Spatial Analysis at EEA and CORINE Land Cover GeoForum meeting, EEA, 18 th May 2010
Dec 30, 2015
Spatial Analysis at EEAand CORINE Land Cover
GeoForum meeting, EEA, 18th May 2010
Outline
• GIS at EEA from the desktop user perspective–Context–Spatial analysis
• CORINE Land Cover–Project set up–Results–Derived analysis examples
EEA mission
The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and
measurable improvement in Europe’s environment, through the provision of timely,
targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy-making agents and the public.
By means of...
• Reports, publications spatial analysis, maps• Indicators spatial analysis, maps• Datasets download spatial data• Online datasets
Our spatial data context
• Subsidiarity principle local authorities, regions, countries produce data
• Target: 1:100,000• The problem: to have harmonized comparable
data• Data flows
EIONET & data flows
EEA mapping standards
• www.eionet.europa.eu/gis• Guideline to data & maps:• http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gis/docs/EEA_GISgui
de.doc– Map templates– Metadata editor/metadata profile– Good practices: projections, formats, how to report
spatial data
Spatial analysis
• Try to answer policy questions in a dynamic changing environment: how much?
• Independently assess the state of environment and drivers: land use/land cover change, water availability, agriculture and environment, ...
• Produce derived datasets: accessibility maps, fragmentation indexes, urban temperature, ...
• Homogenous data rather than very detailed• Low amount of data specialized spatial analysis• Techniques: all available, but very raster based
Examples
• Hydrology: ECRINS• Derived datasets: Green Background• Fragmentation• Accessibility maps• Land cover statistics: trends of land cover change
ECRINS – hydro model
Green Background map
Landscape fragmentation
Accessibility maps
Corine Land Cover (CLC)
• Scale 1:100.000, seamless vector database
• 44 classes in 3 hierarchical levels
• 25 ha Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU)
• 5 ha MMU for land cover changes
• 39 countries, about 5.5 Million square Km
• Classes illustrated:
http://etc-lusi.eionet.europa.eu/CLC2000/classes
Main political demand
• Environment PolicyHabitat Directive (Natura2000), Biodiversity convention , 2010
targetWater Framework DirectiveIntegrated Coastal Zone ManagementINSPIRE
• Common Agriculture PolicyImpact of agricultural policy on the environment
• Regional PolicyEuropean Spatial Development PerspectiveTerritorial cohesion
• Research PolicyClimate change
+ others
Ortho-rectified satellite image database
Visual image interpretation (national teams)
Verification – qualitative (EEA - ETC/LUSI)
Final vector database (national team)
Validation – quantitative (EEA - ETC/LUSI)
European Data integration – vector & raster (EEA - ETC/LUSI)
Methodology
CLC concept
IMAGE200x CLC200xCentralised activity
based on satellite images
Decentralised activity based on national
CLC databases
Organisational set-up
EEAEEA JRCJRC
LCTULCTU IMAGE2000 team
IMAGE2000 team
National CLC2000 teamsNational CLC2000 teams
European Steering
Committee
European Steering
Committee
National Steering
Committee
National Steering
Committee
Methodology
Dissemination
WWW
CD-ROM
CLC1990 pre-processing
Image processing
Change detectionand mapping
Data integrationand validation
IMAGE2000
Satellite images 1990
CORINE land cover1990 (CLC1990)
(Topologically andgeometrically) corrected
national CLC1990
National CLC2000
Digital Elevation Model,
Ground Control Points
Raw satellite images2000
IMAGE2000
IMAGE2000
Satellite images 1990
Corrected nationalCLC1990
(Thematically) correctednational CLC1990
National CLC2000
Corrected nationalCLC1990
European CLC2000
Corrected EuropeanCLC1990
European CLC2000
Corrected EuropeanCLC1990
IMAGE2000
PreparationEEA, EC, ETC/LC, NFP
Organisational structure
Budget
Time-plan
Product definition
Call for tenders
History
• CLC1990 • Process from 1985 to 1995 • 10-year process • Growing process • No common data policy
• CLC2000 • Coordinated approach • Snapshot (2000 +/- 1 year)• 29 countries • Agreed data policy for
image and mapping data • Output:
– CLC2000– CLC changes – CLC90 corrected
CLC2006
• Why?–High interest in land cover changes –More frequent updates (< 10 years) –Better fulfil reporting obligations
• Integration into GMES • Reliable, up-to-date and accessible information on the
environment for Europe
–GMES Fast Track Service on Land (delivery 2008) • CLC2006 update• 2 high-resolution layers
GMES FTS Land first set of core land cover data products
CLC 2006
Built-up area / sealing
CLC Changes
CORINE Land Cover map
Validation of European CLC data
• Need for an independent database –LUCAS – Land Use land Cover Area Sampling
• Statistical sampling grid
• Similar timeframe
• 10.000 points over Europe (18 countries)
• Field survey of land use and land cover
• Field photographs
• Re-interpretation of field photographs
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Validation results
Display of LUCAS points on IMAGE2000
Interpretation of point from satellite image and field photographs
Creation of error matrix
Overall accuracy: 87.0% ± 0.8%
CLC - a success story
• Number of downloads from EEA web site
• Applications
• Value of downstream applications
Corine land cover downloads from http://dataservice.eea.eu.int
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CLC2000
Use of Corine Land Cover Breakdown per economic sector
Agriculture14%
Dem ography2%
Education8%
Forestry9%
Health1%
OthersSector6%
Environm ent34%
Energy3%
Transport3%
Tourism1%
Research14%
Physical Planning
5%
Investment cost CLC2000: 13 Meuro
Estimated revenues generated by underpinning downstream activities using CLC: 250 Meuro*
*Based on analysis of 500 activities out of 5658 registered users
State & outlook of Europe’s Environment
Urban aglomerations
Example: Population density (based on CLC and Eurostat)
+
=
Source: EEA, JRC (2005)
Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests/ dry semi-natural land in ha/year
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
Withdrawal of farming with woodlandcreation
Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
Conversion from dry semi-natural &natural land to agriculture
Conversion from forest to agriculture
CORRESPONDANCE BETWEEN LAND COVER CHANGES (CLC LEVEL 3) AND THE LAND COVER FLOWS
132 133 141 142 211 212 213 221 222 223
Dump sites Construction
sites Green urban
areas
Sport and leisure
facilities
Non-irrigated arable land
Permanently irrigated land
Rice fields Vineyards Fruit trees and berry
plantations Olive groves
243 Land principally occupied by agriculture w ith significant areas of natural vegetation
Extension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
244 Agro-forestry areasExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensif ication of agriculture
Intensif ication of agriculture
Intensif ication of agriculture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
Planting of vineyards, fruit and olive trees over arable & pasture
311 Broad-leaved forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
312 Coniferous forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
313 Mixed forestExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
Intensive conversion of forest to agriculture
321 Natural grasslandExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
322 Moors and heathlandExtension of dumpsites
ConstructionDevelopment of green urban areas
Extension of sport and leisure facilities
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Intensive conversion of marginal land to agriculture
Land cover change accounts: from maps to statistics
LCF1 Urban land management
LCF2 Urban residential sprawl
LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions
LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture
LCF6 Withdrawal of farming
LCF7 Forests creation and management
LCF8 Water bodies creation and management
LCF9 Changes due to natural & multiple causes
Land cover 1990 & 2000 and land cover change are first converted to a grid (below, 1x1 km)
Individual changes are grouped by land cover flows that describe processes
CLC products
1. Ortho-rectified satellite images for the reference year 2006 (+/- 1 year);
2. European mosaic based on ortho-rectified satellite imagery (IMAGE2006);
3. Corine land cover changes 2000-2006;
4. Corine land cover map 2006 (CLC2006);
5. High resolution built-up areas including degree of soil sealing 2006;
The national and regional perspective• Denmark: NERI• http://www.dmu.dk/Udgivelser/Kort_og_Geodata/C
LC2000/• Some regions/countries extend the CLC:
–Andalusia (87000 sq Km, South of Spain)• Better thematic accuracy (CORINE compliant)
• 1:25.000 , no MMU
• Better update frequency (4 years)
• Downdated to 1956
• In general it’s a success: co-ownership, involvement of technical teams, multipurpose
CHANGES ANALYSIS EU 1990-2006
Example
Land cover change
• CLC 1990-2006 available for all EU27 countries except SE, GR, UK, FI
• 3,321,035 square Km• 114,417 square Km changed (aproximately the
size of Bulgaria) for the period 1990-2006 3.45% changed–only 25% are “main land use” changes,–75% are internal conversions
“Main land use” changes
25% of the total changes0.86% of the territory
EU27: 36,200 sq Km (like NL)Per year: 2,300 sq Km (like LU)
Facts
Urban sprawl per year in the EU: 1100 square Km equals to Moscow urban agglomeration area (source UN)
Internal conversions
75% of the total changes2.58% of the territory85540 square Km (bigger than AT)5346 square Km / year (2 times LU)
Most of the internal conversions happened:1st Forest and semi natural2nd Agriculture
Facts
Total turnover 1990-2006
Trends
Change rates differ by Biogeographical Regions
Mediterranean
• Bigger LC change pressure• Patterns are the same, but agriculture competes
with urban for the space
Trends 1990 – 2000 – 2006 (*)
(*) 100% = status in 1990; the lines show the relative increase (trend) for the 2 periods, 1990-2000, 2000-2006
• Urbanisation: same trend, above 0.5% yearly increase• Forest and semi-natural are stable• Wetlands don’t disappear as quickly as in the previous period; strong trend change (from 0.22% yearly loss to 0.06% yearly loss)• Water bodies are created at a slower pace (0.19% yearly increase to 0.08%)
Urban sprawl – trends analysis
Same rate: 0.5% yearly increaseFor EU27 that means aprox. 1100 sq Km per year the surface of Moscow’s urban agglomeration or Ruhr’s region big urban agglomeration
In 2000-2006 more recycling of other urban areas Bigger pressure on forests and seminatural areas
For both time steps, 80% or more is happening in agriculture or already existing artificial areas
Green urban areas– trends analysis
• GUAs grew at a 1% relative increase rate (for both periods) slightly above 100 sq Km a year (75 times London Hyde Park a year)
• In 1990-2006 artificial areas increased by 8%, whereasGreen urban areas increased by 16%
• In the period 1990-2000, green urban areas grew mainly on agricultural areas
• In the period 2000-2006, the recycling of other artificial to green areas was doubled, but they also more forest and semi natural areas were taken
Trends in the coast: 1975 to 2006 (30 years of changes)
•Artificialisation has a constant growth rate: 0.5% relative increase each year
•Water bodies were created in 1975-2000
•Agriculture shows a constant decline•Wetlands and forest and semi-natural decreased heavily (around 10%) in 1975-1990; it has slowed down
Denmark
2682615 Hectares
Denmark changes 1990-2006
Urban Atlas
GlobCORINE
GlobCORINE
Thank you!