Species no. 56: Redshank Tringa totanusec.europa.eu/.../wildbirds/hunting/docs/reprod_56-61_en.pdf · 2016-05-27 · China. Two subspecies breed in Europe, nominate Tringa t. totanus

Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version 2008

Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 334 *

Species no. 56: Redshank Tringa totanus Distribution: The Redshank is breeding in temperate, boreal and steppe regions of Eurasia, from the Iberian Peninsula to northern Norway and from the British Isles to China. Two subspecies breed in Europe, nominate Tringa t. totanus from Ireland to European Russia and Tringa totanus robusta in Iceland and the Faeroes. Movements: The birds of Southern Europe are largely sedentary. Those of the north are wintering from the North Sea to Northwest Africa, and those of Iceland winter mainly in the British Isles. The breeding population in British Isles are largely sedentary but some individuals disperse to Denmark and Portugal. In Greece, birds from Eastern Europe are passing on migration to Northeast Africa. Population size: The European population has been estimated at 280,000 – 610,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The total population of the European Union is estimated to 100,000 to 140,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B) and constitutes 30-40% of the total European population, Russia not included. The population underwent a moderate decline during 1970-1990 and the populations continued to decline in most of Fennoscandia, the Baltic Stetes and Middle Europe, resulting in an overall decrease during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population breeding in Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and West central Europe that winters in Britain, west Mediterranean south to West Africa has been estimated at 250,000 individuals with a stabile/decreasing trend (Delany & Scott 2006). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 4 eggs (3-5); incubation: 24 (22-29) days; fledging period: variable, 25-35 days; independence: independent at fledging; broods: one brood.



Movements

Redshank Tringa totanus

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering

FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI Few FR ES PT 10-20 pairs IT MT GR CY RO BG HR



Definition of period of reproduction


Member

State Period of reproduction

begins with Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SE Occupation of breeding sites

8, 11, 12

EE Occupation of breeding sites

LV 1 LT Construction of the nest 7 PL Occupation of breeding

sites 3

SK Occupation of breeding sites

CZ Occupation of breeding sites

DK Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4

UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Display 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding

sites 4

NL Display 11, 12, 21 BE Occupation of breeding

sites 1, 2, 3, 4

LU HU Occupation of breeding

sites

AT Occupation of breeding sites

13, 19

SI FR Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 ES PT Occupation of breeding

sites Small population

IT Construction of the nest Scarce, localised breeder MT GR CY RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding

sites 6

HR Occupation of breeding sites

Small breeding population

23



Period of reproduction


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

Comments and conclusions 1) Mainly migratory, though some resident in Western Europe and resident in

Southern Europe. 2) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites in

northern countries (where it is mainly migratory), and the construction of the nest in western and southern countries (and LT).

3) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of June (PL) to the 3rd decade of August (SE, FI, BG). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.



Prenuptial migration


Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds?

Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 11, 12 EE X LV 6 LT X 5,7 PL X 3 SK X CZ X DK 1, 2, 3, 4 UK Mixed population of residents &

migrants 1

IE X 1, 3 DE Mixing of robusta & totanus 4, 10 NL Mixed population of residents &

migrants 37

BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Small numbers HU X AT SI X FR X 2, 4, 6 ES PT IT MT 5 GR CY RO 3 BG X 5, 6, 15, 21 HR Mixing of migrating and wintering

populations 17, 18, 21





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK1

DK2

UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? RO BG HR

1 T. t. totanus 2 T. t. robusta NL, DE - T. t. totanus + T. t. robusta; BE - T. t. robusta is probably a regular visitor. Comments and conclusions 1) Departure of first migrants from wintering grounds, in southern and western

regions, or arrival of first migrants, in other regions, corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

2) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 1st decade of February (IE, BG) to the 1st decade of April (FI, EE, LU).



Species no. 57: Greenshank Tringa nebularia Distribution: Greenshank inhabits marshes and wet clearings in taiga, from Scotland and Scandinavia to Kamchatka. Movements: Migratory. This wader winters in small number in coastal Atlantic Europe (mostly from the Scottish breeding population) and more commonly from the Mediterranean to South Africa. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 75,000-160,000 breeding pairs, including 14,000 – 65,000 pairs in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The total population in the European Union can be estimated at 46,000-67,000 breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). Because of the Greenshank’s secretive nature and its generally low breeding density, it is extremely difficult to census accurately. Like many other wader species, it may suffer considerable fluctuations in breeding numbers from year to year, but the population seems to have remained stable during 1970-1990 and also during 1990-2000 except for the relatively small population in UK, that declined (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population breeding in Scotland and Scandinavia and wintering in west and southwest Europe, NW Africa south to South Africa is estimated at 190,000 – 270,000 individuals and is considered stable (Delany & Scott 2006). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 4 eggs (sometimes 3); incubation: 23-26 days; full flight of young birds at 25-31 days; independence: at or soon after fledging; broods: one brood.



Movements

Greenshank Tringa nebularia

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE EE Few LV Few LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT Few MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member




1, 2, 3, 4, 5


10, 11


Rare breeder

LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK Occupation of breeding

sites 2

IE Occupation of breeding sites

occasionally 1-2 breeding pairs

3

DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR






Comments and conclusions

1) The period of reproduction starts with the occupation of the breeding sites. 2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 3rd decade of June (EE)

to the 1st decade of decade of August (FI, SE). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member

State YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 10, 11 EE X LV 6 LT X 5,7 PL X 3 SK 1, 15 CZ X DK 5 UK X 1 IE X 1, 3 DE X 4, 8 NL X 37, 44 BE X 3, 5 LU HU X AT 13, 19 SI X FR X 6 ES PT Present in small numbers 9 IT X MT 5 GR CY RO 3 BG X 5, 6, 15 HR X 17, 18, 21



Period of prenuptial migration


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? RO BG HR


1) Migratory with small numbers of wintering birds in coastal Atlantic Europe. 2) The prenuptial migration period begins with the arrival of the first migrants. 3) The beginning of the period of prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade

of February (FR) to the 3rd decade of April (FI, EE).



Species no. 58: Common Black-Headed Gull Larus ridibundus Distribution: This gull inhabits the major part of the temperate and boreal regions of Eurasia, from the Atlantic coast to Kamchatka. Movements: Mainly migratory in the eastern and northern part of the range, dispersive or partially migratory elsewhere. Birds from Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea region winter in North Western Europe. Population size and trends: The European population is being estimated at 1.5-2.2 millions of breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population breeding in EU 27 numbers 990,000 – 1,300,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). Since the beginning of the century the Black-headed Gull has extended its distribution considerably and has colonised Italy and Spain. However, in recent years the increase has stopped and during 1990-2000 the European population underwent a moderate decline (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The birds breeding in Europe can be divided into two subpopulations on the basis of their wintering areas (from Delany & Scott 2006):

• Birds breeding in north and west Europe and wintering in south west Europe. This population is estimated at 3,700,000 – 4,800,000 birds and with a decreasing trend.

• Birds breeding in east Europe and wintering in Bulgaria, south to turkey and

east to Ukraine: This population numbers 770,000 – 1,800,000 birds. The trend of this population is unknown.

Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 2-3 eggs (1-4); incubation: 23-26 days; full flight of young birds at c. 35 days; broods: one.



Movements

Common Black-Headed Gull Larus ridibundus

MIGRANT Member

State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering FI Few SE Few EE LV LT PL SK CZ Few DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT Very few IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State

Period of reproduction begins with

Comments References


1, 2, 3, 4, 5


8, 10, 11


LV 2 LT Occupation of breeding

sites 7

PL Occupation of breeding sites

3


1, 3

CZ Occupation of breeding sites


UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 4, 5, 6 DE Occupation of breeding

sites 4

NL Egg laying 36 BE Occupation of breeding

colonies together with nuptial parade

1, 2, 3, 4, 5


sites 1

AT Occupation of breeding colonies

4, 8

SI FR 16 ES Occupation of breeding

sites 1

PT Very small breeding numbers

IT Courtship display at breeding sites

MT GR CY RO 1 BG Occupation of breeding

sites 5, 6, 13

HR Courtship display at 9, 17



breeding colonies







1) The period of reproduction starts with courtship display at breeding sites (i.e. 2 decades before egg laying).

2) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 2nd decade of June (DK) to the 1st decade of September (UK). The full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member

State YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 10, 11 EE X LV 2 LT Mixing of wintering and breeding

birds during migration 5,7

PL X 3 SK Mixing of migrants and wintering

populations 1, 3

CZ Mixing of wintering and breeding birds

DK X UK Mixed population of residents &

migrants 1

IE Large numbers of resident breeding birds mixed with wintering birds

1, 3

DE Migratory and resident birds occur together with non-breeders

4

NL X 37 BE Mixing with wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU HU Mixing of wintering and breeding

birds during migration 1

AT Mixing with wintering birds 8, 13 SI X FR ES PT IT Presence of local breeders,

wintering and passage migrants

MT 5 GR CY RO 3 BG Presence of local breeders,

wintering and passage migrants 6, 13, 15

HR X 7, 8, 12





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE ? ? ? ? NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR


1) Mainly migratory in FI, SE and LT, dispersive or partially migratory elsewhere. 2) The mixed population of residents and migrants makes it difficult to determine

the start of the prenuptial migration. 3) The start of the period of prenuptial migration ranges from the 1st decade of

February (PT) to the 3rddecade of March (LV).



Species no. 59: Mew (Common) Gull Larus canus Distribution: This species inhabits boreal, temperate and steppe regions of Eurasia and North America. Locally it also occurs in arctic regions. Movements: Mainly migratory. Most of European birds are wintering on the coasts from the Baltic Sea to the British Isles, but small numbers reach the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 590,000-1,500,000 pairs, including the large Russian population of 250,000 – 1,000,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population of the European Union is estimated at 270,000-420,000 breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). Following a marked and widespread population increases during the 20th century this species declined during 1990-2000 across much of North-west Europe (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 3 eggs (2-5); incubation: 22.5-28 days; full flight of young birds at c. 35 days; broods: one brood.



Movements

Mew (Common) Gull Larus canus


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK Few CZ Few DK UK IE DE NL BE LU Few HU Few AT Few Few SI FR Few ES PT IT MT GR CY Few Few RO BG HR





Member




1, 2, 3, 4, 5


1, 2, 11


LV 2 LT Occupation of breeding

sites 7


3


CZ Occupation of breeding sites together with courtship display



sites 4

NL Occupation of breeding sites together with courtship display

38

BE Occupation of breeding sites together with courtship display

3


sites 1

AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR







1) In the EU, it breeds in northern countries: migrant breeder and resident (UK, IE).


3) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of June (DK) to the 3rd decade of August (SE, UK, PL). The full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.






Member State YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 1, 8 EE LV 2 LT Mixed population of wintering and

breeding birds during migration 5,7

PL X 3 SK X CZ Mixing of wintering, migrating, and

breeding birds.

DK X UK Mixed population of residents &

migrants in north of UK 1

IE X 1, 3 DE X 4 NL X 37 BE Mixed population of residents &

migrants 3

LU HU X AT 13 SI X FR ES PT IT X MT GR CY RO 3 BG X 6, 15 HR X 7





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? RO BG HR


1) Mainly migratory with most birds wintering on the coasts from the Baltic Sea to the British Isles.

2) The prenuptial migration starts with the departure from the wintering grounds. 3) The beginning of the period of prenuptial migration ranges from the 1st decade

of February (HU) to the 1st decade of April (LT).



Species no. 60: Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus Distribution: This gull inhabits the coasts of northern and western Europe, from Iberia and the British Isles to northern Russia. Movements: Mostly migratory. Western European birds (Larus f. graellsii and L. f. intermedius) are wintering in the Iberian Peninsula and North Western Africa, but increasing numbers remain in the North Sea. The birds of the North Eastern Baltic Sea (Larus f. fuscus) move to East Africa via eastern Mediterranean, Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 300,000-350,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 population is estimated at 240,000-260,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). Overall, the European population has increased during 1990-2000, but declines were noted in a few countries in the northeast of its range (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The size and trend of the individual subspecies has been estimated as follows (from Delany & Scott 2006):

• L. f. fuscus (breeding in North Norway, East Sweden, East Denmark, Finland, Estonia, West Russia east to White sea and wintering in Africa: 55,500 birds and decreasing.

• L. f. graellsii breeding in southwest Greenland, Iceland, Faeroes, Ireland,

Britain, Belgium and France and wintering in West Europe to West Africa: 530,000 – 570,000 birds and increasing.

• L. f. intermedius breeding in south Norway, west Sweden, Denmark, Germany,

The Netherlands and Spain and wintering in West Europe to West Africa: 325,000 – 440,000 individuals and increasing.

Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 3 eggs (1-4); incubation: 24-27 days; fledging period: 30-40 days; independence: independent soon after; broods: one brood.



Movements

Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus


FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL Few Occasional SK Rare Rare CZ Rare DK UK IE DE NL BE LU Very few HU Irregular AT SI FR ES PT IT Few MT GR Few CY Few Few RO BG Few Few HR





Member State

Period of reproduction begins with

Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SE Occupation of breeding sites 8, 10, 11 EE Occupation of breeding sites Rare breeder LV LT PL Occupation of breeding sites Small breeding population 3 SK CZ DK Occupation of breeding sites L. f. fuscus: breeding birds

occur each year but reproduction is not confirmed.

UK Occupation of breeding sites 2 IE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 4, 5, 6 DE Occupation of breeding sites 4, 10 NL Occupation of breeding sites

together with courtship display

38

BE Occupation of breeding sites 3 LU HU AT SI FR ES PT Small breeding population IT MT GR CY RO BG HR




Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR L. f. fuscus: FI, EE, SE; L. f. graellsii: UK, IE, FR, ES, DK; L. f. intermedius: DK, NL. Comments and conclusions


2) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of July (NL, BE, EE) to the 3rd decade of September (PL). The full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.

3) The end of the reproduction period in Poland which is in September, is an approximation.






Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 10, 11 EE Mixing of breeders & migrants LV 6 LT PL X 3 SK CZ X DK X UK Mixing of breeders & migrants 1 IE X 1, 3 DE In springtime the arrival of

breeders covers the start of prenuptial migration of wintering populations from Norway (L. f. intermedius) and the British Isles (L. f. graellsii)

4, 10

NL X 22 BE Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds 3

LU HU AT 13 SI FR ES PT IT X MT 5 GR CY RO 3 BG Very small numbers of birds 5, 6, 15 HR X 6, 7




Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK 1

)

2)

3)

UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

FI

SE

EE

LV

LT

PL

SK

CZ

DK

UK

IE

DE

NL

BE

LU

HU

AT

SI

FR

ES

PT

IT

MT

GR

CY

RO

BG

HR

1. L. f. fuscus 2. L. f. intermedius

3. L. f. graellsii Comments and conclusions

1) Mostly migratory with 3 sub-species in the EU: L. f. fuscus - north-eastern Baltic Sea, wintering in east Africa; L. f. graellsii and L. f. intermedius - western Europe, wintering in the Iberian Peninsula and north-western Africa, but increasing numbers remain in the North Sea.



2) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 3rd decade of January (PT) to the 1st decade of April (SE).

Species no. 61: Herring Gull Larus argentatus Within the last few years a number of subspecies of this species have gained full species status. This includes the Yellow-legged Gull (Larus cachinnans) and the Siberian Gull (Larus heuglini). Distribution: The Herring Gull inhabits North America, north eastern Asia and north western Europe, from south western France and the British Isles to North Western Russia. Most of these birds breed in coastal habitats, but in some regions the species also breeds far inland. Movements: Mainly migratory in northern Europe. The birds generally move in a south-westerly direction in winter. Elsewhere the species is either resident or dispersive to a varying degree. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 760,000-1,400,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population in the European Union has been estimated at 500,000 – 590,000 breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The species has increased in numbers and range since the beginning of the century, so much that in many regions control programmes have been designed. This overall increase continued during 1970-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Two sub-populations winter occur in Europe (from Delany & Scott 2006):

• Birds breeding in Denmark and Fennoscandia to east Kola Peninsula in Russia and wintering in north and west Europe, in total 1,700,000 – 3,600,000 individuals and increasing.

• Birds breeding in Iceland, Ireland, Britain, NW France to Germany and

wintering in NW Europe to North Iberia, in total 520,000-620,000 birds and decreasing.

Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is 3 eggs (2-4); incubation: 28-30 days; fledging: at 35-40 days; independence: soon after fledging; broods: one brood.



Movements

Herring Gull Larus argentatus


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK Irregular Irregular Irregular CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU Very few HU Irregular Irregular AT Irregular SI FR ES PT Few IT MT GR CY RO BG Few Few HR





Member State Period of reproduction



1, 2, 3, 4, 5


1, 2


LV LT Occupation of breeding

sites 7


3

SK CZ DK Occupation of breeding

sites


sites 4, 10

NL Occupation of breeding sites together with courtship display

38

BE Occupation of breeding colonies together with courtship display

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions


2) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of July (FI, EE, DK, NL, LV) to the 3rd decade of September (DE, PL). The full flight of young birds marks the end of the period of reproduction.






Member State YES NO References FI Partial migrant. Over-winters in sea-

areas and coastal cities. 1, 2, 3, 4

SE X 1, 8 EE Mixing of migrants & residents LV 2 LT X 5,7 PL X 3 SK CZ CZ Mixing of migrants & residents DK X UK Mixing of migrants & residents 1 IE Mixing of migrants & residents 4 DE X 4, 10 NL Dispersive BE High mobility of species LU HU AT SI FR ES Difficult to differentiate from L.

cachinnans 1

PT IT X MT GR CY RO BG Small numbers of birds. Difficult to

differentiate from L. chachinnans. 5, 6, 15

HR X 7, 12




Herring Gull Larus argentatus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE ? ? LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? HR Comments and conclusions

1) Mainly migratory in northern Europe. 2) Mixed population of migrants and residents makes it difficult to identify the

beginning of the prenuptial migration. 3) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 3rd decade of

January (DK) to the 3rd decade of March (LV).

Species no. 56: Redshank Tringa totanusec.europa.eu/.../wildbirds/hunting/docs/reprod_56-61_en.pdf · 2016-05-27 · China. Two subspecies breed in Europe, nominate Tringa t. totanus

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