determine dominant year class produc- t ion is presented i n Cooper and Polgar (1981 ) . Several invest igators have concluded t h a t var iance and range i n year class s t reng th are control led almost en t i re ly b y densi ty- independent environmental factors (Vladykov and Wallace 1952; Chadwick 1974; Polgar e t al. 1975; Ulanowicz and Polgar 1980; Cooper and Polgar 1981). Appar - ent ly , there is no evidence of behav- ioral compensation on the p a r t of spawning s t r iped bass t o of fset annual var iat ion i n optimal l i fe stage surv iva l condit ions (Ulanowicz and Polgar 1980;

Cooper and Polgar 1981). Adu l ts spawn ove r a l eng thy per iod and a va r i e t y of environmental gradients , and o n l y a small f rac t ion of t h e eggs , a re deposited i n sui table env i ronments. The size of t h e parenta l spawning stock p robab ly does not a f fec t year class s t reng th and subse- quen t recru i tment , as long as t h e spawning populat ion meets some min i - mum requirements i n rep roduc t i ve potent ia l (Cooper and Polgar 1981 ) . Most l ike ly , ind iv idua ls spawned d u r - i n g a re la t ive ly sho r t per iod of optimal condit ions f o r ea r l y l i fe stages make u p t h e major i ty of su rv i vo rs f o r t ha t year class (Setz ler e t al. 1980; Ula- nowicz and Polgar 1980; Cooper and Polgar 1981 ) .

Cooper and Polgar (1981) recom- mended t h e fo l lowing management schemes f o r s t r i ped bass, based on a rev iew o f t h e most recent information available:

1) Do not manage b y r e c r u i t - ment relat ionships, such as t h e classical R icker and Berver ton-HoI t stock r e - c ru i tment curves .

Manage b y recogniz ing dominant year classes, b y juveni le abundance indices, p ro tec t i ng t h e ear ly ages of t h e yea r class so as t o maximize weight y ie ld and allow su f f i c ien t spawning stock t o reach ma tu r i t y .

3 ) Contro l and modi fy seasonal and regional commercial regulat ions and e f fo r t , i n accordance w i th avai lab i l i ty and a g e of a dominant year class.

4) Un i f y , b u t not necessari ly make uni form, t h e management s t ra tegy and regula- t ions across States and regions.

5) Protect t h e resource and necessary habi ta ts f r om t h e effects o f po l lu tan ts .

Mor ta l i t y rates. Sykes e t al . (1 961)=matedaverage commercial f i sh ing mor ta l i t y ra te ( F ) i n t h e Poto- mac R iver a t 0 .40 of t h e stock availa- b le t o t h e gear . Kohlenstein (1981) estimated commercial f i sh ing mor ta l i t y a t 0.35 f o r 3 - yea r -o ld males i n Chesa- peake Bay. S t ree t e t a l . (1975) est i - mated total annual mor ta l i t y ( A ) i n Albemarle Sound, No r th Carolina, a t 51% f o r f i sh 3 t o 6 years o ld (1972-74). Tota l instantaneous mor - t a l i t y rates ( Z ) f o r V i rg i n i a and No r th Carolina coastal r i ve rs have been repor ted between 0.66 and 0.98 (Has- s ler e t al. 1966; G ran t and Mer r i ne r 1971 ; h le r r iner and Hoagman 1973). T h e on l y estimate f ound f o r instantaneous na tu ra l mor ta l i t y r a te on t h e A t lan t i c coast was 0.243 f o r No r th Carol ina s t r i ped bass (Hol land and Ye lver ton 1973). Chadwick (1968), Sommani (1972), and Mi l ler (1974). gave estimates of var ious mor ta l i t y and s u r v i v a l r a te parameters f o r t h e years 1958-71 i n Cal i fornia waters. Between 1959 and 1971, instantaneous f i sh ing mor ta l i t y rates ranged f rom 0.11 t o 0.39. Instantaneous na tu ra l mor ta l i t y rates ranged f rom 0.15 t o 0.32.

Saila and Lorda (1977) summa- r i zed t h e fo l lowing su rv i va l p robab i l i - t ies f r om studies of t h e Hudson R ive r s t r i ped bass populat ion ( juven i le stages a re o f a r b i t r a r y classi f icat ion) .

Age Du r a ti on Proba b i 1 i t y c l a s s Stage (days ) o f s u r v i v a l

0 Egg, yo1 k-sac 10 0.06 0 Pos t yo1 k-sac 24 0.04 0 J u v e n i l e 1 3 0 0.20 O J u v e n i l e 2 145 9.51 0 J u v e n i l e 3 156 0.16 1 A d u l t 365 0.40 2 A d u l t 365 0.60

Stock ident i f icat ion. Documented d i f fe ren t ia t ion o f s t r iped bass stocks on t h e basis of merist ic, morphologi- cal, and biochemical character is t ics is as fol lows:

(1 ) Roanoke River-Albemar le Sound, No r th Carolina: Th i s popula- t ion separates in to two groups in t h e winter , w i t h smaller f i sh overw in te r ing i n lower areas o f t h e Roanoke R i v e r o r i n Albemarle Sound and la rger f i sh (>2.7 kg , >6 Ib ) overw in te r ing on t h e ocean side o f t h e ou te r banks (Chapo- t on and Sykes 1961). Albemarle Sound s t r i ped bass a re d i s t i nc t f rom James R iver , V i rg in ia , bass and closely related t o t h e Y o r k River , V i rg in ia , and Rappahannock River , V i rg in ia , populations, based on lateral l i ne scales and morphometr ic charac- t e rs ( L u n d 1957; k lurawski 1958).

(2) Chesapeake Bay: Th ree d i s - t i n c t subpopulat ions-- t h e James River , t h e Y o r k and Rappahannock Rivers, and Upper Bay- - are present w i th in t h e Chesapeake dra inage based on merist ic studies (Raney 1957), g i l l r a k e r counts (Lewis 1957), and lateral l i ne scales (Murawski 1958). Lund (1957) concluded t h a t f o u r r i v e r s w i th in t h e Bay- - t h e James, York , Rappahannock, and Potomac-- have separate subpopulat ions based on morphometr ic characters. Biochemical character izat ion ( b y electrophoresis) o f adul t s t r iped bass collected f rom f i v e Chesapeake Bay t r i bu ta r i es d u r - i n g spawning indicates probable d is - c re te spawning populat ions i n a t least t h r e e of t he f i v e r i v e r s s tudied-- t h e Nanticoke, Elk, and Choptan k Rivers (Morgan e t a l . 1973a). Populations i n t h e Patuxent and Potomac Rivers could not be d i f fe ren t ia ted b y electrophoresis, though bo th were d i s t i nc t bio- chemically f rom populations i n t he o ther t h ree r i v e r s .

(3) Delaware R iver : The Delaware R iver populat ion is most closely al l ied w i th t he James R iver populat ion based on lateral l ine scale (Murawski 1958) and g i l l r ake r counts (Lewis 1957).

(4 ) Hudson R ive r : Hudson R iver s t r i ped bass fo rm a d i s t i nc t populat ion based on merist ic counts (Raney and de Sylva 1953), g i l l rakers (Lewis 1957), lateral l ine scales (Murawski 1958), and morphometric measurements (Lurid 1957).

Population dynamics simulat ions. Simulation models have been developed f o r assessing t h e impact of p o k e r p lan t in take entrainment on s t r i ped bass l i f e stages. Seven models were evaluated and discussed b y Swartzman e t a t . (1977). Th ree of these models have been developed b y Lawler, hlatusky, and Skel ly Engineers f o r t he Hudson River , two b y t h e Oak Ridge National Laboratory f o r t he Hudson River and C-D Canal, and one b y Johns Hopkins Un ive rs i t y f o r t he C-D Canal. Major di f ferences among models were t h e choice o f l i f e stage d u r a - t ion and compensatory morta l i ty regimes. The reader is re fe r red t o Swartzman e t al. (1977) f o r review o f these models, and t o Eraslan e t al. (1976) f o r a sample model (Hudson R i v e r ) . Other available models not discussed b y Swartzman e t al. (1977) are presented in Chadwick (1969), Saila and Lorda (1977), and Warsh -- (1977).

ECOLOGICAL ROLE

Food Habits

Larvae/ juveniIes. I n laboratory studies, Doroshev (1970) found t h a t f i r s t - f eed ing larvae p re fe r red Cyclops naupl i i and copepodites. Beaven and M ihu rsky (1980) repor ted posi t ive e lec t i v i t y o f la rger copepods and cla- docerans and negat ive e lec t i v i t y o f copepod naupl i i and ro t i f e r s i n a sam- p le of 605 larvae f rom t h e Potomac R ive r . I n the Hudson River , s t r iped bass up t o 75 mm p r e f e r r e d Gammarus spp. , calanoid copepods, and ch i ron- omid larvae. Bass f rom 76-125 mm

p r e f e r r e d Gammarus and Calanoida, and those f rom 116-200 mm p re fe r red Microqadus - tomcod (Texas I n s t r u - ments, I nc . 1976).

Young bass (<70 mm) in t he Y o r k and James Rivers consumed pr imar i l y mysids and insects, respect ive ly . Bass between 70 and 150 mm fed ~ r i - mar i ly on gobies (Gobiosoma bosci j i n t h e Y o r k R iver and decapod shr imp (Palaemonetes spp . ) i n t h e James R ive r (Mark le and Gran t 1970). I n t h e Delaware River , young s t r iped bass (50-100 mm) fed pr imar i l y on Neomysis americana and Crangon sep- temspinosa. I n low sal in i ty t ida l creeks o f t h e Delaware drainage, f ish, - decapods, amphipods, and mysids were t h e most important food items (Bason 1971). Juveni le bass (40-100 mm) f rom Chesapeake Bay also fed on Neomysis americana, as well as Gam- marus and Corophium spp. Bass between 100 and 270 mm fed on bay anchovies (Anchoa mi tch i l l i ) and va r i - ous inver tebra tes (Bason et al. 1975). Several invest igators (e .g . , Mark le and G r a n t 1970; Bason 1971) stated t h a t p r e y selection b y young s t r iped

- bass var ies w i th t h e sa l in i ty of t h e juveni le environment and t h e cor re - sponding food item avai lab i l i ty .

Adu l ts . Holl is (1952) f ound t h a t adu l t s t r iped bass in Chesapeake Bay were pr imar i ly piscivorous, ' w i t h f i sh making u p 95.5% b y weight of t h e to ta l d ie t . D u r i n g summer and fal l , bay anchovy and At lant ic menhaden (Brevoor t ia t y rannus ) were pr inc ipa l p rey , whi le i n winter, spot (Leiosto- mus xan thu rus ) and c roaker (Micropo- gonias undulatus) dominated t h e d ie t .

Fish, p r imar i l y clupeids, const i - . tu ted 96.2% o f t he summer d ie t o f s t r i ped bass i n Albemarle Sound, Nor th Carolina. Engraul ids were found most f requent ly i n t h e d ie t d u r i n g t h e fa l l . Winter forage inc luded a h ighe r percentage of inver tebrates, compared t o t h e summer season. D u r i n g t h e spr ing, b lue crabs

(Call inectes sapidus) were a major p r e y item (Manooch 1973). Ov ia t t (1977) repor ted that , i n general, s t r iped bass feeding inshore ate At lant ic menhaden, whi le f i sh captured o f fshore fed on sand lance (Ammo- dy tes) .

A f ish-dominated d ie t does no t occur f o r al l adu l t m id-At lan t ic s t r iped bass stocks. Schaefer (1970) found t h a t i n Long Is land Sound, s t r i ped bass between 275 and 399 mm FL pr imar i l y f e d on Gammarus, Haus- to r ius canadensis, and Neomysis americana. Bass between 400 and 599 mm FL fed equal ly on f i sh (Anchoa mi tch- i l l i , Menidia menidia, and Stenotomus chrysops) and amphipods. Bass between 600 and 940 mm FL fed more on f ish than o ther size g roups (65% of d ie ta ry volume), b u t s t i l l consumed amphipods, mysids, and lady crabs (Ovalipes ocellatus) .

Other stomach contents recorded f rom adu l t s t r iped bass inc lude alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), blueback h e r r i n g (Alosa aest ival is) , mummichog (Fundu lus heteroc l i tus) , s t r i ped mul let (Mugi l cephalus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) , weakf ish (Cynos- cion r e g a i s ) , wh i te pe rch (Morone americana), s i l ve r hake (Merluccius b i l inear is) , American eel (Angu i l la rost rata) , American lobster (Homarus americanus), squ id ( I lex and Lol igo), and var ious crab, clam, and mussel species (Smith and Wells 1977).

Feeding Behavior

T h e s t r i ped bass is an oppor tu - nistic, carn ivorous species, swallowing p r e y whole if possible (Westin and Rogers 1978). S t r iped bass do no t feed steadi ly; r a the r whole schools feed together a t cer ta in in te rva ls (Raney 1952). Factors i n i t i a t i ng feed- i n g behavior have no t been inves t i - gated. When feeding on schooling p r e y species, s t r iped bass fol low t h e school, per iodical ly gorge themselves, and then d rop down i n t h e water

column t o digest t h e i r p r e y (Setzler et al. 1980). When a specif ic p r e f e r r e d food item is abundant, s t r iped bass tend t o concentrate cjn the abundant resource and ignore o ther available food items (Smith and Wells 1977).

Mi l ler (1980) repor ted tha t young-of- the-year s t r iped bass in Chesapeake Bay exhib i ted feeding ac t i v i t y peaks at tw i l igh t . The feed- i n g in tens i ty of adul t s t r iped bass varies w i th time of day and season. Generally, adults feed heavi ly j us t a f te r d a r k and j us t before dawn (Raney 1952). I t has also been noted tha t feeding ra te of adults drops o f f temporar i ly in late sp r ing and summer, probably i n connection w i th spawning act iv i t ies (Holl is 1952; Ste- vens 1966; T r e n t and Hassler 1966).

Predators

L i t t l e d i rec t information exists concerning predat ion on s t r iped bass i n coastal waters. Most l ikely, .large b luef ish (Pomatomus sa l ta t r i x ) i n d weakf ish p r e y on small s t r iped bass. Adu l t and juveni le whi te perch proba- b l y consume large numbers of s t r iped bass larvae. Smith and Kernehan (1981 ) found s igni f icant predat ion on s t r iped bass larvae b y t h e f ree- l i v ing copepod Cyclops b icuspidatus.

Competitors

Though d i rec t evidence is lack- ing, o ther large piscivores l i ke b lue - f i sh (Pomatomus sa l ta t r i x ) and weakfish (Cynoscion regal is) p robab ly compete w i th adu l t s t r iped bass f o r schooling forage species. Larval and juveni le s t r iped bass share common nu rse ry areas w i th whi te perch (Morone americana), which are usual ly more abundant, and some competition f o r food resources probably occurs (Mihu r s k y e t al. 1976).

ENVI RONMENTAL REQUI REUENTS

Habitat Sui tabi l i ty l ndex Models

A habi tat su i tabi l i ty index model f o r coastal stocks of s t r iped bass was -' developed b y Bain and Bain (1982a). The model uses data on habitat parameters t o produce a single index of habitat su i tabi l i ty f o r each combinat ion of l i fe stage and environmental fac tor . A summary of reviews and comments b y a large number of managers and species exper ts (Bain and Bain 1982b) indicated tha t t h e model was perceived as a usefu l and easily appl ied tool. However, some comments suggested tha t t he model was t o some extent an oversimpl i f icat ion and too r i g i d f o r h igh si te specif ic accuracy.

Much has been done t o delineate environmental requirements and to le r - ances of s t r iped bass l i fe stages. F ive natura l environmental factors ( temperature, sal ini ty, temperature-sal in i ty interaction, c u r r e n t velocity, and t u r - b id i ty / to ta l dissolved solids) are most important and wi l l b e discussed i n separate sections. Addit ional ly, t he environmental requirements of t he egg and larval stages are most cruc ia l (Bain and Bain 1982a). Summaries o f

.A

other environmental requirements and more detailed information on those l is ted above are presented in Tables 6, 7, and 8 f o r t h e egg, larval, and combined juveni le /adul t l i fe stages, respect ive ly . Impingement on power p lan t in take screens, thermal pol lut ion discharge, and environmental contaminants, are man-caused factors and are t reated separately .

Temperature

Mansueti (1958a) found tha t s t r iped bass egg5 tolerated temperatu res between 14 and 23" C (57" and 73 OF). Optimum temperatures f o r egg development were 1 7"-20 "C (63 "-68 OF) (Mansueti 1958a) and 18"-21 OC (64" -700 F) (Rogers et al. 1977). Lethal temperatures ofound f o r eggs were below 1 2 " ~ (54 F) (Shannon and Smith

1968; Mzrgan and Rasin 1973) and above 24 C (75 OF) (Morgan and Rasin 1973).

Davies (1970) repor ted t h a t s t r i ped bass larvae to lerated tempera- t u r e s between 10 " and 25°C (50" and 77 OF). Optimum temperatures f o r l a r - va l s u r v i v a l were 15 "-22OC (59"-72°F) (Davies 1970) and 18"-21 "C (64"-70°F) (Rogers e t al. 1977). Lethal tempera- t u r e s for larvae have been g i ven as below 10" C (50" F) (Davies 1970) and above 28OC (82OF) (Ke l l y and Chad- w ick 1971). Rogers and Westin (1981) f o u n d t h a t temperature in teracted w i t h f i r s t l a r va l feeding t ime t o determine su rv i va l . Time t o death f o r un fed l a r - vae was longer a t lower temperatures w i t h i n t h e range o f 15O-24OC (59" -75' F ) .

Juven i le s t r i ped bass to le ra ted temperatures of 10" -27 "C (50" -81 O f

(20-50 mmTL) and <30° C (<86" F) (50-100 mmTL) (Bogdanov e t a l . 1967). Juveni les acclimated t o h i g h e r temperatures exh ib i ted h ighe r lethal l imits than those acclimated t o lower temperatures (Loeber 1951 ) . T r a n s - f e r s o f juven i le s t r i ped bass f r om 12.8O C and 21.1 "C (5S°F and 70 OF) env i - ronments t o 7.2"C (45" F) were lethal, b u t t h e rec iprocal t r a n s f e r (cold t o warm) was n o t (Tagatz 1961). T h i s agrees w i t h t h e premise t h a t f i s h acclimate more easi ly t o r i s i n g temper- a tu res t h a n t o fa l l i ng temperatures. A d u l t s t r i ped bass were repor ted t o to lerate temperatures f r om 0°-30 " ~ ( 3 2 ~ - 86°F) w i t h no apparent' ill ef fects (Tagatz 1961 1.

Tab1 e 6. Tolerance, opt imal , and l e t h a l values f o r se lected environmental f ac to rs on s t r i p e d bass eggs.

Envi ronmental .. f a c t o r Tolerance Optimum Lethal Source

Temperature ("C)

Sal i n i t y (pp t )

Di.sso1ved O2 (mg/ a)

T u r b i d i t y (mg/ a) P H Current v e l o c i t y

(cm/s)

a Mansueti (1958a) < l Z a Rogers e t a1 . (1977) >2 3 Shannon and Smith (1968)

Mansueti (1958a) Albrecht (1964) Morgan and Rasin (1973)

<1.5b Mansueti (1 958a) 4 . 0 Turner and Farley (1971) >I000 Auld and Schubel (1978)

Bowker e t a1 . (1969) Mansueti (1 958a)

<30.5 A1 brecht (1964)

a Values were given as l e t h a l on ly a f t e r prolonged exposure.

Value was given as "predisposing t o o ther m o r t a l i t y sources," r a t h e r than d i r e c t l y l e t h a l .

Salinity 1964). ,Yo lk sac and post-yolk sac larvae were reported t o tolerate salin-

Salinity tolerance of st r iped bass ities of 0-15' pp t (Albrecht 1964; eggs has been reported a t 0-10 pp t Regan et a l . 1968) and 0-25 pp t (Mansueti 1958a), 0-9 pp t (Albrecht (Rogers and Westin 1978), respec- 1964), and 0-8 pp t (Morgan and Rasin t ively . Optimum salinities f o r yolk 1973). Optimum salinities f o r egg sac and post-yolk sac larvae were development were 1.5-3.0 pp t (Man- 5-15 pp t and 5-25 ppt, respectively sueti 1958a) and 1.7 pp t (Albrecht (Rogers and Westin 1978).

Table 7. To lerance, op t ima l , and l e t h a l va lues f o r se lec ted env i ronmenta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n t o s t r i p e d bass l a r v a l stages.

Experi mental Environmental f a c t o r condi ti ons Tolerance Optimum Le tha l Source

Temperature (OC)

S a l i n i t y ( p p t )

1-6 days 7-13 days

14-20 days 21-29 days 30-35 days Yo1 k-sac

Post yo1 k-sac

Disso lved O2 Yo1 k-sac (mgla)

Post yo1 k-sac

T u r b i d i t y Y 01 k-sac

Cur ren t v e l o c i t y (cmls

Regan e t a l . (1 968)

<10 Davi es (1 970) Rogers e t a1 .

(1 977) >28a K e l l y and

Chadwi ck (1 971 ) Regan e t a1 .

(1 968) La1 e t a l . (1977) La1 e t a1 . (1977) La1 e t a l . (1977) --- La1 e t a1 . (1977) La1 e t a l . (1977) Rogers and

Westin (1978) Rogers and

Westi n (1 978) c2.3 Rogers and

Westi n (1 978) <2.4 Rogers and

Westin (1 978) >500a Auld and Schubel

( 1 978) 341 1 Morgan e t a l .

(1 973b) Regan e t a1 .

(1 968) Regan e t a l .

(1 968)

a Values were g iven as l e t h a l on l y a f t e r prolonged exposure.

Lal e t a l . (1977) r epo r t ed op t i - Tempera tu re -Sa l in i t y I n t e rac t i on mum sa l in i t ies f o r va r ious -aged s t r i p e d bass la rvae as fo l lows: 3 .4 ppt (1 -6 d a y o l d larvae) , 6 . 7 ppt (7-13 d a y s ) , 13.5 ppt (14-20 days ) , 20.2 ppt (21 -29 days) , and 33.7 ppt (seawater, 30-35 days ) . Juven i l e s t r i p e d bass to le ra ted sa l in i t ies f rom 0-35 ppt, and opt imum sa l in i t y f o r s u r v i v a l was between 10 and 20 p p t (Bogdanov e t a l . 1967).

S ign i f i can t in te rac t ion between sa l in i t y a n d tempera tu re to lerance has been descr ibed . Otwel l and k l e r r i n e r (1975) r epo r t ed t h a t t h e h ighes t mor- t a l i t y of t e s t g r o u p s o c c u r r e d f o r t h e h ighes t sa l in i t y - lowes t tempera tu re t es t combinat ion. Fish y o u n g e r t han 28 days had s i gn i f i can t l y lower mor - ta l i t ies t h a n f i s h o v e r 28 days old, f o r a g i v e n tempera tu re -sa l in i t y combina- t i on .

Tab le 8. To lerance, o p t i m a l , and l e t h a l va lues f o r s e l e c t e d env i ronmen ta l f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n t o s t r i p e d bass j u v e n i l e and a d u l t s tages.

Env i ronmental Exper imenta l f a c t o r s cond i ti ons To lerance Optimum L e t h a l Source

Temperature (OC) 20-50 mm TL 10-27

Accl im. a t 15.6OC

Accl im. a t n 11 .O0C

S a l i n i t y ( p p t ) 20-50 mm TL 0-20

D i s s o l v e d O2 3-20 (mgle

Accl im. a t 32.8OC

P H 6-1 0

C u r r e n t v e l o c i ty 0 - 500 ( cm/s )

Temperature (OC) A d u l t s 0- 30 S a l i n i t y ( p p t ) Adul t s 0-33.7

Di s s o l ved 0 2 A d u l t s - ( % s a t u r a t i o n ) a v o i dance

Bogdanov e t a1 . (1967)


Loeber (1951 )

Loeber (1 951 )


Bogdanov e t a l . (1967)


Dorfman and Westman (1970)


Tatum e t a l . (1966)

Bogdanov e t a l . (1967)

Tagatz (1 961 ) Rogers and

Wes ti n (1 978) Me ld r im e t a l .

(1 974)

a LD50-

Value was g i v e n as l e t h a l o n l y a f t e r p r o l o n g i d exposure.

Tagatz (1961) found t h a t a t r a n s f e r o f juveniles d i rec t l y f rom salt t o f r esh water was on ly lethal below an acclimation temperature of 12 .8 " C (55" F j . Morgan et al . (1981 j repor ted tha t a temperatu re -sa l in i t y in teract ion affected percent hatch of eggs and percent su rv i va l of newly hatched larvae, b u t not larva l length a t 24 h r . Equations calculated f o r percent hatch and percent su rv i va l as func t ions of temperature ( T i n " C ) and sal in i ty (S in p p t ) were:

Percent hatch = - 0 . 8 3 ~ ~ + 30.64T - 0.12(S x T ) + (2.22 x S) - 205.8

and

Percent surv iva l = -1.03T + 35.86T + ( 0 .51 x S) - 246.63

T h e optimum temperature-sal in i ty combination f o r percent su rv i va l was g iven as 10 p p t a t 18OC (64 T) (Mor- gan e t al . 1981).

C u r r e n t Veloci ty

C u r r e n t veloci ty has been c i ted as a key factor f o r egg su rv i va l and ha tch ing success (Mansueti 195Ea; A lb rech t 1964; Regan e t at. 1968). Minimum c u r r e n t veloci ty needed t o keep semibuoyant s t r iped bass eggs o f f t h e bottom is 30.5 cm/s (1 f t / s ) ( A l b r e c h t 1964). Below t h i s rate, t h e eggs s ink to t he bottom and can be smothered. C u r r e n t ve loc i ty is a " th resho ld level" fac to r . Eggs have to lerated a wide range of c u r r e n t velocit ies above 30.5 cm/s (31 -500 cm/s, 1-16 f t / s ) , b u t below t h e th resho ld level of 30.5 cm/s (1 f t / s ) (pro longed exposure) , v i r t u a l l y no eggs wi l l su rv i ve (A lb rech t 1964; Setzler e t al. 1980).

Tu rb id i t y /To ta l Dissolved Solids

Au ld and Schubel (1978) found t h a t t u rb id i t i es g rea ter t han 1000 mg/l and 500 mg/l were lethal t o s t r iped bass eggs and larvae, respect ive ly .

Morgan et a l . (1973b) repor ted a 1 8 - h r LD. 50 of 341 1 mg/l f o r larva l s t r iped Sass. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrat ions above 350 mg/l have blocked spawning runs of s t r iped bass (Radtke and T u r n e r 1967). Far- .- ley (1966) and Murawski (1969) repor ted t h a t spawning s t r iped Sass avoided areas where TDS exceeded 180 mg/l .

l mpi nqement

S t r iped bass eggs may Se able t o su rv i ve impingement velocit ies u p t o 24 cm/s (0 .8 f t / s ) f o r 6 min, b u t t es t resul ts have Seen h igh l y var iab le (Sk inner 1974). Sk inner (1974) found tha t su rv i va l of s t r iped bass less than 10 mm was s igni f icant ly af fected a t impingement velocit ies ove r 15 cm/s (0 .5 f t / s ) . Juveni les 40-50 mm long could wi thstand 6-min periods at 24 cm/s (0 .8 f t / s ) ve loc i ty b u t no t 49 cm/s (1 .6 f t / s ) ve loc i ty . Sk inner (1974) concluded t h a t water ve loc i ty was a more important factor than time of exposure, though bo th were related t o surv iva l success. A s tudy b y K e r r (1953) showed t h a t 80°6 of s t r iped bass 19-38 mm could avoid an impingement veloci ty of 30 .5 cm/s (1 f t / s ) . On ly 5% of t h i s size class could avoid 43 cm/s (1 .4 f t / s ) . For juveni les 26-76 mm, 95% successful ly avoided an impingement ve loc i ty of 61 cm/s ( 2 f t / s ) , and all juveni les 127-178 mm were able to avoid 84 cmis (2.7 f t / s ) .

Thermal Pollution Discharge

Sharp temperature changes have been observed t o af fect spawning ac t i v i t y o f s t r iped bass. A sharp r i se i n temperature occu r r i ng on t h e spawning r u n may cause premature spawning i n normal ly unsuitable areas (Far ley 1966). Sudden drops i n water temperature on the spawning r u n o r d u r i n g the spawning act have caused complete cessation of spawning act iv i - t ies (Calhoun et al. 1950; Mansueti and Hollis 1963; Boynton et al . 1977).

Most ear l y s t r i p e d bass l i f e stages show s i gn i f i can t l y e levated mor ta l i t y rates when exposed t o r a p i d - changes i n wa te r tempera tu re ( such as t h a t i n a thermal d ischarge p lume) (Schubel e t al. 1976). Eggs were able t o sus ta in 15" C (27 °F ) tempera- t u r e e levat ion f o r 4-60 min, b u t an e levat ion o f 20 "C (36" F ) above accl imation tempera tu re k i l l ed al l eggs i n 2 m in . Yo lk sac la rvae s u r v i v a l was s i gn i f i can t l y a f fec ted a t a temper- a t u r e e levat ion o f 15 " C (27 " F ) . Chadwick (1974) r epo r t ed t h a t s l i g h t l y lower temperaotu r e elevat ions, o n t h e o r d e r o f 10 C (18 " F ) , s i gn i f i can t l y a f fec ted s u r v i v a l o f 8-mm a n d 24-mm s t r i p e d bass. However, mo r ta l i t y was no t o v e r 50% unless t h e absolu te t e s t tempera tu re was 32.2 "C (90" F ) o r h igher , regard less o f t h e tempera tu re e levat ion. Ke l l y a n d Chadwick (1971) gave 48- h r LC 50 values f r om 3 8 - 3 3 C (86" -91 " F) , f o r va r ious accl imation tempera tu res .

L a r g e r s t r i p e d bass, o v e r w i n t e r - i.ng i n thermal d i scha rge areas a long t h e A t l an t i c coast, g i ven t h e freedom t o avo id t h e thermal plume, may remain ac t i ve a n d p r o v i d e a w i n t e r s p o r t f i s h e r y (Marcy a n d Ga lv in 1973). -

Env i ronmenta l Contaminants

Summaries o f t h e e f fec ts a n d lethal concent ra t ions o f va r ious pes t i - cides, heavy metals, pharmaceut ical d r u g s , a n d o t h e r commonly d i scha rged chemical substances on s t r i p e d bass eggs, larvae, a n d juveni les a r e p r e - sented i n Bonn e t a l . (1976) and Wes- t i n and Rogers (1978). T h r e e classes o f substances have rece ived much s t u d y : monocycl ic aromatic h y d r o c a r - bons (e.g., benzene) , ch l o r i na ted hydrocarbons ( i n c l u d i n g PCB's), a n d res idual ch lo r ines .

Benv i l l e a n d K o r n (1977) r epo r t ed t h e fo l low ing acute tox ic i t i es

(24- h r LC 50) o f monocycl ic aromat ic hydrocarbons (o f t en p r e s e n t i n o i l sp i l l s ) t o 6 - 9 juven i le s t r i p e d bass: benzene-6.9 mg/l, to luene-7.3 mg/l, e thy lbenzene-4.3 mg/l, metaxy lene-9.2 mg/l, o r thoxy lene-11 .O mg/l, and paraxy lene-2 .0 mg/ l . K o r n e t a l . (1976) tes ted t h e ch ron i c e f fec ts o f exposure t o sub le tha l benzene concen- t r a t i ons o f 3 . 5 a n d 6 . 0 pg/I f o r 4 weeks. T h e i n i t i a l react ion was p r o - nounced hyperactivity. Ch ron i c reac- t i on t o 60 th levels i nc l uded i nab i l i t y t o locate a n d consume food p r o p e r l y , lower pe rcen t b o d y fa t , and lower dry and wet we igh t a t t h e end o f t h e t e s t pe r i od .

Mehr le e t a l . (1982) examined t h e re la t ionsh ip between bone s t r eng th , bone heal th a n d development, a n d levels o f o rgan i c and ino rgan ic con- taminan.ts i n young -o f - t he - yea r s t r i p e d bass f r o m t h e Nant icoke, Potomac, a n d Hudson R ivers , and f r o m a N o r t h Carol ina ha t che ry . Po lych lor inated b i pheny l s (PCB ' s ) were t h e most p reve lan t o rgan i c contaminants f o u n d . Hudson R i v e r f i s h had t h e h i ghes t PCB levels, and b o t h Potomac a n d Hudson R i v e r bass had s i gn i f i can t l y h i g h e r levels o f to ta l o rgan i c contami- n a n t res idues t h a n t h e Nant icoke a n d ha t che ry g r o u p s . Arsenic , lead, se- lenium, a n d cadmium we re t h e most p reve lan t ino rgan ic contaminants f ound . Levels o f o rganoch lo r ine res i - dues a n d heavy metals were h i g h l y co r re la ted w i t h bone s t r eng th , s t i f f - ness, toughness, and s t ress t o l e r - ance. Hudson R i v e r f i s h had t h e h ighes t res idue levels and t h e poores t bone q u a l i t y a n d bone heal th o f t h e f o u r g r o u p s examined.

T h e e f fec t o f t o t a l res idua l ch lo- r i n e levels ( T R C ) on ea r l y s t r i p e d bass l i f e stages have been examined by Morgan and Pr ince (1977) and M id - daugh e t a l . (1977), a n d t h e i r resu l t s a r e summarized i n Tab le 9.

Table 9. E f f e c t s o f t o t a l r e s i d u a l c h l o r i n e l e v e l s on va r i ous l i f e s tages o f s t r i p e d bass.

To ta l r es i dua l L i f e s tage c h l o r i n e (mg/a) E f f e c t Source

Egg

Egg

Egg

Egg

<13 h r o l d eggs

24-40 h r 01 d eggs

< I 3 h r o l d eggs

24-40 h r o l d eggs

Yo1 k-sac 1 arvae

Yo1 k-sac 1 arvae

Juveni l e

- -

100% mor ta l i ty

3.5% hatch, s c o l i o s i s

23% hatch, d i f f i c u l t cho r i on detachment

No s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s

100% mor ta l i ty

100% m o r t a l i t y

CC50

LC50

LC50

I n c i p i e n t l e t h a l a

I n c i p i e n t l e t h a l a

M i ddaugh e t a1 . (1 977)


M i ddaugh e t a1 . (1977)

Middaugh e t a l . (1 977)

Morgan and Pr ince (1977)

Morgan and P r i nce (1977)

Morgan and Pr ince (1 977)

Morgan and P r i nce (1 977)

Morgan and Pr ince (1977)


Middaugh e t a l . (1977)

a The i n c i p i e n t l e t h a l l e v e l i s t h a t l e v e l a t which m o r t a l i t y i s f i r s t observed.

LITERATURE CITED

Albrecht , A . B . 1964. Some observa- t ions on factors associated w i th surv iva l o f s t r iped bass eggs and larvae. Cal i f . Fish Game 50: 100-1 13.

Auld, A . H., and J . R. Schubel. 1978. Effects o f suspended sedi- ment on f i sh eggs and larvae: a laboratory assessment. Estuar ine Coastal Mar. Sci. 6: 153-164.

Aust in , H. M., and 0. Custer . 1977. Seasonal migrat ion o f s t r i ped bass in Long Is land Sound. N. Y . Fish Game J . 24: 53-68.

Bain, M. B., and J . L. Bain. 1982a. Habitat su i tab i l i t y index model: coastal stocks of s t r iped bass. Rep. Nat l . Coastal Ecosystems Team, U. S. Fish. Wildl. Serv . Rep. No. FWS/OBS 82/10.1, Washington, D. C. 47 pp.

Bain, M. B., and J . L . Bain. 1982b. A habi ta t su i tab i l i t y index model f o r s t r iped bass: uses and l imi- tat ions f o r impact assessment. Paper presented a t t h e 1982 Northeast Fish and Wildl. Conf. , C h e r r y Hil l , N. J . 11 pp.

Barkuloo, J . M. 1970. Taxonomic sta- t u s and. reproduct ion of s t r iped bass in Flor ida. U. S. B u r . Spor t Fish. and Wildl. Tech. Paper No. 44. 16 p p .

Bason, W. H. 1971. Ecology and ear ly l i fe h i s to ry o f t h e s t r i ped bass i n t h e Delaware Es tuary . Ichthyol . Assoc. Bu l l . No. 4. 122 pp.

Bason, W. H. , S. E. All ison, L . 0. Horseman, W. H. Keirsey, and C . A. Sh i r ley . 1975. Fishes. I n - Ecological studies in t h e - vic in i t y o f t h e proposed Summit power s tat ion. Ich thyo l . Assoc., I nc . Volume 1, 327 p p .

Beaven, M., and J . M ihu rsky 1980. Food and feeding habi ts of l a r -

I va l s t r iped bass: an analysis o f larva l s t r iped bass stomachs from 1976 Potomac Es tuary col-

lect ions. Rep. Mary land Un iv . Chesapeake Biol. Lab. UMCEES 79-45-CBL, PPSP-PRFF 80-2. 27 PP.

Benvi l le, P. E., and S. Ko rn . 1977. T h e acute tox i c i t y of s ix mono- cyc l ic aromatic c rude oil compo- nents t o s t r iped bass and bay shr imp. Cal i f . Fish Game 63: 204-209.

Berggren , T . J . , and J . T . L ieber- man. 1978. Relative cont r ibu t ion of Hudson, Chesapeake, and Roanoke s t r iped bass stocks t o t h e At lant ic coast f i s h e r y . U. S. Nat l . Mar. Fish. Se rv . F ish. Bu l l . 76: 335-345.

Bigelow, H. B . , and W. C. Schroe- de r . 1953. T h e s t r i ped bass. I n Fishes o f t he Gu l f of Maine. - U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv . Fish. Bu l l . 53: 389-404.

Bogdanov, A . S., S. I . Doroshev, and A. F. Karpevich. 1967. Experimental t r ans fe r o f Salmo ga i rdne r i and Roccus s a x a t i l k f rom the USA f o r acclimatization i n bodies o f water o f t h e USSR. V o p r . I kh t io l . 42: 185-187. (Translated from Russian b y R. M. Howland, Narraganset t Mar. Game Fish Res. Lab., R . I .)

Bonn, E. W., W. M. Bailey, J. D . Bayless, K . E. Er ickson, and R. E. Stevens. 1976. Guide- l ines f o r s t r iped bass cu l t u re . Am. Fish. Soc., S t r iped Bass Comm. South. D i v . 103 p p .

Bowker, R. G., D . J . Baumgartner, J . A . Hutcheson, R. H. Ray, and T . L . Wellborn, J r . 1969. S t r iped bass, 1968 repo r t on t h e development of essential r e - quirements f o r p roduc t ion . U. S. Fish. Wildl. Serv . Publ. 112 p p .

Boynton, W. R., E. M. Setzler, K . V. Wood, H . H . Zion, and M. Homer. 1977. Final r e p o r t o f Potomac River f isheries s tudy : ichthyoplan k ton and juveni le

invest igat ions. Un i v . Md., CEES, Chesapeake Biol . Lab.. Ref . No. 77-169 (unnumbered) .

Calhoun, A . J . , C . A . Woodhull, and W. C . Johnson. 1950. S t r iped bass reproduct ion i n t h e Sacra- mento R iver system in 1948. Ca l i f . Fish Game 36: 135-145.

Carlson, F. T. , and J . A . McCann. 1969. Repor t on t h e biological f i nd ings of t h e Hudson R ive r f i sher ies invest igat ions, 1965 - 1968. Hudson R iver Policy Com- mittee, N . Y . State Conserv. Dep. 50 p p .

Chadwick, H . K . 1968. Mor ta l i t y rates i n t h e Cal i fornia s t r i ped bass populat ion. Cal i f . Fish Game 54: 228-246.

Chadwick, H . K. 1969. A n evaluat ion of s t r i ped bass ang l ing regula- t ions based on an equ i l ib r ium y ie l d model. Cal i f . Fish Game 55: 12-19.

Chadwick, H . K . 1974. Entra inment and thermal e f fects on a mys id shr imp and s t r i ped bass i n t h e Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Pages 23-30 i n L. D. Jensen, ed., second- workshop on ent ra inment and in take screen- i n g . Electr ical Power Res. I n s t . , Publ . No. 74-049-00-5, Palo Al to, Cal i f .

Chapoton, R . B . , and J . E. Sykes. 1961. A t lan t i c coast migrat ion o f la rge s t r i ped bass as evidenced b y f isher ies and tagg ing . T rans . Am. F ish. Soc. 90: 13-20.

C la rk , J. R . 1968. Seasonal movements o f s t r i ped bass con t in - gents of Long Is land Sound and t h e New Y o r k B igh t . T r a n s . Am. Fish. Soc. 97: 320-343.

Cooper, J. C., and T. T . Polgar. 1981. Recognit ion o f yea r class dominance i n s t r i ped bass management. T r a n s . Am. F ish. Soc. 110: 180-187.

Davies, W. D . 1970. T h e ef fects of temperature, pH, and to ta l d i s - sol'ved solids on t h e s u r v i v a l o f immature s t r i ped bass. Ph. D. Thesis . N o r t h Carol ina State Un i ve rs i t y , Raleigh. 100 pp.

Davis, R . H . 1966. Population studies o f s t r i ped bass i n Maine based on age d i s t r i bu t i on and g r o w t h ra te . M.S. Thesis . U n i v e r s i t y of Maine, Orono. 51 pp.

Dey, W. P. 1981. Mor ta l i t y and g row th of young of t h e yea r s t r i ped bass i n t h e Hudson R iver Es tuary . T r a n s . Am. Fish. Soc. 110: 151-157.

Dorfman, D. , and J. Westman. 1970. Responses o f some anadromous f ishes t o va r i ed oxygen concen- t r a t i on and increases i n temper- a tu re . Water Resour. Res . l n s t . Publ. No. PB192312, Ru t - gers Un i ve rs i t y . 75 p p .

Doroshev, S. 1 . 1970. Biological fea- t u r e s o f t h e eggs, larvae and young of t h e s t r i ped bass i n connection w i t h t h e problem o f i t s acclimation i n t h e USSR. J . I ch thyo l . 10: 235-278.

~.

Dovel, W. L. 1971. Fish eggs and l a r - vae o f t h e uppe r Chesapeake Bay. Nat . Resour. I ns t . Spec. Rep. No. 1, U n i v e r s i t y o f Mary land. 71 p p .

Dovel, W. L . , and J . R. Edmunds. 1971. Recent changes i n s t r i ped bass spawning sites and commercial f i sh ing areas i n Uppe r Chesapeake Bay: possible i n f l u - enc ing fac to rs . Chesapeake Sci. 12: 33-39.

Dudley, R . G. , A . W. Mul l is, and J . W. T e r r e l l . 1977. Movements o f adu l t s t r i ped bass i n t h e Savan- nah R iver , Georgia. T rans . Am. Fish. Soc. 106: 314-312.

E ldr idge, Pvl. B. , D . J . K ing, D . Eng, and M. J . Bowers. 1977. Role o f t h e oi l g lobule i n s u r - v i va l and g row th of s t r i ped bass larvae. Proc. A n n u . Conf . West. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. /'

57: 303-313.

Eraslan, A . H . , W. Var l Winkle, R. D . Sharp , S. W. Chr i s tensen , C . P. Goodyear, R. M. Rush, and W. Fu lke rson . 1976. A com- p u t e r s imulat ion model f o r t h e s t r i p e d bass young o f t h e yea r popula t ion i n t h e Hudson R i v e r . Oak R idge Nat l . Lab . E n v i r . Sci . D i v . Publ . No. 766. 205 Pi'.

Far lev , T . C . 1966. S t r i ped Sass spawn ins i n t h e Sacramento-San Joaquin R ~ v e r system d u r i n g 1963 and 1963. Ca l i f . Fish Game Dep . , F ish Bu l l . 136: 28-33.

Fish, F . F . , and E. G . hlcCov. 1959. T h e r i v e r d ischarges r e q u i r e d f o r e f fec t i ve spawn ing b y s t r i p e d bass i n t h e r ap ids of t h e Roanoke R iver , N o r t h Caro- l i na . N . C . Wi ld l . Resour . Ccmm., Raleigh. 33 pp.

For res te r , C . R . , A . E. Peden, and R. M. Wilson. 1973. F i r s t recc rds c f t h e s t r i p e d Sass i n B r i t i s h Columbia wa te rs . J . F ish . Res. Board Can. 29: 337 -339.

F r i s b ~ e , C . M . 1967. Age and g r o w t h o f t h e s t r i p e d bass i n klassa- chuset ts coastal wa te rs . b1. S. Thes is . U n i v e r s i t y o f Massachu- set ts, Amhers t . 58 pp.

Fr isb ie , C . M . , and D . E . Ri tch ie , J r . 1963. Spo r t f i s h i n g s u r v e y o f t h e lower Potomac Es tuary , 1959-1961. Chesapeake Sc i . 4 : 175-191.

G ran t , G . C . , and E. B . Joseph. 1969. Comparat ive s t r e n g t h o f t h e 7966 yea r class o f s t r i p e d bass i n t h r e e V i r g i n i a r l v e r s . Proc. A n n u . Con f . Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 22: 501 -509.

G ran t , G . C . , and J . V . M e r r l n e r . 1971. Feas ib i l i ty c f i nc reas ing s t r i p e d bass popula t ions b y s tock ing of ~ n d e r u t i l i z e d n u r s - e r y g r o u n d s . V i r g i n i a Anad ro - mods F ish Pro j . Rep. No. AFS-6-1. 89 pp.

Yamer, P. E . 1Q7i. M ig ra to r y pa t t e rns of some New Jersey s t r ~ p e d bass. N . J . Dep E n v ~ r o n . Protect . Mlsc. Rep. No. 6b1. 23 PP .

e a r d y , J . O , J r . 1978. Development of f ishes of :he m id -A t l an t i c B i g h t : a n atlas o f t he egg, la rva l and juven i le stages, V o l - ume I I I . U . S. F ish !V~ldl . S e r v . , B io l . Se rv . Prog. Rep. No. FLVS/OBS-78/12. 391 pp.

Hassler, W. W . 1955. -The s t r i p e d bass In re la t ion t o t h e mu l t ip le use o f t h e Roanoke R i v e r , N o r t h Caro- l ina. T r a n s . N . m . Wi ld l . Con f . 23: 378-391.

Hass ler , W. L V . , W. L . T r e n t , and B . J . Florence. 1966. T h e s ta tus and abundance of t h e s t r i p e d Sass i n t h e Roanoke R i v e r , N o r t h Carol ina, f o r 1965. Rep. t o t h e N . C . Dep . o f Conse rv . and D e v . , D i v . o f Commer. Spor t F ish. , Rale igh. 53 pp.

Heinie, D . R . , and D . A . Flemer. 1975. Carbon requi rements o f a popula t ion of t h e es tuar ine copepod, Eury temora a f f i n ~ s . Mar . B io l . 3 1 : 235-247.

Heinle, D . R . , D . A . Flemer, and J . F. Ustach. 1976. Con t r i bu t i on o f t i da l marsh iands t o m id -A t l an t i c es tuar ine food c h a ~ n s . Pages 309-320 i n $1. Wiley, e d . Es tuar ine p rocesses , Volume I I . Academic Press, New Y o r k .

Hol land, B . F . , and G . F . Ye l ve r t on . 1973. D i s t r i bu t i on and biological studies o f anadromous f ishes o f f shore Novth Caro l ina. N . C . Dep. Nat . Econ. Resour . Spec. Rep. No. 24. 132 pp.

Hol l is , E. H . 1952. Variations i n t h e f ezd ing habi ts o f t h e s t r i p e d bass i n Chesapeake Bay . B ing - ham Oceanogr. Col lec t . B u l l . , Yale U n i v . No. 14: 111-131.

H o l l ~ s , E. H . 1967. Inves t iga t ion of s t r i ped bass i n Alaryland. $Id. Dep. Game In l and F ~ s h . Rep. NO. MD F-003-R-12. 96 pp.

Jackson, H. W., and R. E. Ti l ler . 1952. Preliminary observations on spawning potential i n the str iped bass. Chesapeake Biol. Lab. Publ. No. 93. 16 pp.

Johnson, H. B., B. F. Holland, J r . , and S. G. Keefe. 1977. Anadro- mous fisheries research pro- gram, northern coastal area. N. C. Div. Mar. Fish. Rep. No. AFCS-11. 138 pp.

Johnson, R. K., and T . S. Koo. 1975. Production and distr ibu- t ion o f st r iped bass in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Chesapeake Sci. 16: 39-55.

Jones, P. W., J. S. Wilson, R. P. Morgan II, H. R. Lunsford, Jr., and J. Lawson. 1977. Potomac River fisheries study: st r iped bass spawning stock assessment. Chesapeake Biol. Lab. Rep. No. CEES Ref. No. 77-56-CBL.

Kelly, R., and H. K. Chadwick. 1971. Some observations on str iped bass temperature tolerances. Calif. Dep. Fish Game Admin. Rep. No. 71-9: 11 pp.

Kerby, J. H. 1972. Feasibility o f ar t i - f icial propagation and introduc- t ion o f the Morone complex into estuarine environments, wi th a meristic and morp hometric description o f the hybr ids. Ph.D. : Thesis. Univers i ty o f Virginia, Charlottesville. 172 PP .

Kernehan, R. J., M. R. Headrick, and R. E. Smith. 1981. Early l i fe h istory o f st r iped bass i n the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and v ic in i ty . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110: 137-150.

Kerr , J. E: 1953. Studies on f ish preservation a t the Contra Costa Steam Plant o f the Pacific Gas and Electric Co. Calif. Dep. Fish Game Fish Bul l . No. 92. 66 PP.

Kohlenstein, L. C. 1981. On the pro- port ion of the Chesapeake Bay stock of str iped bass that migrates into the Coastal f ishery . Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110: 168-179. -

Koo, T . S. Y. 1970. The str iped bass f ishery in the Atlantic States. Chesapeake Sci. 11 : 73-93.

Koo, T . S. Y., and 0. E. Ritchie, J r . 1973. Growth of juvenile str iped bass as determined b y tagging and recapture. U. S. Dep. Commer., Mid. A t l . Coastal Fish. Cent. Tech. Publ. 1: 124-125.

Koo, T . S. Y., and J. S. Wilson. 1972. Sonic t racking o f st r iped bass i n the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 101: 453-462.

Korn, S., J. W. Struhsaker, and P. Benville, Jr. 1976. Effects o f benzene on growth, f a t content, and caloric content o f st r iped bass. U. S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. 74: 694-698.

-*

Lal, K., . R. Lasker, and A. Kulj is. 1977. Acclimation and rearing o f st r iped ' bass larvae in sea water. Calif. Fish Game 63: 210-218.

Lawler, J . P., R.. A. Norris, G. Goldwyn, K. A. Abood, and T . L. Englert. 1974. Hudson River s t r iped bass l i fe cycle model. Pages 83-94 L. D. Jensen, ed. Entrainment and intake screening, proc. of the 2nd workshop on entrainment and intake screening. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

Lewis, R. M. 1957. Comparative s tudy o f populations o f . t he str iped bass. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 204. 54 PP.

Lewis, R. M., and R. R. Bonner, J r . 1963. Sexual matur i ty and fecund i t y studies. U. S. Bur . u

Commer. Fish. C i r . ~ . No. 148. 27 PP.

Lewis, R. M. , and R. R. Bonner, J r . 1966. Fecundi ty o f t h e s t r i ped bass. T rans . Am. Fish. Soc.

7 95: 328-331.

Loeber, T . S. 1951. A r e p o r t of an invest igat ion o f t h e temperatu r e and sa l in i t y relat ionships of s t r i ped bass and salmon i n connection w i t h t h e Reber p lan. Cal i f . Dep. Fish Game In land F ish. B u r . Rep. No. 51-27. 40 PP.

Lund, W. A . , J r . 1957. Morphometr ic s t u d y o f t h e s t r i ped bass. U.S. Fish Wildl. S e r v . Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 216. 24 p p .

Magnin, E., and G. Beaulieu. 1967. S t r i ped bass o f t h e S t . Law- rence R i ve r . Nat . Can. (Que. ) 94: 539-555.

Manooch, C. S., 1 1 1 . 1973. Food hab- i t s of yea r l i ng and adu l t s t r i ped bass f rom Albemarle Sound, N o r t h Carol ina. Chesapeake Sci. 14: 101-102.

? Mansueti, R. J . 1958a. Eggs, larvae, and young o f t h e s t r i ped bass. Chesapeake Lab. Biol . Con t r i b . No. 112. 35 pp.

Mansueti, R. J . 1958b. T h e development o f anal spines and so f t r ays i n young s t r i ped bass. Chesapeake Lab. Biol . C o n t r i b . No. 113. 12 p p .

Mansueti, R. J . 1961. Age, g r o w t h and movement of t h e s t r i ped bass taken i n size select ive f i sh ing gear i n Mary land . Ches- apeake Sci. 2: 9-36.

Mansueti, R. J . , and E. H . Hol l is. 1963. S t r iped bass i n Mary land t idewater . Un i ve rs i t y Md. Nat . Resour. I n s t . Educ. Ser . No. 61. 28 p p .

Mansueti, R. J . , and A . J. Mansuet i . 1955. White perch eggs and l a r - vae s tud ied i n lab. Mary land

Y Tidewater News 12(7) : 1-3.

Marcy, B . C. , J r . , and R. C. Galv in . 1973. W in te r - sp r i ng spo r t f i s h e r y i n t h e heated d is - charge o f a nuc lear power p lan t . J. Fish Biol . 5: 541-547.

Markle, D. F . , and G. C. G ran t . 1970. T h e summer food habi ts o f young of t h e year s t r i ped bass i n t h ree V i rg in i a r i v e r s . Chesa- peake Sci. 11 : 50-54.

Marshall, M. D. 1976. Anadromous f isher ies research p rogram: T a r River , Pamlico River , and Pam- l ico Sound. N . C. D i v . Mar . Fish., Pro j . Rep. No. AFCS-10. 90 PP.

Massman, W. H. , and A . L . Pacheco. 1961. Movements o f s t r i ped bass i n V i rg i n i a waters of Chesapeake Bay . Chesapeake Sci. 2: 37-44.

McFadden, J. T . 1977. In f luence o f Ind ian Point U n i t 2 and o the r steam elect r ic genera t ing p lan ts on t h e Hudson R ive r Estuary, w i t h emphasis on s t r i ped bass and o ther f i sh populat ions. Rep. submi t ted t o t h e Consol idated Edison Co. o f N. Y. , I nc .

McGill, E. M., J r . 1967. Pond water f o r rear ing s t r i ped bass f r y i n aquaria. Proc. A n n u . Conf . Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 21: 331-340.

Mcllwain, T . D . 1968. D i s t r i bu t i on o f s t r i ped bass i n Mississippi waters . Proc. Annu . Conf . Southeast. Game Fish Comm. 21: 254-257.

McLane, W. M. 1955. T h e f ishes o f t h e St . John's R iver system. Ph. D Thesis . Un i ve rs i t y of Florida, Gainesvi l le. 361 p p .

McLaren, J . B . , J . C . Cooper, T . B . Hoff, and V . Lander . 1981. Movements o f Hudson R ive r s t r i ped bass. T rans . Am. F ish . SOC. 110: 158-167.

Mehrle, P . M., T . A. Haines, S. Hamilton, J . L . Ludke, F. L . Mayer, and M. A . Rib ick. 1982. Relationship between body contaminants and bone development i n east coast s t r iped bass. Trans . Am. Fish. Soc. 111: 231 -241.

bleldrim, W., J . J . Gi f t , and B . R. Petrosky. 1974. The ef fect of temperature and chemical pol lu- tants on t h e behavior of several estuarine organisms. Ich thyo l . Assoc. Bu l l . No. 7. 75 p p .

Merriman, D. 1941. Studies on the s t r iped bass of t he At lant ic coast. U. S. Fish. Wildl. Serv . Fish. Bu l l . 50: 1-77.

Mer r iner , J . V . , and W. J . Hoagrnan. 1973. Feasibi l i ty of increasing s t r i ped bass populations b y stock ing of underut i l ized n u r s - e r y g rounds. Va. Comm. Game l n land Fish. Rep. No. AFS-06-02. 66 pp.

Middaugh, D. P . , J . A . ' Couch, and A. h/l. Crane. 1977. Responses o f ear ly l i fe h is to ry stages of t he s t r iped bass. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 1864-1866.

Mihursky , J . A . , R. N. Block, K . Wood, R. Prince, and E. W. Gordon. 1974. Potomac Estuary f isheries s tudy : ichthyoplankton invest igat ions. Un ivers i ty Md. Cent. Env i r . Estuar . S tud . , Nat. Resour. I ns t . Ref. No. 74-127. 160 p p .

Mihursky , J . A . , W. R. Boynton, E. M. Setzler, K . V . Wood, H. H. Zion, E. W. Gordon, L . Tucker , P. Pulles, and J Leo. 1976. Final repor t on Potornac Estuary f isheries s tudy : ichthyoplan kton and juveni le invest igat ions. Un ivers i ty Md. Cent. Envi ron. Estuar . Stud., Nat. Resour. I ns t . Ref. No. 76-12-CBL. 341 PP .

Mil ler, L . W. 1974. Morta l i ty rates fo r Cal i fornia s t r iped bass from 1965-1971. Cal i f . Fish Game 60: 157-171.

Mi l ler, P. E. 1980. Food hab i t s tudy o f s t r iped bass post yo lk sac larvae. Chesapeake Bay I ns t . Spec. Rep. No. 68, Ref. 78-8. 59 PP-

Mil ler, R. V . 1969. Continental migra- t ions of f ishes. Underwater Nat . 6 (1) : 15-23, 44-45.

Moore, J . , and D. T . Sur ton . 1975. Movements o f s t r i ped bass tagged in Mary land waters o f Chesapeake Bay. T rans . Am. Fish. Soc. 104: 703-709.

Morgan, A . R., and A. R. Gerlach. 1950. Str iped bass studies on Coos Bay, Oregon in 1949 and 1950. Oreg. Fish Comm. Con- t r i b . No. 14. 31 p p .

Morgan, R. P., I I , and R. D. Prince. 1977. Chlor ine tox i c i t y t o eggs and larvae of f i v e Chesapeake Bay f ishes. T rans . Am. Fish. SOC. 106: 380-385.

Morgan, R. P., I I , and V . J . Rasin, J r . 1973. Effects of sa l in i ty and temperature on t h e development of eggs and larvae of s t r i ped bass and white perch . Chesa- peake Bay Ins t . Nat. Resour. Ref. No. 73-110. 21 p p .

Morgan, R. P . , I I , T . S. Y . Koo, and G. E. Kranz. 1973a. Elec- t rophore t ic determination of populations of t h e s t r iped bass i n t h e Upper Chesapeake Bay. T rans . Am. Fish. Soc. 102: 2 i -32.

Morgan, R. P., I I, V . J . Rasin, J r . , and L . A . Noe. 1973b. Effects of suspended sediments on the development of eggs and larvae of s t r iped bass and white perch . I n Hydrograph ic and ecological-effects of enlargement of t he Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. U . S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia D is t r i c t Contract No. DACW-61-71 -C-0062. 21 pp.

Morgan, R. P., II, V . J . Rasin, J r . , and R. L. Copp. 1981. Temper- a tu re and sal in i ty ef fects on

-Y development of s t r i ped bass eggs and larvae. T rans . Am. Fish. Soc. 110: 95-99.

Murawski, W. S. 1958. Comparative s tudy of populations of t h e s t r iped bass based on lateral l ine scale counts. M. S. Thesis. Cornel l Un ivers i ty , Ithaca, N . Y . 80 pp.

Murawski, W. S. 1969. A s t u d y of t h e s t r iped bass fou lhooking problem in New Jersey waters. N . J. Dep. Conserv. Econ . Develop. Misc. Rep. No. 4M. 40 pp.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982a. Fisheries of t h e Uni ted States. U. S. Dep. Commer. C u r r . Fish. Stat. Bu l l . Nos. 7500, 7800, 8000, 8100, 8200.

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1982b. Marine recreational f i sh - e r y stat ist ics survey , At lant ic

\ and Gulf coasts. U. S. Dep. of Commer. C u r r . Fish. Stat. No. 8063. 139 pp.

Nichols, P. R., and R. V . Mi l ler . 1967. Seasonal movements of s t r iped bass tagged and released i n t h e Potomac River, Maryland, 1959-1961. Chesa- peake Sci. 8: 102-124.

Nicholson, W. R. 1964. Growth compensation in f o u r year classes of s t r iped bass f rom Albemarle Sound, N . C. Chesa- peake Sci. 5: 145-149.

Otwell, W. S. , and J . V . Mer r i ne r . 1975. Surv iva l and growth of juveni le s t r i ped bass i n a facto- r ia l experiment w i th temperatu re , sa l in i ty , and age. T rans . Am. Fish. Soc. 104: 560-566.

Oviat t , C. A. 1977. Menhaden, spo r t f i sh and f ishermen. U n i v . R.

Y I . Mar. Tech. Rep. No. 60.

Paper-na, I . , and D . E. Zwerner . 1976. Parasites and diseases of s t r iped bass f rom t h e lower Chesapeake Bay. J . Fish Biol . 9 : 267-281.

Pearson, J . C. 1938. T h e l i fe h i s to ry of the s t r i ped bass, o r rock- f ish. U. S. B u r . Fish. Bu l l . NO. 49: 825-860.

Polgar, T . , E. Elanowicz, and .A. Pyne. 1975. Prel iminary analyses of phys ica l t r anspo r t and related s t r i ped bass ich thyo- p lankton d i s t r i bu t i on proper t ies in the Potomac R iver i n 1974. Potomac R iver Fish. Prog. Rep. Ser. Ref. No. PRFP-75-2. 51 PP.

Polgar, T . , J . A . h l ihursky, R. E. Ulanowicz, R. P. hlorgan I I , and J . S. Wilson. 1976. A n analysis of 1974 s t r i ped bass spawning success i n t h e Potomac Es tuary . Pages 151-165 - i n M. Wiley, ed. Estuarine processes, Volume 1. Academic Press, New York .

Radtke, L. D . , and J. L. T u r n e r . 1967. H igh concentrat ions of total dissolved solids block spawning migrat ion of s t r i ped bass i n t h e San Joaquin River , Cal i fornia. T rans . Am. F ish. SOC. 96: 405-407.

Raney, E. C . 1952. T h e l i fe h i s to ry of t h e s t r iped bass. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect., Yale Un iv . Bu l l . 14: 5-97.

Raney, E. C . 1957. Subpopulations of t h e s t r iped bass in t r i bu ta r i es of Chesapeake Bay . U . S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 208: 85-107.

Raney, E. C. , and D. P. de Sy lva . 1953. Racial invest igat ions of t h e s t r iped bass. J . Wildl. Man- age. 19: 444-450.

Raney, E. C . , W. S. Wolcott, and A . G. Mehr ing . 1954. Migra to ry pa t te rn and racial s t r u c t u r e of

At l an t i c coast s t r i p e d bass. T r a n s . N . Am. Wildl . Con f . 19: 376-396.

Rathjen, W. F . , a n d L. C . fvli l ler. 1957. Aspects of t h e ear l y l i f e h i s t o r y o f t h e s t r i p e d bass i n t h e Hudson R i v e r . N . Y . F ish Game J . 4: 43-60.

Regan, D. M . , T . L . Wellborn, J r . , and R . G. Bowker . 1968. S t r i p e d bass : development of essent ia l requi rements f o r p r o - duc t i on . U. S. F ish. Lvildl. S e r v . B u r . Spo r t Fish., At lanta, Ga. 133 p p .

Rinaldo, R. G. 1971. S t r i ped bass and wh i te pe rch spawning and n u r s - e r y area in t h e York-Parnunkey R i ve r . M. S. Thes is . V i r g i n i a l n s t i t u t e Mar ine Science, Glou- ces te r Point . 63 pp.

Ritchie, D. E., and T. S . Y . Koo. 1968. hlovement o f juven i le s t r i p e d bass i n t h e es tua ry as determined b y t a g g i n g and recap tu re . Chesapeake Biol . Lab . Rep. No. 68-31. 1 p .

Robinson, J . B . 1960. T h e age and g r o w t h of s t r i p e d bass i n Ca l i fo rn ia . Ca l i f . F ish Game 46: 279 - 290.

Rogers, B . A . , and D. T. Westin. 1978. A c u l t u r e methodology f o r s t r i p e d bass. EPA Ecol. Res. Se r . Rep. No. 660/3-78-000.

Rogers, B. A . , and D. T . Westin. 1981. Labora to ry s tud ies o n ef fects o f tempera tu re and delayed in i t i a l feeding on devel - opment o f s t r i p e d bass larvae. T r a n s . Am. F ish. Soc. 110: 100-1 10.

Rogers, B . A. , D. T . Westin, and S. 6. Saila. 1977. L i f e stage d u r a - t i on i n Hudson R i ve r s t r i ped bass. Un i v . R. I . Mar . Tech . Rep. No. 31. 111 p p .

R i ve r s t r i p e d bass popu la t ion . Pages 311-332 i n W. Van Winkle, ed. proceedings o f t h e con fe r - ence on assessing t h e ef fects of power p l an t induced mor ta l i t y on f i s h populat ions. Pergamon - Press, New Y o r k .

Schaefer, R. H . 1968a. Size, age composit ion and mig ra t ion o f s t r i p e d bass f r om t h e s u r f waters o f Long Is land . N. Y . F ish Game J. 15: 1-51.

Schaefer, R . H . 1968b. Sex composi- t i on of s t r i p e d bass f r om t h e Long Is land s u r f . N . Y . Fish Game J . 15: 117-118.

Schaefer, R . H. 1970. Feeding habi ts o f s t r i ped bass f rom t h e s u r f waters o f Long Is land . N . Y . F ish Game J . 17: 1-17.

Schaefer, R. H . 1972. A s h o r t range forecast f unc t i on f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e re la t i ve abundance of s t r i p e d bass i n Long Is land wate rs . N . Y . F ish Game J . 19: 178-181.

Schubel, J . R . , T . S. Y , Koo, and C . F. Smith. 1976. Thermal --

e f fects o f power p l a n t en t ra i n - ment o n s u r v i v a l o f f i s h eggs and larvae. Chesapeake Bay I n s t . Spec. aep . Yo. 52, Ref. 76-5. 37 pp.

Schul tz , L . P. 1931. Hermaphrodism in t h e s t r i p e d bass. Copeia 1931: 64.

Scruggs, G. D., J r . 1957. Reproduc- t i on o f res iden t s t r i p e d bass i n Santee-Cooper Reservo i r , S. C . T r a n s . Am. F ish. Soc. 85: 143-159.

Scruggs, G . D. , Jr., a n d J. C. Fu l le r . 1955. Ind icat ions o f a f reshwater populat ion o f s t r i p e d bass i n Santee-Cooper Reser- vo i r , S. C . Proc. A n n u . Conf . Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 8: 64-70.

Saila, S. B . , a n d E. Lorda . 1977. Sens i t i v i t y analysis appl ied t o a mat r i x model o f t h e Hudson

Setzler, E. M. , . H . Bovnton, K . V . Wood, H. H. Zion, L . L u b - bers , N . i < . blount ford, P.

7 Frere, L. Tucke r , and J . A . M i h u r s k y . '1980. Synopsis o f biological data Gn s t r i p e d bass. Na t l . Mar . F ish. S e r v . , F A 0 Synopsis No. 121. 69 p p .

Setzler-Hamilton, E . M . , 1'1'. 13. 8 o y n - ton, J . A . M ihu rsky , T . T . Polgar, and A . V . Wood. 1981. Spatial and temporal d i s t r i b u t ~ o n o f s t r i p e d bass eggs, larvae, and juveni les i n t h e Potomac Es tua ry . T rans . Am. , F i sh . SOC. 110: 121.136.

Shannon, E. H . , and '111. B . Smith. 1968. P re l im i r~a ry observat ions on t h e e f fec t o f tempera tu re on s t r i p e d bass eggs and sac f r y . Proc. Annu . Conf . Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 21: 257 - 260.

Sk inner , J . E. 1974. A func t iona l evaluat ion of a la rge l ouve r screen insta l la t ion and f i s h fac i l i t ies research on Cal i forn ia water d ive rs ion p ro jec ts . Pages

T 225-250 in L . D. Jensen, ed. Second workshop on ent ra inment and screening. E lect r ica l Power Res. I n s t . Publ . No. 74-049-00-5.

Smith, R. E. , and R. J . Kernehan. 1981. Predat ion b y t h e f r e e l i v - i n g copepod Cyc lops b icusp ida- t u s on. larvae of s t r i ~ e d bass - and wh i te p e r c h . Estuar ies 21 (4) : 32-38.

Smith, W. G . , and A . Wells. 1977. Biological and f isher ies data on s t r i ped bass. Sandy Hook Lab. Tech . Ser . Rep. No. 4. 42 pp.

Sommani, P. 1972. A s t u d y on t h e populat ion dynamics o f s t r i p e d bass in t h e San Francisco Bay Es tua ry . Ph. D . Thes is . U n i v e r - s i t y of Washington, Seatt le. 145 PP .

Stevens, D . E. 1966. Food habi ts o f m t h e s t r i ped bass i n t h e Sacra-

mento-San Joaquin Es tua ry . Ca l i f . Dep. F ish Game, F ish Bu l l . 136: 68-96.

St reet , M. W., P. P . P o t t s J r . , B . F . Hol land J r . , and A . 3. Powell. 1975. Anad romous f i sher ies research pmgram, n o r t h coastal reg ion . Y . C . D i v . Ma r . F isn. Rep. No. AFCS-8. 235 p p .

Swartzrnan, G . , R. Deriso, and C. Cowan. 1977. Comparison o f simulation models used i n assessins t h e ef fects o f power p l an t induced mor ta l i t y on f i s h populat ions. Pages 333-361 & W. Van Winkle, ed. Proceedings o f a conference on assessing t h e ef fects of power p l an t induced mor ta l i t y on f i s h populat ions. Pergamon Press, New Y o r k .

Sykes, J . E . , R. J . Mansuet i , and A . H . Swar tz . 1961. S t r i p e d bass research on t h e A t l an t i c coast. 20th A n n u . Conf . of A t l an t i c States Mar . F ish . Comm. [Mimeo. ) .

Tagatz, M. E. 1961. To lerance o f s t r i ped bass and American shad t o changes i n tempera tu re and sa l in i t y . U . S. F ish. Wi ldl . C Aerv. Spec. Sc i . Rep. F ish. 338. 8 p p .

Tatum. B . L. , J . Bayless, E. G. McCoy, and W. B . Smi th . 1966. Pre l iminary exper iments i n a r t i - f i c ia l p ropagat ion o f s t r i p e d bass. Proc. A n n u . Conf . Southeast. Game Fish Comm. 19: 3 74-389.

Texas Inst ruments, l n c . 1973. Hudson R i ve r ecological s t u d y i n t h e area o f Ind ian Point . F i r s t Annu . Rep. Consol idated Edison Co., New Y o r k . 348 p p .

Texas Ins t ruments , I nc . 1974. Hudson R i ve r ecological s t u d y i n t h e area o f Ind ian Point . 1973 A n n u . Rep. Consol idated Edison Co., New Y o r k .

Texas Ins t ruments , I nc . 1975a. F i r s t annual r e p o r t f o r t he mu l t ip lan t i n~pac r s t u d y o f t h e Hudson R i ve r Es tua ry . Rep. Consol i - da ted Edison Co., PJew Y o r k , 2 volumes.

Texas Inst ruments, I nc . 1975b. Hud- son R iver ecological s tudy i n the area o f Ind ian Point. 1974 Annu. Rep. Consolidated Edison Co., New 'r 'ork.

Texas Inst ruments, I nc. 1976. H ~ d s o n P.iver ecological s tudy i n t he area of Ind ian Point. ic375 Annu. Rep. Consolidated Edison Co., New ' f o r k .

T i l l e r , R. E. 1950. A f i ve year s tudy o f the s t r i ped bass f i she ry of Maryland, based on t h e analysis o f scales. Chesapeake Biol . Lab. Publ . No. 85. 30 pp.

T r e n t , L . 1962. Growth and abundance o f young o f t he year s t r iped bass i n Albemarle Sound, No r th Carol ina. M. 5 . Thesis. No r th Carolina State Un ivers i ty , Raleigh. 66 pp .

T r e n t , L . , and W. H. Hassler. 1966. Feeding behavior o f adu l t s t r i ped bass in relat ion ro stages of sexual ma tu r i t y . Chesapeake Sci . 7: 189-192.

T r e n t , L., and W. H. Hassler. 1968. Gi l l ne t selection, migrat ion, size and age composition, ha r - vest ef f ic iency, and management o f s t r iped bass in t h e Roanoke River , Nor th Carol ina. Chesa- peake Sci. 9: 217-232.

T u r n e r , J . L . , and T . C . Far ley. 1971. Effects o f temperature, sa l in i ty and dissolved oxygen on t h e su rv i va l of s t r i ped bass eggs and larvae. Cal i f . Fish Game 57: 268-273.

Ulanowicz, R. E., and T . T . Polgar. 1980. Inf luences of anadromous spawning behavior and optimal environmental condit ions upon s t r iped bass year class success. Can. J . Fish. Aquat . Eci. 37: 143-154.

Van Cleve, R. 1945. A pre l im inary repor t on the f i she ry resources of California i n relat ion t o the Central Val ley p ro jec t . Cal i f . Fish Game 31: 35-52.

V ladykov . V . D . 1947. Rappor t d u biologists d u department des pef-cheries. Cont . Que. Dep. Fish. 22: 1-89.

V ladykov , V . D . , and D . E . - McAl l is ter . 1961. Prel iminary l i s t of marine f ishes of Quebec. Nat. Can. (Que.) 88: 53-78.

\ / ladykov , V . D . , and D . H. Wallace. 1938. Is t he s t r iped bass o f Chesapeake Bay a m ig ra to ry f i sh? Trans . k n n u . Am. Fish. Soc. Meet. 67: 67-86.

V ladykov , V . D. , and D. H . Wallace. 1952. Studies o f t he s t r i ped bass w i th special reference t o t he Chesapeake Bay region d u r - i n g 1936-1938. Bingnam Ocean- 09;. Collect. Bul l . , Yale Un iv . 14: 132-177.

Warsh, K . L . 1977. Final summary of estimates o f t h e entrainment rate o f spawn o f t h c s t r i ped bass in to the proposed p o k e r p lan t at Douglas Point. Rep. No. SHU, PPSE-T-2, Aapl ied physics lab, Johns Hopkins Un iv . , Mary land.

Westin, D. T . 1978. Serum and blood f rom adu l t s t r iped bass. Es tuar - ies 1 : 123-125.

Westin, D . T . , and B. A . Rogers. 1978. Synopsis o f t he biological data on t h e s t r iped bass. Un i v . R. I . Mar. Tech. Rep. No. 67. 154 p p .

Wilson, J . S. , R. P. Morgan I I , P. W. Jones, H. R. Lunds ford , J . Lawsor:, and J . M u r p h y . 1976. Potomac R iver f isher ies s t u d y - - s t r ined bass spawning stock assessment. Chesapeake Biol . Lab., U n i v . Md. Cent. E n v i r . Ecol. S tud . Ref. No. 76-14. 61 PP

Zankel, K . L . , L. H . Bongers, T . T . Polgar, W. A . Richkus, and R. E. Thorne. 1975. Size and d is - t r i bu t i on of t he 1974 s t r iped bass spawning stock i n the Potomac R iver . Mar t in Mariet ta Corp . E n v i r . Cent . Ref. No. PRFP 75-1.

--

Clemon W . Fay, Richard J . Neves, - Garland --- B . Pardue I=orming Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

50272 - 1 01

Department of Fisheries and Wildl i f e Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Ins t i tu te and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered

National Coastal Ecosystems Team U.S. Army Corps of Enginee Fish and Wild1 i f e Service Waterways Experiment S ta t i U.S. Department of the Interior P . O . Box 631 Washinqton, D C 20240 Vicksburg, MS 39180

3. Recipient's Accession No.

5. Report Date

15. Supplementary Notes

*U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report No. TR EL-82-4

F c i e s Profi les : Life Histories and Environmental Requirements October 1953 'oastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic) - - Striped

-

2. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)

Species profi les are 1 i t e ra ture summaries on the taxonomy, morphology, range, 1 i f e history, and environmental requirements of coastal aquatic species. They are designed to a s s i s t in environmental impact assessment. The striped bass (Morone saxatil i s ) i s a highly val ued recreational and commercial f i sh species and i s surpassed in total recreational catch (weight) only by bluefish and Atlantic mackerel on the Atlantic coast. Males mature a t age 2 3, and females a t age 4 or 5. Striped bass are anadromous, spawning in fresh or nearly 61 water, from April t h r o u g h June in the mid-Atlantic region. Upper Chesapeake Bay, i t s n,._,r t r ibu tar ies , and the Chesapeake-Delaware Canal are the most important spawning grounds on the Atlantic coast. Eggs are semibuoyant, and require a minimum current velocity of 30.5 cm/s during development to keep them from settl-ing and smothering on the bottom. Envi- ronmental conditions during the larval stage are considered most crucial in terms of future year c lass strength. Juveniles remain in or near areas of origin for 2 or 3 years, a t which time a portion of the juveniles may join coastal migratory stocks, moving north in spring a n d summer and south in f a l l and winter. Temperature, s a l in i ty , current velocity, a n d tur- bidity are important environmental factors for striped bass. Eggs require water temperature between 14°C a n d 23"C, s a l i n i t i e s between 0 and 10 ppt, water currents of a t l eas t 30.5 cm/s a n d tu rb id i t ies less than 1000 mg/ l f o r successful development and hatching. Larvae require temperatures between 10°C and 25"C, s a l i n i t i e s between 0 and 15 ppt, and turb id i t ies less t h a n 500 mg/l fo r survival . Juvenile and adult tolerances are s n e r a l ly wider.

--

17. Document Analysis a . Descriptors

Estuaries Fishes Growth Feed i n g

4. Titlc and Subtitle

.'>REPORT NO.

FWS/OBS-82/11.8 * --

1 b. Identifiers/Dpen.Ended Terms I 1 !Striped bass Nursery areas oron one saxa t i 1 i s Spawning requirements Salinity requirements Temperature requirements

Unl imited

1 19. Security Class (This Report)

Unclassified 20. Securtty Class (This Page) 1 Unclassified

21. No. of Pages 4 22. :ze --

I I -. ;?r ANSI-239.13) OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77)

(Formerly NTIS-35) Department of Commerce

REGION 1 Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lloyd Five Hundred Building, Suite 1692 500 N.E. Multnornah Street Portland, Oregon 97232

REGION 4 Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Richard B. Russell Building 75 Spring Street, S.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30303

REGION 2 REGION 3 Regional Director Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 1306 Federal Building, Fort Snelling Albuquerque, New Mexico 87 103 Twin Cities, Minnesota 55 1 1 1

REGION 5 REGION 6 Regional Director Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service One Gateway Center P.O. Box 25486 Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 Denver Federal Center

Denver, Colorado 80225

REGION 7 Regional Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 101 1 E. Tudor Road Anchorage, Alaska 99503

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. FISH A I D WILDLIFE SERVICE

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our,nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving theenvironmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department as- sesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration.

Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental ... · Species Profiles: Life Histories and ... France and Portugal (Setzler et ... of striped bass of representative spawning ages,

Documents