Speaking

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KOLOSAI A. Oleksandria Boarding School.

TEACHING SPEAKING.MICROTEACHING

Introduction

Speaking is "the process of building and sharing meaning through the

use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts" (Chaney,

1998, p. 13). Speaking is a crucial part of second language learning and

teaching. Despite its importance, for many years, teaching speaking has

been undervalued and English language teachers have continued to teach

speaking just as a repetition of drills or memorization of dialogues.

However, today's world requires that the goal of teaching speaking should

improve students' communicative skills, because, only in that way, students

can express themselves and learn how to follow the social and cultural

rules appropriate in each communicative circumstance. In order to teach

second language learners how to speak in the best way possible, some

speaking activities are provided below, that can be applied to ESL and EFL

classroom settings, together with suggestions for teachers who teach oral

language

.

What is meant by "teaching speaking" is to teach ESL learners to:

• Produce the English speech sounds and sound patterns

•

Use word and sentence stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the

second language.

•

Select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social

setting, audience, situation and subject matter.

•

Organize their thoughts in a meaningful and logical sequence.

•

Use language as a means of expressing values and judgments.

•

Use the language quickly and confidently with few unnatural pauses, which

is called as fluency. (Nunan, 2003) Now many linguistics and ESL teachers

agree on that students learn to speak in the second language by

"interacting". Communicative language teaching and collaborative learning

serve best for this aim. Communicative language teaching is based on real-

life situations that require communication. By using this method in ESL

classes, students will have the opportunity of communicating with each

other in the target language. In brief, ESL teachers should create a

classroom

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environment where students have real-life communication, authentic

activities, and meaningful tasks that promote oral language. This can occur

when students collaborate in groups to achieve a goal or to complete a

task.

So, as far as speaking means conveying the message through the words

this skill is also called ‘Oral Skill’ or ‘Communicative Skill’. To develop this

skill, the students need intensive practice. Speaking practice is usually

done in pair & group work. Language experts have organized oral skills into

four distinctive types.

I.Drills or Linguistically Structured Activities

II.Performance Activities

III.Participation Activities

IV.Observation Activities

Main part

SPEAKING (MICROTEACHING).

TOPIC: BRITISH HOLIDAYS AND SPECIAL DAYS.

7-th form. Textbook by O.Karpiuk,2007

Activity 1. (Drill or linguistically structured activity)

Teacher provides a particular structure and the students

practice it by repeating it.

For example: (Teacher can divide class into groups if there are

many students or can do this task with a whole class if there are

not very many students):

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Students should ask each other а question about their favourite

holiday or special day (according to the given text on the topic).

But before answering every other student should repeat the

favourite holiday or special day of previous student or as many

previous students as he/she can remember. Teacher can start the

first.

T: My favourite holiday is Christmas, what is your favourite

holiday or special day?

P1: My favourite holiday is New Year. ( Then he/she addresses to

the next student: )Alla Volodymyrivna’s favourite holiday is

Christmas. My favourite holiday is New Year. What is your

favourite holiday or special day?

P2: Alla Volodymyrivna’s favourite holiday is Christmas. Yana’s

favourite holiday is New Year. My favourite holiday is Easter.

What is your favourite holiday?

So on....

Student 5

Student1

Student 4

Student2

Student3

Activity 2. Observation Activity. Picture describing.

It is a way to make use of pictures in a speaking activity .Give

students just one picture and have them describe what it is in the

picture. For

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this activity students can form groups and each group is given a

different picture. Students discuss the picture with their groups,

then a spokesperson (or each of the members of the group in turn

) for each group describes the picture to the whole class. This

activity fosters the creativity and imagination of the learners as

well as their public speaking skills.

Students are given some pictures of different holidays and

special days and should describe them.

E.g.: Look at the picture and say:

- what holiday/special day is it?

-what can you see in the picture?

-what are people in the picture are doing?

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Activity 3. Performance Activity. Short Speech.

Students think of the reasons why a holiday or a day is his/her

favourite ( e.g. 2 or more sentences but not less than 2) and

deliver a message to a group. Before giving this task teacher lets

students choose the holiday or special day giving them separate

pieces of paper with the names of the holidays/days or the

pictures of things or objects which are natural for those holidays

or days.

e.g.

Student’s Speech.

E.G. Think of some reasons why this holiday/day is your favourite

and add some information ( from the text or additional if you know

some) about your favourite holiday/special day ( 2 or more

sentences). Deliver it to the class . E.g.:Christmas is my favourite

holiday because....

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Activity 4.Participation Activity. Discussion.

Students participate in some communicative activity in a “natural

setting”.

e.g.

Discussion ( in groups or the whole class, depending on how

many students are there).

Prepare your arguments and try to convince your partners

that your holiday/special day is the best or the most important.

( You can use the information given in the text ). You have 2

minutes.

Activity 5. Role-playing.

One other way of getting students to speak is role-playing.

Students pretend they are in various social contexts and have a

variety of social roles. In role-play activities, the teacher gives

information to the learners such as who they are and what they

think or feel. Thus, the teacher can tell the student that "You are

David, you go to the doctor and tell him what happened last night,

and..." (Harmer, 1984) This is also can be a form of a dialogue.

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E.G. :

Role-play the situations.

1) You don’t understand why people should keep the Lent. Your

partner always keeps the Lent. Ask him/her what should you do

during it and what does it give to you. You both can use the words

from the picture.

2) You are in GB during Christmas living in a rented apartment. A

man knocks early into the house you live and gives you some

coal, drink and bread. You don’t know why he gives those things

to you. Role-play the conversation with that man. Ask him what

are they for?

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st

of April). In the morning you come

to school and one of your classmates tells you that your class

mistress asked you to come and see her because you failed your

test in Math. You go and...your class mistress tells you that you

did the test successfully and that your classmates evidently

tricked you, because it is the 1

st

of April.. Role-play the conversation

between you and your class mistress.

Activity 6. Games in speaking activities.Playing cards.

In this game, students should form groups of four. Each suit will

represent a topic. For instance:

•

Diamonds: Christmas

•

Hearts: Valentine’s Day

•

Spades: New Year

•

Clubs: Easter

3) You forgot what day it is today (1

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Each student in a group will choose a card. Then, each student

will write a question about that topic to ask the other people in the

group. For example:

-When is Christmas (Easter, New Year, Valentine’s Day, etc.)

celebrated in Britain?

-What are the main attributes of this holiday/day?

Etc.

However, the teacher should state at the very beginning of the

activity that students are not allowed to prepare yes-no questions,

because by saying yes or no students get little practice in spoken

language production. Rather, students ask open-ended questions

to each other so that they reply in complete sentences.

Task for students:

♦ - Make up 4 questions about Christmas. You shouldn’t make

Yes/No questions.

♥-Make up 4 questions about Valentine’s Day. You shouldn’t

make Yes/No questions.

♣-Make up 4 questions about Easter. You shouldn’t make Yes/No

questions.

♠-Make up 4 questions about New Year. You shouldn’t make

Yes/No questions.

Activity 7.Picture narrating

This activity is based on several sequential pictures. Students are

asked to tell the story taking place in the sequential pictures by

paying attention to the criteria provided by the teacher as a rubric.

Rubrics can include the vocabulary or structures they need to use

while narrating.

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Conclusion

Teaching speaking is a very important part of second language

learning. The ability to communicate in a second language clearly

and efficiently contributes to the success of the learner in school

and success later in every phase of life. Therefore, it is essential

that language teachers pay great attention to teaching speaking.

Rather than leading students to pure memorization, providing a

rich environment where meaningful communication takes place is

desired. With this aim, various speaking activities such as those

listed above can contribute a great deal to students in developing

basic interactive skills necessary for life. These activities make

students more active in the learning process and at the same time

make their learning more meaningful and fun for them. Here are

some suggestions for English language teachers while teaching

oral language:

•

Provide maximum opportunity to students to speak the target

language by providing a rich environment that contains

collaborative work, authentic materials and tasks, and shared

knowledge.

•

Try to involve each student in every speaking activity; for this aim,

practice different ways of student participation.

•

Reduce teacher speaking time in class while increasing student

speaking time. Step back and observe students.

•

Indicate positive signs when commenting on a student's

response.

•

Ask eliciting questions such as "What do you mean? How did you

reach that conclusion?" in order to prompt students to speak

more.