SPANISH AND BRASILIAN WORKSHOP ON RENEWABLE ENERGY R+D ON BIOENERGY IN SPAIN M. Ballesteros Head of Biofuels Unit CIEMAT Rio de Janeiro 30 SEPTEMBER –

SPANISH AND BRASILIAN WORKSHOP ON RENEWABLE ENERGY

R+D ON BIOENERGY IN SPAIN

M. BallesterosHead of Biofuels Unit

CIEMAT

Rio de Janeiro 30 SEPTEMBER – 1 OCTOBER 2013

10% OF WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION (45 EJ)

BIOMASS CONSUMPTION (2007)

Fuente: Best et al. 2008

– 80% traditional solid biomass for heating and cooking

– 20% commercial biomass : 80% heat, 1% power, 2% liquid biofuels

BIOENERGY SYSTEMS

Traditional Biomass

• over-exploitation of natural resources, • low economic valorization of biomass, • low efficienct technologies

Modern biomass

• commercial• efficient technologies• environmentally sustainable

production and use

BIOMASS AS ENERGY RESOURCE

Abundant energy resource

• It can be stored• It can be transformed into energy by different technologies (mechanical,

thermochemical, biological)• It provides solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels to use for heating, power and

transport purposes

• It can not be found free.

• It requires a long chain of activities: planting, growing, harvesting and pretreatment (storage and drying) before it can be transformed into an energy carrier.

• Biofuels have an associated cost that has to be considered.

… not only depends on more efficient conversion technologies (combustion, co-firing, gasification, second generation liquid biofuels)

but

A broad range of research topics should be considered such as biomass availability and logistics.

Technological development to support the use of biomass…

• More than 100 Organizations working on Bioenergy

- Excellent research teams in universities and specialized centers

- Strong National Research Institutes: CIEMAT, CENER,,CSIC, INIA…

• High participation in the European Research Framework Programmes

• High Spanish participation in the European Research Alliance in Bioenergy

Members: CIEMAT and CENER

Associated to CIEMAT: Unizar, IREC, Imdea-Energy and Tecnalia

• Dynamic industry with technological leadership

Abengoa Bioenergy, REPSOL, Acciona, …

Spain is very active in R+D on Bioenergy

R&D Programme of Biomass Unit

Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.

1

Feedstock research

R&D activities

3

Second generation Biofuels

2

Solids Biofuels

Madrid Center

Soria CenterFeedstock research and solid biofuels

production

Liquid Biofuels Research

R&D Programme of Biomass Unit

Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.

1Feedstock research

R&D activities

Evaluation of avalilable resources

Energy crops

Logistics: collecting, transporting

FEEDSTOCK RESEARCH

Objective: To improve the cost competitiveness of biomass supplies to energy systems

Evaluation of available biomass resources taking into account the geographical specificity of biomass supply and consumption. The aim is to assess the level of supplies compatible with sustainable production

Development, production and management of energy crops, taking into account issues related to planting, used of chemicals for fertilizing, irrigation, weed control or soil quality

Studies on biomass harvesting, storage and transportation technologies to reduce the cost of biomass delivery to energy plant.

Brassica carinata

Sorgo híbrido

Cardo

Panicum virgatum

Paulownia

Chopos

Olmo de Siberia

Agropiros

Caña común

Cereales para bioetanol

Triticale y otras gramíneas anuales

HerbáceosLeñosos

Robinia

Sinapis alba

Cultivos Oleaginosos para Biodiesel

Colza (Brassica napus)

Jatropha curcas Camelina sp.

Crambe

R&D Programme of Biomass Unit

1Feedstock research

R&D activities

Available resources

Energy crops

Logistics

2Solid biofuels for heating and power

High quality solid biofuels from energy cropsDrying MillingCompaction

Combustion of biomass with high ash content Sinterization

Emissions

Characterization

Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.

BIOMASS CHARACTERIZATION LABORATORY (BCL) is a scientific reference laboratory for energy and physico-chemical characterization of biomass and solid biofuels.

It is equipped with facilities to perform the following analysis:

Proximate analysis (moisture, ash and volatile compounds content)

Ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and clorum)

Inorganic compounds content

Higher Heat Value and Lower Heat values

Thermogavimetric analysis

Particle size distribution

Pile density

Pellet durability

CHARACTERIZATION

Objective: To know biomass chemical and physical characteristics in order to choose the best energetic conversion process

BCL belongs to the Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 which is working on the standardisation of solid biofuels derived from pure biomass.

Hammermill with particle size classification

(200-700 kg/h)Rotary air dryer (200-400 kg/h)

HIGH-QUALITY SOLID BIOFUELS FROM HIGH ASH CONTENT BIOMASS

Pelleting plant (300-500 kg/h)

Slagging on the grate of a combustion system

1. 1-Metil naftaleno2. 2-Metil naftaleno3. Dimetil naftaleno4. Acenaftileno5. Acenafteno6. Fluoreno7. Fenantreno8. Antraceno9. Fluoranteno10. Pireno11. Benzo(a)antraceno**12. Criseno13. Benzo(b)fluoranteno*14. Benzo(k)fluoranteno15. Benzo(a)pireno**16. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene*17. Dibenzo(ah)antraceno18. Naftaleno19. Benzo(ghi)perileno

Gases

Cenizas

Polinuclear Aromaric Hydrocarbons formed in biomass combustion

Objective:

To study the release of ash forming compounds from biomass fuels in both fixed and fluidised bed combustion systems to determine data concerning the melting behaviour and emissions.

ASH-RELATED PROBLEMS IN COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS

17 kW Boiler

100 kW Boiler

500 kW Boiler

R&D Programme of Biomass Unit

1Feedstock research

R&D activities

Avalilable resources

Energy crops

Logistics

2Solid biofuels for heating and power

PretreatmentDrying MillingCompaction

Ash-related problemsIn biomass combustion

Sinterization Emissions

Characterization

3Liquid Biofuels

Pretreatment

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Fermentation

Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.

LIQUID BIOFUELS UNIT

OBJECTIVE

To develop processes and technologies for converting lignocellulosic materials into ethanol and other high value products in an efficient and cost-effective manner to facilitate the adoption of these processes by industry

Power generation

PROCESS CHART

• Cellulose (glucose)• Hemicellulose (C5 & C6 sugars)

• LigninCellulosic biomass

Pretreatment

Biological steps:Celullase production,

Hydrolysis, fermentation

Ethanol recovery

Residue processing

Process effluents

Fuel: Ethanol

SolidLiquid

Power generation

PROCESS CHART

• Cellulose (glucose)• Hemicellulose (C5 & C6 sugars)

• LigninCellulosic biomass

Pretreatment

Biological steps:Celullase production,

Hydrolysis, fermentation

Ethanol recovery

Residue processing

Process effluents

Fuel: Ethanol

SolidLiquid

TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE

• To reduce the cost of the pretreatment while maintaining efficiency

• To limit the consumption of chemicals, energy and water and the

production of wastes

• To minimize sugar degradation and inhibitors formation (moderate

conditions)

1. FEEDSTOCK PRETREATMENT

Biomass deconstruction technologies

Pretreatment Temperature(ºC)

Time(min)

Chemical Concentration

Stirred & pressure reactor

170-230 2-50 None/ Dilute acid

1-2% H2SO4

Steam Explosion 160-230 2-90 None

Extrusion 30-70 2-10 Alkaline 5-10% on dw raw material

Steam explosion pretreatment plants of 2 and 10 litres

2 L laboratory prototype for LHW pretreatment

EXTRUSION PRETREATMENT

Twin-screw extruder (10 kg/h capacity)

Different screws in twin-screw extruderCS- Conveying screw

MS- Mixing screw

RS- Reverse screwCS

RSMS

TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE

2. NEW AND/OR IMPROVED ENZYMES

• To reduce the costs of enzyme production by improving cellulase production and enzymatic cocktail efficiency

• To find the way for reducing enzyme loading without loss of performance

• To develop enzymes with improved thermo-stability and less susceptibility to sugars inhibition

• Develop yeast strains resistant to toxic compounds, high solids concentration and rising ethanol concentration

3. FERMENTATION

Joint Unit of Biotechnological Processes for Energy Production

• To incorporate molecular biology tools to improve the efficiency and economics of biochemical conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels: enzyme and fermenting microorganisms development

• To produce biofuels from microalgae.

Advanced conversion path based on biological and chemical process

Joint Biotechnological Processes Unit

Research Activities

• Isolation and characterization of new microorganisms and their enzymatic complex to transform lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels.

• Production of biofuels and other added- value products from microalgae

• Genetic manipulation (modification or introduction of new steps) of metabolic routes in hydrolytic and/or fermentative microorganisms and microalgae to increase production of target metabolites

Cellulose hydrolysis

Cellulases

HexosesFermentationPentose Fermentation

SHF SSF SSCF CBP

SHF: Separate Hydrolysis and fermentation; SSF: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, SSFC: Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation CBP: Consolidated bioprocessing

TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE

4. PROCESS INTEGRATION

Level of integration

The Second generation Biofuel Centre is a Process Development Units (PDUs) to produce 2nd generation biofuels on a pilot scale level as an intermediate step towards the industrial scale-up of these technologies and as a biorefinery test platform..

Sugar PlatformBiochemical processes

WasteLignin

BIOMASSBioFuelsBioProductsBioPolymersBioMaterials

Synthesis gas platformThermochemical processes

GasificationSynthesis gas

preparation

Raw MaterialSugars

Cogeneration (CHP)Energy and heat

Second Generation Biofuel Center (CB2G); collaboration CENER-CIEMAT

Pretreatment Unit: Capacity: 500 Kg Biomass/h In operation from 2008

Chipper & Chopper

Drying Unit

Milling Units

Torrefaction reactor

Pelletizing unit

ABFB Gasifier & Thermal Oxidizer and Flue gases treatment

Thermochemical Unit: Capacity: 2 MWt-500 Kg Biomass/h In operation from 2012

Biochemical Process Unit: Capacity: Up to 1,500 kg biomass / weekIn operation from 2013

The unit offers:

Biomass feedstock flexibility.Flexible scaling-up: pilot- semi industrial.High solid content processes development.Different conditions and process configurations.Different target products: biofuels and bio-products

Main equipment includes:

Vacuum Belt Filter Detoxification and Dilution TanksEnzymatic Hydrolysis (2 x 3 m3)Bioreactors (1, 3 and 6 m3)

Biochemical Process Unit: Pilot PlantIn operation from 2013

Continuous horizontal reactor: 5Kg/h up to 14.5bar & 200ºC Bioreactor fully monitored.

Pretreatment

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Stirred tank reactor to develop high consistency EH

PROJECTS COLLABORATION 7FP

BRASIL-UBL (CIEMAT)

Biofuels Assessment on Technical Opportunities and Research Needs for Latin America

Specific International Cooperation Actions;

Integration of Biology and Engineering into an Economical and Energy-Efficient 2G Bioethanol Biorefinery

EU-Brazil Collaborative project

PROETHANOL2G

BioTop Partners• WIP – Renewable Energies, Alemania (WIP)

• Technical University of Denmark (DTU)

• University of Graz, Austria (UNI GRAZ)

• BTG Biomass Technology Group, Holanda (BTG)

• Argentine Renewable Energies Chamber (ABC)

• Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile (UCV)

• Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM)

• Fundación Bariloche, Argentina (FB)

• FUSP/CENBIO, Brasil

• CIEMAT, España

To identify technical opportunities and research needs for Latin America in order to maximize synergies in the biofuels sectors of Latin America and Europe.

Proethanol 2G: EU-Brazil Collaborative project

EU: FP7-ENERGY-2009-BRAZIL (Contract No 251151)/ BRAZIL: Edital nº 006/2009 - CNPq/MCT

PROETHANOL2G focus on:

The effective integration and development of advanced technologies through the combined use of Biology and Engineering for the production of second generation (2G) bioethanol, from the most representatives European (wheat straw) and Brazilian (sugarcane bagasse and straw) feedstocks.

COLLABORATION will continue in Horizon 2020

Workprogramme for 2015

Partnering with Brazil on advanced biofuels

In the framework of the EU-Brazil S&T Cooperation Agreement, the European Commission and the Brasilean Ministry of Science and Technology are working together to benefit from the complementarities in research and innovation, in

order to foster the development of advanced biofuels and accelerate their commercialisation both in Brazil and in Europe.

¡¡¡OBRIGADA PELA ATENÇÃO¡¡¡

[email protected]¡¡¡GRACIAS POR LA ATENCION¡¡¡