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Risk Assessment: LowRisk Assessment: Low
Safety Considerations: NoneSafety Considerations: None
Environmental Considerations: NoneEnvironmental Considerations: None
Evaluation : You will evaluated on this block of
instruction during the 40 question AeromedicalReview Exam
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Terminal Learning Obje tive
ACT!ON: "anage t#e effe ts of S$atial %isorientation
CON%!T!ON: ile serving as an air rew member
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .-
ACT!ON: !dentify t#e me #anisms of
e/uilibrium
CON%!T!ON: 0iven a list
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
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"e #anisms of E/uilibrium
1isual
1estibular
2ro$rio e$tive
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .3
ACT!ON: !dentify t#e role of vision in orientation
CON%!T!ON: 0iven a list
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
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Role of 1isionRole of 1ision
1ision is t#e most reliable sense used1ision is t#e most reliable sense usedduring flig#tduring flig#t 4*5 of orientation w#ile flying is4*5 of orientation w#ile flying is
de$endent on t#e visual sensede$endent on t#e visual sense
1isual1estibular 2ro$rio e$tive0!
"#!
#!
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T#e visual system is one of t#ree me #anismst#at integrate to form a om$lete mental $i tureof one6s orientation 7$er e$tion8 re ognition8identifi ation9
T#e system onsists of two modes
1isual System
'o al 7Central9 vision (* degrees
Ambient 72eri$#eral9 vision -;< degrees
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'o al 1ision
Also alled Central 1ision%one ons iously2resents us wit# lear view
Allows us to view olors%etermines distan e and de$t#
$er e$tion
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Ambient 1ision
Also alled 2eri$#eral 1ision%one sub ons iously%ete ts motion and attitude ues=el$s to $rovide balan e
2oor a uity $ro$erties
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .(
ACT!ON: !dentify t#e visual illusions
CON%!T!ON: 0iven a list
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
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1isual !llusions
'alse #ori>ons
'as ination?fi@ation'li ker vertigoConfusion wit#
ground lig#tsRelative motionAltered $lanes of
referen e
Stru tural
=eig#t?de$t# $er e$tionCrater illusionSi>e distan e
AutokinesisReverse $ers$e tive
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'alse 1erti al?=ori>ontal Cues7'alse =ori>on9
O urs w#en t#e $ilot sub ons iously #oosest#e wrong referen e $oint for orientation
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'as ination?'i@ation
TAR0ET = 2NOS!S
TASB SAT RAT!ON
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Target =y$nosis
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'li ker 1ertigo
Caused by sunlig#t fli kering t#roug# rotor blades
Rotating bea ons refle ting against an over ast
sk or a ainst t#e winds reen
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Confusion wit# 0round Lig#ts
Along seas#ores or rural areas 0round lig#ts may be $er eived as elestial lig#ts
Celestial lig#ts may be $er eived as ground lig#ts
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'alsely $er eived self)motion in relation tot#e real motion of anot#er obje t
Relative "otion
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Altered 2lanes of Referen e
!na urate sense of altitude8 attitude8or flig#t $at#
"ountains ? 1alleys
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Stru tural !llusion
T#e$#enomenonin w#i #obje tsbe omedistorted w#envisualobs urants
are $resentsu # as rain8snow8 sleet8 ort#e urvatureof a winds reen
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%ue to a la k of visual ues8 t#e $ilots
or rew members may $er eive t#att#ey are #ig#er t#an t#ey a tually are
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$rater %llusion
An illusion t#at t#e air raft is landing into a #ole? rater oron a u$ward slo$e8 reated w#en t#e sear # lig#t is
$ositioned too far under t#e nose of t#e air raft
Crater !llusion
Si> ) %i !ll i
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Si>e) %istan e !llusionLarge &ide Runway
Narrow Runway
Am ! too Low D
Am ! too=ig# D
3+
3+
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Autokineti !llusion
O urs w#en a stati lig#t a$$ears to move
w#en it is stared at for several se onds
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At nig#t8 an air raft may a$$ear to be goingAt nig#t8 an air raft may a$$ear to be going
away w#en it is a tually a$$roa #ingaway w#en it is a tually a$$roa #ing
Reversable 2ers$e tive
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .+
ACT!ON: !dentify t#e fun tion of t#e vestibular system
CON%!T!ON: 0iven a list
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
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Com$onents of T#e 1estibularSystem
Lo ated wit#in t#e middle ear
Semi ir ular Canals Otolit# Organs
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'un tions of T#e 1estibularSystem
1isual tra king
Refle@ information
Orientation wit#out vision
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1isual Tra king
"aintains fo us of t#e retinal image
R fl @
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Refle@!nformation
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Orientation &it#out 1ision
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'un tions Of T#e Semi ir ularCanals
Res$onsive to angular a eleration andde eleration
C#ange in bot# s$eed and dire tion %ete ts yaw8 $it #8
and roll
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Semi ir ular Canals
Rig#t angles to ea # ot#er Contains endolym$# fluid
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'un tion Of T#e Otolit#
Organs
T#e Otolit# organs are stimulated bygravity and linear a elerations
C#ange in s$eed wit#out a #ange indire tion
Sensitive to linear a eleration andde eleration 7forward8 aft8 u$8 and down9
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'un tion of T#e Otolit# Organs
'OR&AR% ACCELERAT!ON 'OR&AR% %ECELERAT!ON
&A'(E (E)(A*%+) +& ,A$-.AR/
2R!0=T T!LT 'OR&AR% T!LT ACB&AR%*R E (E)(A*%+) *R E (E)(A*%+) *R E (E)(A*%+)
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'un tion of T#e Otolit# Organs
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .edTy$e !!
2ilot consciously perceives a$roblem8 but may not know it isdue to s$atial disorientation
2ilot an orre t t#e situation
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2ilot enters a turn stimulating onesemi ir ular anal
2ilot makes a #ead movement in adifferent geometri $lane
An additional semi ir ular anal isstimulated
Results in overw#elming sensation of aw8 2it #8 and Roll simultaneously
Coriolis
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!n a$a itatingTy$e !!!
2ilot e@$erien es overw#elming sensations Confli t of sensory in$uts nable to $ro$erly orient t#emselves by use of
instruments or visual ues
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NystagmusA ra$id fli kering motion of bot# eyes ba k andfort#8 seriously degrading vision to 3*?3** for afew se onds
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .;
ACT!ON: !dentify t#e dynami s of S$atial disorientation
CON%!T!ON: 0iven a list
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
f $
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%ynami s Of S$atial%isorientation
1isual dominan e
1estibular su$$ression 1estibular o$$ortunism
l
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1isual %ominan e
A learned $#enomenon w#ere one in or$oratesvisual orientation information w#ile e@ ludingot#er sensory ues 7a very t#oroug# ross)#e k9
E@am$le: Leans
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1estibular Su$$ression
An a tive $ro ess of visually overriding
undesirable vestibular sensations
!n flig#t8 $ilot develo$s su$$ression viare$eated e@$osure to linear or angulara eleration
$$
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1estibular O$$ortunism
T#e $ro$ensity of t#e vestibularsystem to fill any orientation
void swiftly
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .4
ACT!ON: !dentify t#e measures to$revent s$atial disorientation
CON%!T!ON: 0iven a list
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
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S% 2revention
!nstruments)trust your instruments Edu ation and training !nstrument $rofi ien y =ealt# Air raft design Co k$it Organi>ation
S% 2 i
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S% 2revention
Never fly wit#out visualreferen e $oints
Never stare at lig#ts %ark ada$tation Avoid self )im$osed stresses
7%EAT=9
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Enabling Learning Obje tive .H
ACT!ON: !dentify t#e a tions to treats$atial disorientation
CON%!T!ON: 0iven a list
STAN%AR%: !n a ordan e wit# T#e 'undamentals of Aeros$a e "edi ine and '" ()*+,(*-
T t t
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Treatment
Refer to instruments8 ensure t#ey readrig#t
%evelo$ and maintain ross) #e ks %elay intuitive rea tions Transfer ontrols
Never fly bot# 1"C and !"C at t#e sametime
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Ensure t#e !nstruments
Read Rig#t
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"e #anisms of e/uilibrium Role of vision 1isual illusions
'un tion of 1estibular system 'un tion of $ro$rio e$tive system Ty$es of disorientation %ynami s of disorientation 2revention Treatment
C l i
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Con lusion