Spanish grammer book

Nina Pearson

SPANISH 3 GRAMMAR BOOK

Table Of Contents•Conditional + Irregulars •Perfect Tenses•Present•Past•Present Perfect Irregulars•Subjunctive Perfect

•Tanto y Tan•Impersonal ‘se’•Saber vs. Conocer•Los Mandatos•Informal affirmative•Informal negative•Informal irregulars•DOP/IOP placement•Formal affirmative

•Formal negative•Formal irregulars•DOP/IOP placement

•Nosotros Affirmative•Nosotros Negative•Mono Verbs

•Subjunctive•Irregulars•Trigger phrases

•Impersonal Expressions•Expressions of Emotion•Conjunctions of Time•Demonstrative Adjectives•Demonstrative Pronouns

Conditional• Conditional verbs are used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is translated as would, could, must have or probability.• The student said he would study one more hour.

• To conjugate for –ar, -er, and –ir verbs

• Also, the conditional is used to express actions contradictory to fact.• If I had time, I would go to the movies tonight.

• Important to remember: if the conditional is used to express something in the present, the future tense is used.

ía íamos

ías íais

ía ían

Irregulars

• caberyo cabría• haberyo habría• poderyo podría• quereryo querría• saber

yo sabría • poneryo pondría• saliryo saldría• teneryo tendría• valeryo valdría

• veniryo vendría • deciryo diría• haceryo haría

•For conditional, the same verbs that are irregular in the future tense are also irregular in the conditional. Their endings are regular, but their stems change in the same way that they do in the future.

Perfect Tenses• The perfect tense in Spanish is roughly the equivalent to have taken, have bought, etc. in English. The perfect tense expresses a past action that has relevance to the present moment. • The perfect tense in Spanish is formed by taking a form of the verb haber, followed by the past participle of the Spanish verb. • The verb "haber" is conjugated depending on who or what is doing the action as well as when, and the Spanish past participle is formed by adding "-ado" to the stem of "-ar" verbs and "-ido" to the stem of "-er" and "-ir" verbs.

Present• The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb

“has” or “have” with the past participle. Two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb. • In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the

present tense of “haber” with the past participle

• The auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object. • The present perfect tense is frequently used for past actions

that continue into the present, or continue to affect the present. It is also often used with the adverb “ya”. • The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never

seperated. To make the sentence negative, add the word no before the conjugated form of haber.

He Hemos

Has Habéis

Ha Han

Past• The past perfect tense is formed by combining the auxiliary verb “had”

with the past participle. The main verb and the auxiliary verb are required as well.• In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect

tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.• Again, the auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject of the sentence,

not the object.

• The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past action. Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another.• The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make

the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.

Había Habíamos

Habías Habíais

Había Habían

Present Perfect Irregulars

Conjugation

Abierto

Cubierto

Escrito

Muerto Puesto Suelto Roto Vuelto Satisf

echo Dicho Hecho Visto

Translation

Open Cover Wright Die Put Solve Break Return Satisfy Say/tell

Do/make See

Verbs

Abrir  Cubrir 

Escribir Morir  Poner Solver Romp

er Volver

 Satisfacer  Decir Hacer Ver

Subjunctive Perfect• Formed by the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

• Used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect.

Haya Hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

Haya Hayan

Tanto y Tan• Both tan and tanto are used to compare equality. So what’s the difference?• Tan is used to compare an adjective or an adverb while tanto is used to compare a noun.

• Tanto can also be conjugated to agree with the noun it modifies.

tan+adjective/adverb+como

tanto+noun+como

tanto dinero

tanta paciencia

tantos libros

tantas plumas

Impersonal ‘se’• In Spanish, you add the pronoun ‘se’ in front of verbs to make a general statement. • Impersonal voice using ‘se’ will use a singular verb since ‘se’ can be replaced by uno ("one").• The Plural Impersonal (unknown "they") does not use ‘se’.

Saber vs. Conocer• Both saber and conocer express the idea “to know”. However, these verbs are not interchangeable.• Saber• to know a fact, to know something thoroughly, to know how to

do something

• Conocer• to be acquainted with a person, place, or thing

Los Mandatos• Los mandatos are formal commands.• To conjugate:• Start with the ‘yo’• Drop the ‘o’• Add the following endings: • For –ar

• For –er or -ir

e en

a an

Informal affirmative• These commands are used when addressing someone familiar by using ‘tu’• The ‘tu’ commands use the ‘usted’ form, not the ‘tu’!• To form• Put it in the ‘yo’• Drop the ‘o’ • Add the usted ending.• (hablar - ar + a = habla)

• (comer - er + e = come)

• (escribir - ir + e = escribe)

Informal Negative• The negative informal commands use the ‘tú’ form of the present subjunctive, not the usted.• To conjugate:• Put it in the ‘yo’• Drop the ‘o’• Add the opposite ‘tu’ ending• (hablar - ar + es = hables)

• (comer - er + as = comas)

• (escribir - ir + as = escribas)

Informal Irregulars• These irregulars only occur with affirmative tú commands. • decir - di • salir - sal • hacer - haz • ser - sé • ir - ve • tener - ten • poner - pon • venir – ven• As with all other verbs, to form negative informal commands with these verbs, use the "tú" form of the present subjunctive.

DOP Placement• A direct object receives the action of the verb. The direct object

can also be a person.• It answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to

what the subject of the sentence is doing.• Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object

with a pronoun.• In Spanish, we replace the name with these pronouns:

• In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the direct object pronoun.• Place it immediately before the conjugated verb.• Attach it directly to the infinitive.

Me Me

Te You- familiar

Lo, la Him, her, it- formal

Nos Us

Los, las Them, you all-formal

IOP Placement• the indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For

whom?" the action of the verb is performed.• When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect

object, use the following pronouns:

• In an affirmative statement with one verb, the indirect object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.• In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding

the placement of the indirect object pronoun.• Place it immediately before the conjugated verb• Attach it directly to the infinitive

Me Me

Te You- familiar

Le Him, her, it- formal

Nos We

Les Them, you all- formal

Nosotros Affermative• Nosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used to express the idea "let's + verb."• To conjugate:• Put it in the ‘yo’• Drop the ‘o’• Add the opposite nosotros ending.

-ar -er/-ir

emos amos

Nosotros Negative• To negate the verb, simply add a ‘no’ before the verb. • No levantamos…• No mandemos…

Mono Verbs• If the verb is reflexive, you drop the final ‘s’ of the command form before attaching the reflexive pronoun.• Mosnos becomes monos.

Mandems una carta a María

Mandémosle la carta

Mandemoslela

Mandemossela

Mandemosela

Subjunctive• The subjunctive is not a tense, rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to

when an action takes place, while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action.• The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty

and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.• “Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant

the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity” (Study Spanish.com)• I hope• I feel

• To conjugate:• Put it in the ‘yo’• Drop the ‘o’• Add the opposite ending

• Important to remember! –Ar and –Er verbs stem change as normal, but the –Ir verbs change in the nosotros and vosotros!

Irregulars• TEN:• VEN:• DAR: dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den• IR: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan• SABER: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan• HABER: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan• ESTAR: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén• SER: sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean

Trigger Phrases• a menos que ...

unless ...• antes (de) que ...

before ...• con tal (de) que ...

provided that ...• cuando ...

when ...• conviene que ...

it is advisable that ...• después (de)

que ...after ...

• dudar que ...to doubt that ...

• en caso de que ...in case ...

• en cuanto ...as soon as ...

• es aconsejable que ...it's advisable that ...

• es bueno que ...it's good that ...

• es difícil que ...it's unlikely that ...

• es dudoso que ...it is doubtful that ...

• es fácil que ...it's likely that ...

• es fantástico que ...it's fantastic that ...

• es importante que ...it's important that ...

• es imposible que ...it's impossible that ...

• es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...

• es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...

• es increíble que ...it's incredible that ...

• es (una) lástima que ...it's a pity that ...

• es malo que ...it's bad that ...

• es mejor que ...it's better that ...

• es menester que ...it's necessary that ...

• es necesario que ...it's necessary that ...

• esperar que ...to wish that ...

• es posible que ...it's possible that ...

• es preciso que ...it's necessary that ...

• es preferible que ...it's preferable that ...

• es probable que ...it's probable that ...

• es raro que ...it's rare that ...

• es ridículo que ...it's ridiculous that ...

• estar contento queto be happy that ...

• es terrible que ...it's terrible that ...

• hasta que ...until ...

• insistir en que ...to insist that ...

• mandar que ...to order that ...

• más vale que ...it's better that ...

• mientras que ...while ...

• negar que ...

to deny that ...• no creer que ...

not to believe that ...• no es cierto que ...

it's not certain that ...

• no estar convencido de que ...to not be convinced that ...

• no estar seguro de que ...to not be sure that ...

• no es verdad que ...it's not true that ...

• no imaginarse que ...to not imagine that ...

• no parecer que ...to not seem that ...

• no pensar que ...to not think that ...

• no suponer que ...to not suppose that ...

• ojalá que ...if only he would ...

• para que ...in order that ...

• pedir que ...to ask that ...

• preferir que ...to prefer that ...

• prohibir que ...to prohibit that ...

• puede ser que ...it may be that ...

• querer que ...to want that ...

• recomendar que ...to recommend that ...

• rogar que ...to plead that ...

• sentir que ...to regret that ...

• sin que ...without ...

• sugerir que ...to suggest that ...

• tan pronto como ...as soon as ...

• temer que ...to fear that ...

• tener miedo de que ...to be afraid that ...

Impersonal Expressions• conviene

que ... it is advisable that ... • es

aconsejable que ... it is advisable that ... • es bueno

que ... it's good that ... • es difícil

que ... it's unlikely that ... • es dudoso

que ... it's doubtful

that ... • es fácil

que ... it's likely that ... • es

fantástico que ... it's fantastic that ... • es

importante que ... it's important that ... • es

imposible que ... it's impossible that ...

• es improbable que ... it's unlikely that ... • es

incierto que ... it's uncertain that ... • es

increíble que ... it's incredible that ... • es (una)

lástima que ... it's a shame that ... • es malo

que ... it's bad that ... • es mejor

que ... it's better that ... • es

menester que ... it's necessary that ... • es

necesario que ... it's necessary that ... • es posible

que ... it's possible that ... • es preciso

que ... it's necessary that ... • es

preferible que ... it's preferable that ... • es

probable que ... it's likely that ... • es raro

que ... it's rare that ... • es ridículo

que ... it's ridiculous that ... • es terrible

que ... it's terrible that ... • más vale

que ... it's better that ... • ojalá

que ...

if only he would …• puede ser

que ... it could be that ...

Expressions of Emotion

Conjunctions of Time

Demonstrative Adjectives• Demonstrative adjectives describe the noun they are modifying. • Adjectives answer the question “WHICH?” in relation to the noun they modify. • This and that can also function as adjectives. The same is true in Spanish!• Spanish has three “this and that” words while English has only two:• Este (this)• Ese (that)• Aquel (that one over there)

Demonstrative Pronouns• Pronouns take the place of the nouns they are modifying• este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine)• ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine)• aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)