Space Tourism Industry Emergence: Description and Data Ken Davidian 1–3 1 FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation, Washington, DC, USA. 2 Editor-in-Chief, New Space Journal, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., New Rochelle, NY, USA. 3 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA. ABSTRACT This report has 2 goals. The first is to narrate the origins of the space tourism industry using 2 models of industry evolution. The first model, representing the complex and turbulent nature of the innovation process, sequences observed events into a nar- rative of industry emergence. The second model, listing the in- dustry resources required for successful emergence, referred to as industry infrastructure elements (IIEs), helps identify the relevant industry events from a larger number of component incidents. This research collected more than 8,400 pieces of secondary and archival data from traditional and news aggre- gator websites, distilled them into *400 significant events, and categorized them within the 3 main components of IIEs: Institutional Arrangements, Resource Endowments, and Pro- prietary Functions. Primary data, collected via 40 interviews of industry members, complemented the secondary data. Organiz- ing the events within these models results in a rich description of the space tourism industry emergence phenomenon. The second goal of this report is to contribute to industry emer- gence research conducted by others. The data collection meth- odology in this research followed that of the Minnesota Innovation Research Project, which allows for the collectivi- zation, and sharing, of data sets among multiple innovation researchers, based on a common definition of the innovation process. Therefore, in support of the goal of collectivist data collection, the Supplementary Appendix of this report contains the full data set of space tourism industry emergence events (including citations), for use by like-minded industry emergence researchers. Keywords: innovation research, industry emergence, space tourism, suborbital spaceflight, infrastructure elements INTRODUCTION T his report describes the emergence of the space tourism industry (or human suborbital spaceflight population [HSSFP]),* within models of the inno- vation process and required industry resources. The HSSFP is rooted in high-speed, rocket-powered, mili- tary aviation research, and its emergence was stimulated by the Ansari X PRIZE competition. This research identified HSSFP emergence events using a data collection method- ology described in the Minnesota Innovation Research Program. 1–3 The space tourism industry can be described as a techno- logical niche proto-market, 4 in the intermediate stages of the innovation process, before the appearance of a dominant design. To describe the space tourism emergence story, this report employs the ‘‘fireworks’’ innovation process model. 5 This model reflects the complexity and uncontrollability of the innovation process in 3 periods and 12 phases (Fig. 1). The first Initiation period includes phases of Extended Ge- station, Shock Trigger, and Submission of Initial Plans (entry of new firms). Next, the Developmental period is the most complex, including phases of Proliferation (of the ª Ken Davidian 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are cited. *The phrase ‘‘space tourism industry’’ is commonly used by practitioners. More accurately, ‘‘space tourism’’ is an industry segment of the ‘‘launch vehicle’’ in- dustry. Because the terms ‘‘industry’’ and ‘‘industry segment’’ could be interpreted as including commercial actors only, academic researchers employ the respective terms of ‘‘community’’ and ‘‘population,’’ encompassing both commercial and noncommercial actors. Therefore, from the academic perspective of organizational evolution, the ‘‘launch vehicle industry’’ is categorized as a ‘‘community’’ and the ‘‘space tourism industry’’ is more accurately labeled the ‘‘human suborbital space flight population.’’ DOI: 10.1089/space.2019.0040 MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. VOL. 8 NO. 2 2020 NEW SPACE 87
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Space Tourism Industry Emergence:Description and Data
Ken Davidian1–3
1FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation, Washington,DC, USA.2Editor-in-Chief, New Space Journal, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.,New Rochelle, NY, USA.3Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,VA, USA.
ABSTRACTThis report has 2 goals. The first is to narrate the origins of the
space tourism industry using 2 models of industry evolution. The
first model, representing the complex and turbulent nature of
the innovation process, sequences observed events into a nar-
rative of industry emergence. The second model, listing the in-
dustry resources required for successful emergence, referred to
as industry infrastructure elements (IIEs), helps identify the
relevant industry events from a larger number of component
incidents. This research collected more than 8,400 pieces of
secondary and archival data from traditional and news aggre-
gator websites, distilled them into *400 significant events,
and categorized them within the 3 main components of IIEs:
Institutional Arrangements, Resource Endowments, and Pro-
prietary Functions. Primary data, collected via 40 interviews of
industry members, complemented the secondary data. Organiz-
ing the events within these models results in a rich description
of the space tourism industry emergence phenomenon. The
second goal of this report is to contribute to industry emer-
gence research conducted by others. The data collection meth-
odology in this research followed that of the Minnesota
Innovation Research Project, which allows for the collectivi-
zation, and sharing, of data sets among multiple innovation
researchers, based on a common definition of the innovation
process. Therefore, in support of the goal of collectivist data
collection, the Supplementary Appendix of this report contains
the full data set of space tourism industry emergence events
(including citations), for use by like-minded industry emergence
researchers.
Keywords: innovation research, industry emergence, space
tourism, suborbital spaceflight, infrastructure elements
INTRODUCTION
This report describes the emergence of the space
tourism industry (or human suborbital spaceflight
population [HSSFP]),* within models of the inno-
vation process and required industry resources.
The HSSFP is rooted in high-speed, rocket-powered, mili-
tary aviation research, and its emergence was stimulated
by the Ansari X PRIZE competition. This research identified
HSSFP emergence events using a data collection method-
ology described in the Minnesota Innovation Research
Program.1–3
The space tourism industry can be described as a techno-
logical niche proto-market,4 in the intermediate stages of
the innovation process, before the appearance of a dominant
design. To describe the space tourism emergence story, this
report employs the ‘‘fireworks’’ innovation process model.5
This model reflects the complexity and uncontrollability of
the innovation process in 3 periods and 12 phases (Fig. 1).
The first Initiation period includes phases of Extended Ge-
station, Shock Trigger, and Submission of Initial Plans
(entry of new firms). Next, the Developmental period is the
most complex, including phases of Proliferation (of the
ª Ken Davidian 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author(s) and the source are cited.
*The phrase ‘‘space tourism industry’’ is commonly used by practitioners. More
accurately, ‘‘space tourism’’ is an industry segment of the ‘‘launch vehicle’’ in-
dustry. Because the terms ‘‘industry’’ and ‘‘industry segment’’ could be interpreted
as including commercial actors only, academic researchers employ the respective
terms of ‘‘community’’ and ‘‘population,’’ encompassing both commercial and
noncommercial actors. Therefore, from the academic perspective of organizational
evolution, the ‘‘launch vehicle industry’’ is categorized as a ‘‘community’’ and the
‘‘space tourism industry’’ is more accurately labeled the ‘‘human suborbital space
flight population.’’
DOI: 10.1089/space.2019.0040 MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. � VOL. 8 NO. 2 � 2020 NEW SPACE 87
APPENDIX. LIST OF HISTORICAL EVENT ANALYSIS EVENTS
Below is a chronological list of all Institutional Arrangement, Resource Endowment,
and Proprietary Function events discussed in this analysis. Over 95% (all but 20 of the
approximately 450 events) have citations, and those that don’t are indicated with a “cite
missing” notation. Event descriptions are preceded by dates in yyyy-mm-dd format. Date
placeholders, denoted by double upper-case letter “X,” indicate an unknown month or
date, depending where it appears in the format sequence. Abbreviations used in this
Appendix are shown in the table below.
Abbrev. Meaning A4H Astronauts 4 Hire AECA Arms Export Control ActAFRC Armstrong Flight Research CenterARC Ames Research Center AST Office of Commercial Space TransportationCCDEV Commercial Crew DevelopmentCEO Chief Executive OfficerCOE CST Center of Excellence for Commercial Space TransportationCOTS Commercial Orbital Transportation SystemCSF Commercial Spaceflight FederationCSLA Commercial Space Launch ActCSLAA Commercial Space Launch Amendments ActCSLCA Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness ActCSTR Commercial Space Transportation RegulationsDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDOT Department of TransportationEAA Export Administration ActEAR Export Administration RegulationsEP Experimental Permit ETC Environmental Tectonics CorporationFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationHSSFP Human Suborbital Space Flight PopulationIAC International Astronautical CongressISDC International Space Development ConferenceISPCS International Symposium for Personal Commercial SpaceflightITAR International Trade in Arms RegulationsJAA Jacksonville Aviation Authoritykm Kilometers KSC Kennedy Space Center LaRC Langley Research CenterLLC Limited Liability CompanyLSO Launch Site Operator MAV Mojave Aerospace Ventures
2 5-Jul-20
Abbrev. Meaning MIT Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMSFC Marshall Space Flight CenterNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASTAR National Aerospace Training and ResearchNBC National Broadcasting CompanyNGLLC Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander ChallengeNM New Mexico NMSA New Mexico Spaceport AuthorityNS1 New Shepard One NS2 New Shepard Two NS3 New Shepard Three NSRC Next Generation Suborbital Researchers ConferenceNSS National Space SocietyOCST Office of Commercial Space TransportationOSIDA Oklahoma Space Industry Development AuthorityPAC Political Action CommitteePM2 Propulsion Module TwoPoSSUM Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper MesospherePSF Personal Spaceflight FederationRASCAL Responsive Access, Small Cargo, Affordable LaunchRR Rocket Racing SA Safety Approval SAA Space Act Agreement SARG Space Applications Research GroupSAS Space Access Society SB State Bill SBIR Small Business Innovation ResearchSC Scaled Composites SEDS Students for the Exploration and Development of SpaceSFF Space Frontier FoundationSS1 SpaceShipOne SS2 SpaceShipTwo SS2(E) SpaceShipTwo - EnterpriseSS2(U) SpaceShipTwo - Unity STTR Small Business Technology TransferSwRI Southwest Research InstituteTSC The Spaceship CompanyTX Texas U.S. United States UAE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom ULA United Launch AllianceVG Virgin Galactic WK1 White Knight One WK2 White Knight Two WSTF White Sands Test FacilityXCOR Not an abbreviation
5-Jul-20 3
HUMAN SUBORBITAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION POPULATION
TABLE OF INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENTS
1.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
1.1 LEGITIMATION
1.1.1 Guarantees 2010-04-07 FAA AST issues NASTAR safety approval SA 10-001 (FAA AST, 2015c). 2011-04-20 FAA AST issues ZeroG safety approval SA 11-002 (FAA AST, 2016b). 2011-06-10 FAA AST issues SpaceTEC safety approval SA 11-003 (FAA AST, 2011b). 2012-09-11 FAA AST issues NASTAR safety approval SA 12-004 (FAA AST, 2011c). 2013-03-28 FAA AST issues Black Sky Training safety approval SA 13-005 (FAA AST, 2013b). 2014-01-22 FAA AST issues Black Sky Training safety approval SA 14-006 (FAA AST, 2014e). 2014-01-23 FAA AST issues Waypoint2Space safety approval SA 14-007 (FAA AST, 2014f). 2015-04-03 FAA AST issues NASTAR safety approval SA 10-001 rev 1 (FAA AST, 2015c).
1.1.2 Endorsements 2003-07-24 Dennis Tito, Jeff Greason, et al., lobby for commercial space regulation changes (Muncy,
2017; Space.com, 2003). 2004-10-08 House Passes Resolution Honoring X PRIZE Recipients (House Science Committee, 2004) 2005-10-05 SpaceShipOne is inducted into the National Air and Space Museum (Hales, 2005). 2006-2017 XCOR lobbying expense history (OpenSecrets, 2016b). [8 events] 2012-07-13 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA2-402686 between Virgin Galactic and NASA
AFRC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2012-07-13 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA2-402686 between Virgin Galactic and NASA ARC
(NASA Partnerships, 2017). 2012-2016 Blue Origin PAC expense history (OpenSecrets, 2016a). [3 events] 2012-2016 Virgin Galactic PAC expense history (OpenSecrets, 2016c). [3 events] 2013-12-23 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA2-402809 between Blue Origin, LLC and NASA
ARC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2013-2017 Blue Origin lobbying expense history (OpenSecrets, 2018). [4 events] 2014-04-30 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA-RA-14-16704 between Blue Origin LLC and
NASA WSTF (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2014-04-30 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA-RA-14-16704-1 between Blue Origin LLC and
NASA WSTF (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2014-06-17 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA1-17595 between Virgin Galactic Corporation and
NASA LaRC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2014-2017 Virgin Galactic lobbying expense history (OpenSecrets, citation needed). 2015-01-14 Non-Reimbursable space act agreement SAA1-18877 between XCOR Aerospace and
NASA LaRC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2015-06-29 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA2-402686-2 between Virgin Galactic and NASA
ARC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2016-04-15 Non-Reimbursable space act agreement KCA-4502 Rev. Basic between Blue Origin and
NASA KSC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2016-04-20 Non-Reimbursable space act agreement SAA2-403106 between Virgin Galactic LLC and
NASA ARC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2017-01-13 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA8-1724581 between Blue Origin, LLC and NASA
MSFC (NASA Partnerships, 2017).2017-03-27 Reimbursable space act agreement KCA-4514 between Blue Origin, LLC and NASA KSC
(NASA Partnerships, 2017).
4 5-Jul-20
2017-04-18 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA-RA-17-25434 between Blue Origin, LLC and NASA WSTF (NASA Partnerships, 2017).
2017-04-18 Reimbursable space act agreement SAA-RA-17-25434-01 between Blue Origin, LLC and NASA WSTF (NASA Partnerships, 2017).
2017-08-05 Non-Reimbursable space act agreement SAA-RA-17-20648 between Blue Origin, LLC and NASA WSTF (NASA Partnerships, 2017).
1.1.3 Licensing Practices 2004-04-01 FAA AST issues Scaled Composites a launch license (FAA AST, 2004). 2004-04-23 FAA AST issues XCOR a license for XERUS vehicle (Boyle, 2004). 2004-06-17 FAA AST issues Mojave Air and Spaceport a spaceport license LSO 04-009 (FAA AST,
2014c). 2006-06-12 FAA AST issues OSIDA a spaceport license LSO 06-010 (FAA AST, 2011a). 2006-09-15 FAA AST issues Blue Origin an experimental permit EP 06-001 (FAA AST, 2007). 2007-12-20 FAA AST issues Mojave Air and Spaceport a spaceport license LSO 04-009 rev 1 (FAA
AST, 2014c). 2008-09-25 FAA AST issues Mojave Air and Spaceport a spaceport license LSO 04-009 rev 2 (FAA
AST, 2014c). 2008-12-15 FAA AST issues NMSA a spaceport license LSO 08-011 (FAA AST, 2013a). 2009-05-05 FAA AST issues Mojave Air and Spaceport a spaceport license LSO 04-009 rev 3 (FAA
AST, 2014c). 2010-01-11 FAA AST issues JAA a spaceport license LSO 09-012 (FAA AST, 2015a). 2011-04-29 FAA AST issues Blue Origin an experimental permit EP 11-006 (FAA AST, 2007). 2011-05-06 FAA AST issues OSIDA a spaceport license LSO 06-010 rev 1 (FAA AST, 2011a). 2011-05-20 FAA AST issues Blue Origin an experimental permit EP 11-006 rev 1 (FAA AST, 2007). 2012-05-23 FAA AST issues Scaled Composites an experimental permit EP 12-007 (FAA AST, 2014a). 2012-07-31 FAA AST issues NMSA a spaceport license LSO 08-011 rev 1 (FAA AST, 2013a). 2013-05-22 FAA AST issues Scaled Composites an experimental permit EP 12-007 rev 1 (FAA AST,
2014a). 2013-12-09 FAA AST issues NMSA a spaceport license LSO 08-011 rev 2 (FAA AST, 2013a). 2014-02-14 FAA AST issues Blue Origin an experimental permit EP 14-009 (FAA AST, 2014b). 2014-05-21 FAA AST issues Scaled Composites an experimental permit EP 12-007 rev 2 (FAA AST,
2014a). 2014-06-13 FAA AST issues Mojave Air and Spaceport a spaceport license LSO 04-009 rev 4 (FAA
AST, 2014c). 2014-09-15 FAA AST issues Midland a spaceport license LSO 14-015 (FAA AST, 2014d). 2014-12-19 FAA AST issues Blue Origin an experimental permit EP 14-009 rev 1 (FAA AST, 2014b). 2015-01-06 FAA AST issues JAA a spaceport license LSO 09-012 rev 1 (FAA AST, 2015a). 2015-02-12 FAA AST issues Blue Origin an experimental permit EP 14-009 rev 2 (FAA AST, 2014b). 2016-02-05 FAA AST issues Blue Origin an experimental permit EP 14-009 rev 3 (FAA AST, 2014b). 2016-06-26 FAA AST issues Houston a spaceport license LSO 15-016 (FAA AST, 2015b). 2016-07-29 FAA AST issues Virgin Galactic a launch operator’s license LRLO 16-092 (FAA AST,
2016a). 2018-08-17 FAA AST issues Front Range spaceport license LSO 18-017 (FAA AST, 2018).
1.1.4 Industry Regulations
1.2 GOVERNANCE
1.2.1 Norms and Rules 2004-06-21 Mike Melvill is awarded astronaut wings, for first flight of SS1 above an altitude of 50km,
by FAA AST Associate Administrator, Patti Grace-Smith (Harwood, 2004).
5-Jul-20 5
2004-10-04 Brian Binnie is awarded astronaut wings, for first flight of SS1 above an altitude of 50km, by FAA AST Associate Administrator, Patti Grace-Smith (David, 2004)
2005-02-09 Creation of the Personal Spaceflight Federation (PSF) announced (David, 2005). 2009-06-15 Renaming of the PSF to the Commercial Spaceflight Federation (CSF) (Commercial
Spaceflight Federation, 2009) 2009-08-18 Creation of the Suborbital Applications Research Group (SARG) as a CSF committee
(SpaceNews Staff, 2009). 2019-02-10 VG SS2 pilot, Frederick Sturckow, and co-pilot, Mark Stucky receive astronaut wings from
Department of Transportation Secretary, Elaine Chao, in a public ceremony.2019-XX-XX VG SS2 pilot, Dave Mackay, co-pilot, Michael Masucci, and flight crew, Beth Moses,
receive astronaut wings in public ceremony.
1.2.2 Regulations 1976-06-30 International Trade in Arms Regulations (ITAR) adopted (Arms Export Control Act, 1976). 1979-09-29 Export Administration Regulations (EAR) adopted (Export Administration Act, 1979). 1984-10-30 Commercial Space Transportation Regulations (CSTR) adopted (Commercial Space Launch
Act, 1984). 2006-12-15 Release of Human Spaceflight Requirements for Crew and Space Flight Participants
(Federal Aviation Administration, 2006).2014-08-27 Release of Recommended Practices for Human Space Flight Occupant Safety (Federal
Aviation Administration, 2014).2017-04-04 Release of Guidance on informing crew and space flight participants of risk. Version 1.1
(Federal Aviation Administration, 2017).
1.2.3 Laws (including Regulation Authorization) 1967-01-27 U.S. adopts the Outer Space Treaty (U.S. Department of State, 1967). 1976-06-30 Arms Export Control Act (AECA) signed into law (Arms Export Control Act, 1976). 1979-09-29 Export Administration Act (EAA) signed into law (Export Administration Act, 1979). 1984-10-30 CSLA bill signed into law, and creates the Office of Commercial Space Transportation
(OCST) within the Department of Transportation (Commercial Space Launch Act, 1984). 1995-XX-XX CSTR authority transferred from DOT OCST to FAA AST by executive order (cite
missing). 1999-07-01 Oklahoma creates the Oklahoma Space Industry Development Authority (State of
Oklahoma, 1999). 2001-05-24 Oklahoma passes a transferrable tax credit law for Rocketplane (Lauer, 2017; State of
Oklahoma, 2001). 2004-12-24 CSLAA signed into law (Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act, 2004). 2005-04-04 New Mexico Spaceport Authority created (State of New Mexico, 2005c). 2005-2016 New Mexico passes multiple spaceport appropriation bills (State of New Mexico, 2005a,
2007d, 2013a, 2014c, 2015, 2016b, 2007a, 2008a, 2008c, 2009a, 2010b, 2010a, 2011, 2012a).2005-2016 New Mexico passes multiple spaceport authorization bills (State of New Mexico, 2005b,
2007-04-11 Virginia passes a limited liability and civil immunity law (State of Virginia, 2007). 2008-06-17 Florida passes liability immunity and requires informed consent for suborbital flight
participants (State of Florida, 2008).2010-2013 New Mexico passes informed consent laws SB 9 and SB 240 (State of New Mexico, 2010c,
2013d). 2011-03-25 Virginia passes a tax exemption law for commercial human spaceflight (State of Virginia,
2011). 2011-06-14 Florida gives permission for Cecil Field to become spaceport (Wood, 2011). 2012-02-16 Florida passes spaceport facilities law (State of Florida, 2012a). 2012-04-13 Florida creates spaceport territory for Cecil Field (State of Florida, 2012b). 2012-05-10 Hawaii passes a law to appropriate funds for a spaceport license (State of Hawaii, 2012).
6 5-Jul-20
2012-09-21 California passes space flight liability and immunity law (State of California, 2012). 2013-04-02 New Mexico passes spaceflight informed consent act (State of New Mexico, 2013d). 2014-03-11 New Mexico passes spaceport financial bill (State of New Mexico, 2014a). 2014-04-28 California passes tax exemption law for space flight property (State of California, 2014b). 2014-06-14 California passes informed consent law (State of California, 2014a). 2015-11-25 CSLCA bill signed into law (Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, 2016).
1.3 TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS
1.3.1 Government Regulatory Mandates
1.3.2 Cooperative, Voluntary Industry Standards 2015-05-XX Industry consensus propellant handling standards developed (CSF, 2015).
1.3.3 Market-driven, de facto Standards
2.0 RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS
2.1 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
2.1.1 Government Contract R&D Results 1955-1956 U.S. Air Force’s X-2 vehicle performs 13 test flights (“X-2,” 2018) 1957-09-27 Fatal accident during an X-2 test flight (“X-2,” 2018). 1959-1969 U.S. Air Force’s X-15 vehicle performs 340 test flights (“X-15A,” 2018). 1961-05-05 First suborbital flight of NASA’s Project Mercury (Gunter’s Space Page, 2018). 1961-07-21 Second suborbital flight of NASA’s Project Mercury (Gunter’s Space Page, 2018). 1967-11-15 Fatal accident during an X-15 test flight (“X-15 Flight 191,” 2018) 1968-1970 U.S. Air Force’s HL-10 vehicle performs 37 test flights (“HL-10,” 2018) 1970-1971 U.S. Air Force’s X-24A vehicle performs 28 test flights (“X-24A,” 2018) 1970-1972 U.S. Air Force’s M2-F3 vehicle performs 43 test flights (“M2-F3,” 2018) 1973-1975 U.S. Air Force’s X-24B vehicle performs 36 test flights (“X-24B,” 2018) 1990-1996 Delta Clipper Program (“Delta Clipper,” 2018)
2.1.2 Government Grant R&D Results 2010-08-18 FAA AST announces selection of COE CST universities (Price, 2010). 2010-09-01 FAA AST awards COE CST universities $1,500,000 for suborbital research (Center of
Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation, 2012).2011-06-01 FAA AST awards COE CST universities $260,000 suborbital research (Center of
Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation, 2013).2012-06-01 FAA AST awards COE CST universities $1,400,000 suborbital research (Center of
Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation, 2014).2013-06-01 FAA AST awards COE CST universities $830,000 suborbital research (Center of
Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation, 2015).2014-06-01 FAA AST awards COE CST universities $1,000,000 suborbital research (Center of
Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation, 2016).2015-06-01 FAA AST awards COE CST universities $810,000 suborbital research (Center of
Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation, 2017).2016-06-01 FAA AST awards COE CST universities $500,000 suborbital research (Center of
Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation, 2017).
2.2 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS
2.2.1 SBIR Funding 2002-01-01 Navy gives SBIR Phase 1 award of $98,335 to XCOR (“Metal truss X-cor structures for
marine expeditionary fighting vehicles,” 2002).
5-Jul-20 7
2003-01-01 DARPA gives STTR Phase 2 contract of $750K to XCOR (“Piston pump for rocket propellant applications,” 2003).
2005-01-01 Air Force gives SBIR Phase 1 award of $98,867 to XCOR (“Advanced regeneratively cooled LOx / methane rocket engine with innovative injector design,” 2005).
2007-01-01 Air Force gives SBIR Phase 1 award of $99.935 to XCOR (“Hardware component prototyping for operationally responsive space access,” 2007).
2008-01-01 Air Force gives SBIR Phase 1 award of $99,207 to XCOR (“Variable thrust liquid or gel propulsion for mission flexibility,” 2008).
2008-01-01 Air Force gives SBIR Phase 1 award of $99,675 to XCOR (“High propellant throughput microthrusters for next-generation nanosatellites,” 2008).
2008-01-01 Air Force gives SBIR Phase 2 award of $749,513 to XCOR (“Hardware component prototyping for operationally responsive space access,” 2007).
2011-01-01 NASA gives SBIR Phase 1 award of $99,859 to XCOR (“Cryogenic composite tank fabrication for reusable launch vehicles,” 2011).
2015-01-01 NASA gives SBIR Phase 1 award of $125,000 to Blue Origin (“Thermo-catalytic ignition of cryogenic oxygen-methane,” 2015).
2.2.2 Government Contract Funding 2001-2005 DARPA Responsive Access, Small Cargo, Affordable Launch (RASCAL) program (“DARPA
selects Space Launch Corp. for second phase of RASCAL,” 2003; “RASCAL - Responsive Access, Small Cargo, Affordable Launch / SLC-1,” 2011).
2005-04-01 XCOR awarded $1.1M NASA contract ($0.5M in 2005 and $0.6M in 2006) for cryogenic tank development (“NASA-XCOR Contract NNM05AB14C,” 2018).
2010-01-30 Blue Origin awarded $3.6M in NASA Commercial Crew Development (CCDEV) Phase 1 (NASA Johnson Space Center, 2010).
2011-04-18 Blue Origin awarded $22M in NASA CCDEV Phase 2 (NASA, 2011). 2014-07-01 Blue Origin-Boeing team awarded $4M XS-1 contract from DARPA (Wall, 2015). 2014-07-01 Masten-XCOR team awarded $3M XS-1 contract from DARPA (Federal Business
Opportunities, 2014) 2014-07-01 VG-Northrop team awarded $4M XS-1 contract from DARPA (Wall, 2015). 2014-09-18 Virgin Galactic awarded $100K NASA contract for payload integration (“National Aeronautics
and Space Administration NND14AP03B-NND14AP13T To Virgin Galactic LLC $100k,” 2018).2015-08-08 Blue Origin-Boeing team receives DARPA XS-1 Phase B contract (Wall, 2015). 2015-08-08 Masten-XCOR team receives DARPA XS-1 Phase B contract (Wall, 2015). 2015-08-08 Virgin Galactic-Northrop team receives DARPA XS-1 Phase B contract (Wall, 2015). 2015-09-30 Virgin Galactic awarded $3.1M NASA contract for a satellite launch, but it is unknown if
payment was ever made, since VG never flew (GSA FPDS, 2018).2016-03-24 Virgin Galactic contract with NASA for $0.5M (GSA FPDS, 2018). 2016-09-28 Virgin Galactic contract with NASA for $1.1M (GSA FPDS, 2018).
2.2.3 Non-Equity Investment 2003-XX-XX Rocketplane converts $15M of transferrable tax credits into $12M cash, calls it the “O” Prize
(De Keyser, 2005) 2010-10-18 FAA AST awards Space Transportation Infrastructure Matching Grants for $273K to three
HSSFP spaceports of in 2010 (FAA AST, 2013c; Kinney, 2010).2011-08-26 FAA AST awards Space Transportation Infrastructure Matching Grants for $374K to two
HSSFP spaceports of in 2011 (FAA AST, 2013c; Messier, 2011).2012-09-25 FAA AST awards Space Transportation Infrastructure Matching Grants for $474K to three
HSSFP spaceports of in 2012 (FAA AST, 2013c; Price, 2012).2013-07-12 Midland Development Corp. gives XCOR a $10M loan that didn’t have to be repaid if certain
milestones were met (Petty, 2012).
2.2.4 Equity Investment 2000-01-09 Jeff Bezos invests $500M in Blue Origin (Bryce Space and Technology, 2017).
8 5-Jul-20
2002-XX-XX Paul Allen invests $28M in Scaled Composites for SpaceShipOne (Allen, 2012; Doughton, 2004; Foust, 2011; NASA, 2010).
2003-04-16 XCOR Secures $187,500 Equity Investment (XCOR Aerospace, 2003). 2003-XX-XX George French invests $10M in Rocketplane (Lauer, 2017) 2004-01-01 The Virgin Group invests $100M in Virgin Galactic (Bryce Space and Technology, 2017). 2007-06-07 XCOR receives investment from Boston Harbor Angels (XCOR, 2007). 2008-08-19 XCOR gets first institutional investor: Desert Sky holdings (XCOR, 2008). 2009-07-28 Aabar (UAE) invests $280M in Virgin Galactic (MSNBC, 2009). 2011-10-19 Aabar invests an additional $110M in Virgin Galactic (Malas, 2011). 2012-02-27 XCOR raises $5M of equity funding (XCOR, 2012a). 2012-XX-XX Space Florida invests $3M in XCOR (XCOR, 2012b). 2014-05-27 XCOR raises $14.2M equity investment (P. de Selding, 2014). 2015-05-26 XCOR raises $5M of equity investment (Knapp, 2015). 2015-08-06 Jeff Bezos raises $500M selling Amazon stock (Computer Business Review, 2015). 2015-09-15 Bezos invests $200M into Blue Origin (Klotz, 2015).
2.2.5 Industry-Wide Stimuli 1996-05-18 X PRIZE Foundation announces X PRIZE competition (Uhlenbrock, 1996) 2004-05-05 X PRIZE announces title sponsor, Ansari (Linehan, 2011). 2004-11-06 X PRIZE awards $10M to Burt Rutan (X PRIZE Foundation, 2004). 2005-10-03 Rocket Racing League announced (Malik, 2005; Rocket Racing League, 2005). 2005-10-11 Announcement of NASA Centennial Challenges Lunar Landing Prize (Harrington & Braukus,
2005). 2006-10-10 Wirefly.com sponsors X PRIZE Cup event (Murphy & Cohen, 2006). 2008-10-26 NGLLC awards $350K to Armadillo Aerospace (David, 2008c). 2009-11-05 NGLLC awards $1.65M in award ceremony (NASA CC, 2009). 2014 Rocket Racing League ceases operation (Cole, 2017).
2.3 HUMAN COMPETENCE POOL
2.3.1 Educational Programs 1987-04-XX International Space University conducts first Summer Session Program (Marshall, 1988). 1987-XX-XX University of North Dakota conducts its first Space Studies program (University of North
Dakota, 2018). 1995-XX-XX International Space University conducts first Master of Space Studies program (cite
missing). 2011-01-05 International Space University conducts first Southern Hemisphere Space Studies program
(Nardelli, 2010; Schwob & Nardelli, 2012)2013-09-XX Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University initiates its Commercial Spaceflight Operations
program, later renamed to Space Flight Operations (Plafke, 2013).
2.3.2 Recruitment and Training 2004-XX-XX Rocketplane employment in 2004 is 60-70 (Lauer, 2017). 2004-XX-XX Scaled Composites total employment in 2004 is approximately 125 people. (David, 2007b) 2005-XX-XX XCOR employment in 2005 is 17 (Nelson, 2017; Rodway, 2017). 2006-XX-XX Rocketplane employment in 2006 is 30 (Lauer, 2017). 2007-XX-XX Scaled Composites total employment in 2007 is approximately 250 people. (David, 2007b) 2008-02-XX Futron Training Survey Report released (Futron Corporation, 2008). 2008-XX-XX XCOR employment in 2008 is 30-35 (Nelson, 2017; Rodway, 2017). 2010-05-17 VG names George Whitesides as first CEO (Virgin Galactic, 2010). 2010-12-23 VG President Will Whitehorn announces retirement. George Whitesides to become CEO and
President (Foust, 2010).
5-Jul-20 9
2010-XX-XX Astronauts 4 Hire (A4H) begins operation (Livingston, 2010). 2011-05-19 Formation of NASTAR Foundation announced (cite missing). 2011-XX-XX XCOR employment in 2011 is 25-30 (Nelson, 2017; Rodway, 2017). 2012-02-26 ETC National Aerospace Training and Research (NASTAR) Center announces commercial
space training courses (ETC, 2012).2012-XX-XX XCOR employment in 2012 is 50 (Nelson, 2017; Rodway, 2017). 2013-07-10 Steven J. Isakowitz named as President of Virgin Galactic LLC (Virgin Galactic, 2013) 2014-XX-XX Blue Origin employment approximately 350 on Sept 14, 2014. (“FAQ- ULA AND BLUE
2014-XX-XX Virgin Galactic total employment in 2014 is approximately 400 people. (Cofield, 2015)Cofield, C. (2015).
2014-XX-XX XCOR employment in 2014 is 80 (Nelson, 2017; Rodway, 2017). 2015-XX-XX Virgin Galactic total employment in 2015 is over 500 people. (Cofield, 2015) 2015-XX-XX XCOR employment in 2015 is 110 (Nelson, 2017; Rodway, 2017). 2016-10-13 Mike Moses named Virgin Galactic president (Foust, 2016c). 2016-10-13 Virgin employment at 700, stated in a presentation by Mike Moses at ISPCS (International
Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spacepflight, 2016a).2016-10-13 Blue employment currently at 800, double from previous year as stated in presentation by Rob
Meyerson at ISPCS (International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spacepflight, 2016b).2016-10-16 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University initiates its PoSSUM program (Roddey, 2016). 2016-XX-XX Blue Origin employment on Nov 1, 2016: 800, stated in a presentation by Clay Mowry talk
at IAC Planning Meeting. 2016-XX-XX XCOR employment in 2016 is 50-60 (Nelson, 2017; Rodway, 2017). 2017-XX-XX Blue Origin employment on Dec 19, 2017: 1,400, Jeff Foust on Twitter: "Wagner: when I
joined Blue Origin 5.5 years ago, company had 170 employees. We just hit 1,400." 2017-XX-XX Blue Origin employment on March 26, 2017: 1,024, stated in a presentation by Clay Mowry
talk at IAC Planning Meeting. 2018-XX-XX Blue Origin employment on 11 March 2018: 1,400, stated in a presentation by Erika Wagner
at the MIT New Space Age Conference, Cambridge, MA.2019-10-29 Virgin Galactic reports having 721 employees (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission,
2019). 2019-11-29 Blue Origin has 2,500 employees (Boyle, 2019).
2.3.3 Knowledge Sharing 1982-05-XX First National Space Society (NSS) International Space Development Conference (ISDC) held
(NSS, 2018). 1982-1997 Students for the Exploration and Development of Space Conference held (Lewicki, 2018) 2004-Present Annual Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS) conference, last held
in 1997, resumes under the name of SpaceVision, in 2004 (cite missing).1991-2005 Space Frontier Foundation (SFF) Space Frontier Conferences held (“Past Events,” 2018). 1993-04-XX First Space Access Society (SAS) Conference held (Werner, 2011). 1998-Present The FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation annual conference, originally called
the Commercial Space Transportation Forecast Conference at least through 2000, and renamed to the FAA Commercial Space Transportation Conference by 2005) (Blakey, 2005; FAA AST, 1998).
1999-2011 Space Frontier Foundation (SFF) Space Enterprise Symposium, Lunar Commerce Roundtables, and Space Investment Summits held (“Past Events,” 2018).
2005-2007 X PRIZE Cup events were held (Seibold et al., 2008). 2005-Present Annual International Symposium on Personal and Commercial Spaceflight (ISPCS)
(originally called International Symposium on Personal Spaceflight) held (“Past ISPCS,” 2018).2006-Present Space Frontier Foundation (SFF) NewSpace Conferences held (“Past Events,” 2018).
10 5-Jul-20
2008-Present Next Generation Suborbital Researchers Conference (NSRC) held (“NSRC Home,” 2018). The first meeting in 2008, was called the Human-Tended Suborbital Science Workshop, held San Francisco, CA (Werner, 2009).
2011-08-03 SpaceRef announces creation of Space Quarterly Magazine (SpaceRef, 2011).
3.0 PROPRIETARY FUNCTIONS
3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONS
3.1.1 Applied R&D 1999-01-26 SC receives patent for Method of manufacturing composite articles (Patent No.
USOO5863365A, 1999) 1999-02-16 Rocketplane Global receives patent for Reusable rocket airplane (Patent No.
USOOD405750S, 1999). 1999-11-02 SC receives patent for Aircraft with removable structural payload module (Rutan, 1999) 2000-08-29 SC receives patent for Composite structural panel having a face sheet reinforced with a
channel stiffener grid (Patent No. USOO6110567A, 2000)2000-09-19 Rocketplane Global receives patent for Reusable rocket-propelled high altitude airplane and
method and apparatus for mid-air oxidizer transfer to said airplane (Patent No. USOO611.9985A, 2000).
2001-03-27 SC receives patent for Fabrication of structure having structural layers and layers of controllable electrical, or magnetic properties (Patent No. USOO6207003B1, 2001)
2006-10-05 XCOR receives patent for Process for producing continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (Patent No. US 20060222811A1, 2006)
2007-08-23 RR receives patent for Rocket-powered vehicle racing information system (Patent No. US 20070 1941.71 A1, 2007)
2007-10-30 RR receives patent for Rocket-powered vehicle racing competition (Patent No. USOO7287722B2, 2007)
2008-09-11 RR receives patent for Collection and distribution system (Patent No. US 20080221745A1, 2008)
2008-10-23 XCOR receives patent for Vehicles incorporating tanks for carrying cryogenic fluids and methods for forming such tanks (Patent No. US 2008025.6960A1, 2008)
2010-01-28 TSC receives patent for Composite flight control cables (Patent No. US 20100019082A1, 2010)
2010-03-30 TSC receives patent for Aircraft (Patent No. USOOD612791S, 2010). 2010-04-22 RR receives patent for Rocket-powered entertainment vehicle (Patent No. US 2010
0096491A1, 2010) 2010-08-31 XCOR receives patent for Partial superheat cycle for operating a pump in a rocket system
(Patent No. USOO7784268B1, 2010)2010-08-31 XCOR receives patent for System and method for cooling rocket engines (Patent No.
USOO7784269B1, 2010) 2010-10-19 TSC receives patent for Spacecraft (Patent No. USOOD62.5679S, 2010) 2010-12-16 Blue Origin receives patent for Predicting and correcting trajectories (Patent No. US
20100314487A1, 2010). 2010-12-21 XCOR receives patent for Rocket combustion chamber with jacket (Patent No.
US007854395B1, 2010) 2010-12-30 Blue Origin receives patent for Bidirectional control surfaces for use with high speed
vehicles, and associated systems and methods (Patent No. US 20100327107A1, 2010). 2010-12-30 Blue Origin receives patent for Multiple-use rocket engines and associated systems and
methods (Patent No. US 20100326.045A1, 2010).
5-Jul-20 11
2011-01-27 Blue Origin receives patent for Sea landing of space launch vehicles and associated systems and methods (Patent No. US 20110017872A1, 2011).
2011-03-08 XCOR receives patent for Micro-coaxial injector for rocket engine (Patent No. US00790.0435B1, 2011)
2011-05-12 Blue Origin receives patent for Contoured roller system and associated methods and resulting articles of manufacture (Patent No. US 2011 01 07808A1, 2011).
2011-12-15 Blue Origin receives patent for Eyeball seals for gimbaled rocket engines, and associated systems and methods (Patent No. US 2011 0302905A1, 2011).
2012-07-12 XCOR receives patent for High-speed check valve suitable for cryogens and high reverse pressure (Patent No. US 20120177510A1, 2012)
2012-11-29 Blue Origin receives patent for Inflatable ring for supporting friction welding workpieces, and associated systems and methods (Patent No. US 20120298725A1, 2012).
2013-04-02 Blue Origin receives patent for Launch vehicles with fixed and deployable deceleration surfaces, and/or shaped fuel tanks, and associated systems and methods (Patent No. USOO8408497B2, 2013).
2013-04-23 Blue Origin receives patent for Compensating for wind prior to engaging airborne propulsion devices (Patent No. USOO8424808B2, 2013).
2014-09-18 Blue Origin receives patent for Launch vehicles with ring-shaped external elements, and associated systems and methods (Patent No. US 20140263841A1, 2014).
2015-07-14 Blue Origin receives patent for Composite structures for aerospace vehicles, and associated systems and methods (Patent No. US009079674B1, 2015).
2015-12-22 Blue Origin receives patent for Rocket turbopump valves and associated systems and methods (Patent No. USOO921 7389B1, 2015).
2017-12-07 Blue Origin receives patent for Severe weather agility thrusters, and associated systems and methods (Patent No. US20170349301A, 2017).
2018-06-28 Blue Origin receives patent for Vertical landing systems for space vehicles and associated methods (Patent No. US20180178930A1, 2018).
3.1.2 Manufacturing
3.1.3 Testing 2002-08-01 SC WK1 first flight (Scaled Composites, 2004b). 2002-11-21 SC SS1 first rocket motor test firing (Scaled Composites, 2003a). 2003-05-20 SC SS1 first captive carry flight under WK1 (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2003-05-21 SC SS1 ground tests started (Scaled Composites, 2003b). 2003-08-07 SC SS1 first glide test flight (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2003-08-27 SC SS1 third (final) captive carry flight under WK1 (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2003-10-21 SC SS1 ground tests concluded (Scaled Composites, 2003b). 2003-11-18 SC SS1 twelfth (final) rocket motor test firing (Scaled Composites, 2003a). 2003-12-17 SC SS1 first powered test flight (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2004-03-11 SC SS1 eighth (final) glide test flight (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2004-06-14 SC WK1 fifty-ninth (final) test flight (Scaled Composites, 2004b). 2004-06-21 SC SS1 first powered flight to 100km (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2004-09-29 SC SS1 successfully makes first X PRIZE flight (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2004-10-04 SC SS1 sixth (final) powered test flight to win the X PRIZE (Scaled Composites, 2004a). 2005-03-05 Blue Origin Charon first flight test (Seattle Museum of Flight, 2018). 2006-11-13 Blue Origin Goddard conducts first flight test (J. Bezos, 2018). 2007-03-22 Blue Origin Goddard conducts second flight test (Gunter’s Space Page, 2017). 2007-04-19 Blue Origin Goddard conducts third (final) test flight (CrustySeaDog, 2018). 2007-07-26 Three Scaled Composites employees dead in tank explosion (David, 2007b) 2008-12-21 VG WK2 first flight test (without SS2) (Scaled Composites, 2014c) 2009-04-20 VG SS2(E) first rocket motor test firing (Scaled Composites, 2014a).
12 5-Jul-20
2010-03-22 VG SS2(E) first captive carry test flight (Scaled Composites, 2014c). 2010-10-10 VG SS2(E) first glide test flight (Scaled Composites, 2014c). 2011-05-06 Blue Origin PM2 first flight test (Blue Origin, 2013; CrustySeaDog, 2018). 2011-08-24 Blue Origin PM2 second (final) test flight ends in explosion (Boyle, 2011; CrustySeaDog,
2018). 2011-11-09 SwRI personnel test pressure suits (Southwest Research Institute, 2011). 2012-07-16 VG SS2(E) sixteenth (final) captive carry test flight (Scaled Composites, 2014c). 2013-04-12 VG SS2(E) first cold flow flight test (Scaled Composites, 2014b). 2013-04-29 VG SS2(E) first powered test flight (Scaled Composites, 2014b). 2014-04-12 VG WK2 ninety-seventh (final) flight test (without SS2(E)) (Scaled Composites, 2014c). 2014-08-28 VG SS2(E) second (final) cold flow flight test (Scaled Composites, 2014b). 2014-10-07 VG SS2(E) thirtieth (final) glide test flight (Scaled Composites, 2014b). 2014-10-09 VG SS2(E) fifty-seventh (final) rocket motor test firing (Scaled Composites, 2014a). 2014-10-31 VG SS2(E) fourth (final) powered test flight, that ended in vehicle breakup, killing the co-
pilot, and severely injuring the pilot (Malik, 2014).2015-04-29 Blue Origin New Shepard One (NS1) first (final) flight test ends in loss of vehicle
(CrustySeaDog, 2018; Howell, 2018).2015-11-23 Blue Origin New Shepard Two (NS2) first flight test (Howell, 2018). 2016-10-05 Blue Origin NS2 fifth (final) flight test (Gunter’s Space Page, 2018; Howell, 2018). 2016-09-08 VG SS2(U) first captive carry flight test (Malik, 2016). 2016-11-30 VG SS2(U) completes fourth (final) captive carry flight test (SpaceFlight Insider, 2016). 2016-12-03 VG SS2(U) first glide flight test (Foust, 2016d). 2017-12-12 Blue Origin NS3 first flight test (Foust, 2013). 2018-01-11 VG SS2(U) seventh (final) glide flight test (Virgin Galactic, 2018). 2018-04-05 VG SS2(U) first powered flight test to 25.7 km (Wall, 2018a). 2018-04-29 Blue Origin NS3 second flight test (Harwood, 2018) 2018-05-29 VG SS2(U) second powered flight test to 34.9 km (Wall, 2018b). 2018-07-18 Blue Origin NS3 third flight test (Clark, 2018). 2018-07-26 VG SS2(U) third powered flight test to 52.1 km (Doubek, 2018). 2018-12-13 VG SS2(U) fourth powered flight test to 82.7 km (O’Collaghan, 2018). 2019-01-23 Blue Origin NS3 fourth flight test (Wall, 2019) 2019-02-22 VG SS2(U) fifth powered flight test to 89.9 km (Bartels, 2019).
3.2 INNOVATION NETWORK AND RESOURCE CHANNEL ACTIVITIES
3.2.1 Appropriation of Common Goods 2015-11-23 XCOR co-founders leave company (Foust, 2015a). 2016-05-27 XCOR lays off employees to focus on engine development (Foust, 2016a).
3.2.2 Vendor-Supplier-Distributor Channels 1990 NMSA Initial Proposal by Burton Lee (Matlock, 2013) 1992 Precursor to NMSA, Southwest Regional Spaceport Taskforce, created (Hil, 2006; McNiel, 2006). 1998 Mojave Air and Space Port started with Rotary Rocket agreement (cite missing). 2001-2004 Scaled Composites and Paul Allen establish Mojave Aerospace Ventures, MAV (Choi,
2014). 2002-03-23 Oklahoma Spaceport Grand Opening with Rocketplane agreement (May, 2002) 2005-04-15 Van Horn site select by Blue Origin for private spaceport (Harris, 2005) 2005-07-28 The Spaceship Company, SS2 manufacturing company, formed under partnership by Virgin
2006 JAA starts talking with Rocketplane (Lauer, 2017)
5-Jul-20 13
2006-04-04 NMSA Construction starts (Haussamen, 2006). 2012 NMSA Construction ends (Renter’a, 2011) 2012-06-07 VG opens office in Las Cruces, NM (Virgin Galactic, 2012). 2012-07-09 Midland Air Field signs deal with XCOR (Ballinger, 2012) 2012-10-08 VG acquires The Spaceship Company (SpaceNews, 2012). 2014-04-10 Ellington Field signs deal with Sierra Nevada Space (Painter, 2014) 2014-06-30 XCOR acquires Space Expedition Corp. (Barth, 2014). 2018-08-20 Front Range receives FAA spaceport license (Aguilar, 2018).
3.3 MARKET CREATION AND CONSUMER DEMAND
3.3.1 Marketing 2003-04-18 Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites introduces SpaceShipOne (Bostwick, 2003). 2004-12-07 Oracle/Space Adventures contest announced (Chellam, 2004). 2005-02-03 Volvo announces suborbital space tourism contest (Kelleher, 2005). 2005-02-06 Announcement of 7Up suborbital contest (Skeen, 2005). 2005-02-18 Nidar suborbital contest announced (De Keyser, 2005). 2005-03-24 Volvo/VG contest winner announced (McGhee, 2005). 2005-09-30 Quirk Books and Space Adventures flight contest (cite missing). 2005-10-05 GameTrust "edge of space" MIG 25 ride contest announced (cite missing). 2005-10-09 SpaceShot and Rocketplane skill game for flight contest (Armstrong, 2005). 2005-11-27 Plantronics contest announced (Plantronics, 2005). 2006-01-10 Oracle contest won by San Jose programmer and European (“Student to Be First Korean in
Space,” 2006). 2006-01-18 GameTrust contest won (Twitchell, 2006). 2006-03-01 Space Tourism Wiki “Reach for the Stars Contest” contest (Wight, 2006). 2006-06-25 Opoly game with space flight prize announced (cite missing). 2006-11-18 “The Station” contest, suborbital flight for runner-up (Ellegood, 2006). 2006-11-25 galaxy32.com game suborbital flight is grand prize (Dempsey, 2006). 2006-12-06 Virgin Galactic an the Royal Aeronautical Society announce a contest to win a flight on
SpaceShipTwo (“Win a flight on SpaceShipTwo from the Royal Aeronautical Society,” 2007).2007-01-08 Windows and AMD announce Global Puzzle prize (“Cruise , travel shows coming to Tulsa ,
city,” 2007). 2007-02-01 Audi and New Scientist announce prize (“Your chance to win a place in space,” 2007). 2007-03-07 Australia suborbital contest (Murray, 2007). 2007-07-25 Gillette announces a suborbital spaceflight contest for Canadians (Christensen, 2007). 2007-09-03 Belgian suborbital spaceflight contest announced (cite missing). 2008-01-09 Century Race announced with few details (cite missing). 2008-01-24 India Bindass/Bingo Go To Space contest begins (“His own space,” 2008). 2008-03-25 XCOR announcement of Lynx vehicle project (Pasztor, 2008). 2008-05-23 Coconut Creek casino offers space travel prize (cite missing). 2008-07-28 VG unveils WhiteKnight2 (David, 2008b; Howell, 2016). 2008-09-10 Voyage2Space.com raffle announced (Fleming, 2008). 2009-02-25 Virgin Blue Airlines contest (cite missing). 2009-06-19 NMSA groundbreaking event (Kinney, 2009). 2009-07-01 Guinness announces suborbital ride contest (“Guinness offers drinkers chance to win space
flight,” 2009). 2009-12-07 VG unveils second SpaceShipTwo (Howell, 2016; Paur, 2009b). 2010-05-02 InterCasino UK suborbital spaceflight contest (cite missing). 2010-11-13 Ares Institute announces suborbital contest (Klotz, 2010).
14 5-Jul-20
2011-03-15 TripAletrz.com Free Trip to Space contest (Drake, 2011). 2011-05-15 Peugeot offers suborbital space flight as top prize in 3008 Crossover vehicle competition
(Peugeot Motor Company, 2011).2011-06-22 7-Eleven launches suborbital flight sweepstakes (DeClemente, 2011). 2011-06-10 KSC Star Trek sweepstakes for XCOR flight (Farmer & McRae, 2011). 2011-06-13 NSS top Space Ambassador to receive VG SS2 flight (Brandt-Erichsen, 2011). 2011-08-03 SpaceRef announces creation of Space Quarterly Magazine (SpaceRef, 2011). 2011-10-23 Space Adventures/Red Gate Software contest (The Mill, 2011). 2011-11-15 XCOR/SwRI contest (XCOR, 2011). 2011-12-21 Red Gate DBA contest winner opts for cast in lieu of spaceflight (Redgate Software, 2011). 2012-01-25 Space Adventures donates suborbital flight to Guardian Angel Motorsports (Johnson, 2012). 2012-03-14 Metro news publisher announces contest with XCOR/SpaceXC in Curacao (Messier, 2012). 2012-05-07 Citizens in Space and XCOR announce challenge (Citizens in Space, 2012). 2012-05-10 I Dream of Space holds spaceflight drawing (Biberović, 2013). 2012-07-24 Virgin America announces frequent flier suborbital prize (Booth, 2012). 2012-09-15 VG announces they will fly one citizen from each NM county to space (Soular, 2012). 2013-04-13 KLM opens space tourism contest (KLM, 2013). 2013-05-07 VG raises ticket prices from $200K to $250K (Wall, 2013). 2013-09-30 London Evening Standard sponsors XCOR Lynx prize drawing (Prigg & Prynn, 2013). 2013-10-03 NBC to host "Space Race" reality show (Kramer, 2013). 2014-04-21 VG & Aabar Investments sponsor prize flight for UAE citizen (Cornwell, 2014). 2014-05-08 Urgency Network and XCOR offer prize flight on Lynx (McKinney, 2014). 2014-09-02 VG/Land Rover contest announced (Howell, 2014). 2014-10-31 Fandango/XCOR contest announced (Pomerantz, 2014). 2015-08-05 Kruger Crowne and One Young World sponsor Rising Star contest (One Young World,
2015). 2016-02-19 VG unveils second SpaceShipTwo (Foust, 2016b).
3.3.2 Cultural Norms
3.3.3 Consumer Demand 2005-01-02 VG to start ticket sales this year (Tozzi, 2005). 2005-04-27 VG has 100 paid deposits for SS2 rides (cite missing). 2005-10-05 VG has 178 tix/$10M (cite missing). 2005-12-12 VG announces 85 tickets sold (Sinclair, 2005). 2006-03-31 VG reports 157 tickets sold (Beveridge, 2006). 2006-08-18 Rocketplane selected for NASA COTS program (Baldwin, 2016). 2007-03-28 VG announces sales of 200 tickets (Watts, 2007). 2007-07-03 VG announces 200 ticket deposits sold (David, 2007a). 2007-09 Rocketplane fails to meet financial milestone, and is removed from the COTS program
(Baldwin, 2016). 2008-01-28 VG article says about 200 ticket reservations sold, flights about 2 years away (Simmie,
2008). 2008-01-31 VG announces ticket number 190 sold (Horne, 2008). 2008-06-07 VG says it has sold 254 ticket reservations (David, 2008a). 2008-11-08 VG announces 280 tickets sold (Swant, 2008). 2009-03-30 VG announces 200 ticket deposits sold (T. Clark, 2009). 2009-09-11 VG announces 300 ticket reservations sold (Paur, 2009a). 2010-03-29 VG has taken is about $45M for 330 ticket reservations (Foley, 2010). 2010-08-30 NASA awards two contracts worth $475K to NGLLC winners (Steitz, 2010).
5-Jul-20 15
2010-11-30 VG announces 500 ticket reservations sold (Boyle, 2010). 2011-02-24 SwRI buys six XCOR Lynx flights (Gaherty, 2011). 2011-02-28 VG announces 400 ticket deposits received (Malik, 2011). 2011-05-13 NASA has selected 16 payloads for flights on the commercial Zero-G parabolic aircraft and
two suborbital reusable launch vehicles (Alexander, 2011).2011-08-12 NASA Selects 7 Firms for Suborbital Flight Contract worth up to $10M (Steitz, 2011). 2011-10-13 NASA awards Virgin Galactic a $4.5M contract for three SS2 research flights (Howell,
2016; Virgin Galactic, 2011). 2011-10-18 VG announces 450 ticket deposits sold (Wall, 2011). 2012-01-04 XCOR and VG have total of about 800 ticket reservations (Chang, 2012). 2012-03-20 VG has sold 500 ticket reservations for SS2 rides (Boyle, 2012). 2012-03-21 NASA selects 24 payloads for commercial suborbital flights (Steitz, 2012b). 2012-07-02 NASA invests $3.5M in 14 technology demonstration payloads (Steitz, 2012a). 2012-07-11 VG announces 529 ticket reservations (Coppinger, 2012). 2012-08-01 VG has sold 536 ticket reservations (U.S. Congress, 2012). 2012-08-24 NASA Selects Two Technologies For Commercial Suborbital Tests (Hoover, 2012). 2012-12-04 VG now has 560 ticket reservations (P. B. de Selding, 2012). 2012-12-28 VG announces sale of 530 tickets (Smart & Tinney, 2012). 2013-01-09 Unilever AXE brand buys 22 XCOR Lynx tickets for contest (Space.com, 2013). 2013-01-23 NASA Selects 13 Experimental Commercial Suborbital Flight Payloads (Steitz, 2013b) 2013-04-30 VG has sold 580 ticket reservations for SS2 rides (Wall, 2013). 2013-06-07 NASA selects 21 payloads for flight test (Steitz, 2013a). 2013-07-17 VG has 600th ticket reservation, more than $70M (“Virgin Galactic welcomes new era of
women in spaceflight - Tehachapi News,” 2013).2013-08-14 Space Expeditions Corp sold 230 ticket reservations on XCOR Lynx (Messier, 2013). 2013-08-16 NASA invests $2M in 10 technology demonstration payloads (Alexander, 2013). 2013-08-16 VG sold 640 ticket deposits (Carrington, 2013). 2013-10-01 More than 300 ticket reservations sold on XCOR Lynx (Foust, 2015b). 2013-11-10 VG announces 640 ticket reservations worth nearly $80M (Szondy, 2013). 2013-11-27 VG has nearly $80 million in deposits from approximately 640 individuals (Griffin
Communications, 2013). 2014-01-27 VG sold 600 tickets (Vincent, 2014). 2014-03-05 VG sells ticket reservations 700 and 701 to Winkelvoss twins (Lobosco, 2014). 2014-03-30 VG announces sale of 700 tickets (Roosevelt, 2014). 2014-04-02 NASA Selects 13 New Suborbital Technology Payloads, Total Tops 130 (Conner, 2014). 2014-04-21 VG announces sale of 680 tickets (Cornwell, 2014). 2014-05-13 VG announces sale of 700 tickets (Chang, 2014). 2014-07-12 VG announces sale of 650 tickets (O. Smith, 2014). 2014-09-08 NASA Selects 4 Firms for Commercial Suborbital Flight Services (Northon, 2014). 2014-10-12 VG announces sale of 700 tickets (Knapton, 2014). 2015-04-22 NASA Selects 7 Payloads for suborbital flights (Conner, 2015). 2015-08-23 VG ticket reservation numbers return to 750 (Burn-Callander, 2015). 2015-11-18 NASA Selects 8 New Technologies for Suborbital Flight (Williams, 2015).
3.3.4 Competition 1995 Rocketplane enters HSSFP market (Lauer, 2017). 1997 Scaled Composites enters HSSFP market (cite missing). 1999 Richard Branson registers the name “Virgin Galactic” (Howell, 2016; La Vone, 2014; L. Smith,
2014). 1999-01-01 XCOR Aerospace founded (Copelin, 2014).
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2000-01-01 Blue Origin founded (Davenport, 2016). 2001 Mojave Aerospace Ventures formed (cite missing). 2004-09-27 Public announcement of Virgin Galactic (Guardian, 2004). 2005-10-03 Rocket Racing League Announced (Malik, 2005). 2007-07-20 Northrop Grumman buys 100% of Scaled Composites (Daily Record, 2007). 2010-07-16 Xtraordinary Adventures & Rocketship Tours to sell XCOR rides (cite missing). 2010-08-07 Rocketplane files for bankruptcy (Palmer, 2010). 2012-10-05 Virgin Galactic takes full ownership of The Spaceship Company (TSC, 2012) 2012-07-06 XCOR to move to Midland, TX (cite missing). 2013-01-13 Rocketplane sold at auction for $25,000 (Palmer, 2013) 2015-08-06 XCOR leaves Mojave for Midland, TX (cite missing). 2017-11-09 XCOR Aerospace files for bankruptcy (Foust, 2017).
APPENDIX REFERENCES
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Aguilar, J. (2018, August 20). Spaceport Colorado gets license to launch tourists, scientists from Front Range Airport. Denver Post. Retrieved from https://www.denverpost.com/2018/08/17/spaceport-colorado-lands-license/
Alexander, S. (2011). NASA selects first payloads for upcoming reduced-gravity flights. Retrieved March 8, 2016, from http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-147_Zero-G_Pyaloads.html
Alexander, S. (2013, August 16). NASA selects innovative technology proposals for suborbital flights. Retrieved March 8, 2016, from http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/august/nasa-selects-innovative-technology-proposals-for-suborbital-flights/#.Vt9RySgrKCo
Allen, P. (2012). Idea man: a memoir by the cofounder of microsoft. Penguin.
Arms Export Control Act. Arms Export Control Act. , (1976).
Armstrong, B. J. (2005, December 2). Video game offers players the chance for flight. The Journal Record, p. NEWS.
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Ballinger, C. (2012, July 9). Gov. Perry attends XCOR announcement. Odessa American, p. STATE AND REGIONAL NEWS.
Bartels, M. (2019, February 22). Virgin Galactic reaches space again, flies test passenger for 1st time. Space.Com. Retrieved from https://www.space.com/virgin-galactic-powered-flight-february-2019.html
Barth, C. (2014, June 30). XCOR acquires Space Expedition Corp. Orlando Business Journal. Retrieved from https://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/news/2014/06/30/xcor-acquires-space-expedition-corp.html
Beveridge, J. (2006, March 31). Storm in a D-cup, it’s deep space or bust. Herald Sun
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