Space Test Review

SPACE EXPLORATIONCanada's history of participating in space exploration can be traced back to 1839 with the establishment of the first magnetic observatory, to study the northern lights. Today, Canada enjoys its role as a leader in space robotics and satellite communications.

Marc Garneau was a robotics expert he became first Canadian in space in 1984

Julie Payette served as a mission specialist, was responsible for the Station systems, supervised the space walk and operated the Canadarm robotic arm. Ms. Payette was the first Canadian to participate in an ISS assembly mission and to board the Space Station.

Roberta Bondar was the first woman in space. She experimented on the blood flow in the brain during no gravity.

Chris Hadfield operated the space arm. Hadfield performed two spacewalks, which made him the first Canadian to ever leave a spacecraft and float freely in space.

Four of twelve Canadian Astronauts

Know one

•Canadarm - The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS) or Canadarm on the Space Shuttle, is a mechanical arm that maneuvers a payload from the space shuttle orbiter to its deployment position and then releases it. There is also one

on the ISS to maneuver things outside the station.

•Anti-Gravity Suit - In 1940, the anti gravity suit was first invented under the name Franks Flying Suit by Wilbur R. Franks at the University of Toronto. The suit was made with rubber and water-filled pads. It counteracted the effects of high G forces on aircraft pilots, which otherwise would cause them to black out; all G-Suits worn by air force pilots as well as astronauts and cosmonauts around the world are based on his original designs.

•Radarsat Constellation (satellites)-The RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) consists of a three spacecraft fleet of Earth observation satellites. They are used for:- national security (maritime surveillance (e.g., ship detection))- resource management-disaster management and ecosystem monitoring for example, monitoring/tracking ice,- detecting oil spills, monitoring floods, landslides, eruptions, - aiding forest firefighting- transportation

•Some Canadian Scientist’s contributions to space exploration

Know 2

•Life Support systems (canadians have helped to design and make improvements in space suit technology

•ESA's Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELISSA) (providing food and water - mini habitats) for long term space exploration

Apollo lunar module- Canadian engineer Eugene Maynard, working for NASA in the USA, is considered to be the person at NASA most responsible for the design of the lunar module. The lunar module was the spacecraft that landed astronauts on the moon for all Apollo missions.

•Biological Air Filter (to maintain air quality in space station)•Radiation Dosimetry (radiation therapy for medical treatments•Have done research on stopping Bone Loss (osteoporosis particularly in women)•A variety of Medical Support

•And more

Space exploration has brought many benefits to society. •High-quality radio and television signals are now relayed around the globe by satellite. •Biological experiments in space, such as the growing of insulin crystals, are contributing to our ability to fight disease. •The technology used for space shuttle fuel pumps is now being used to make better artificial hearts. •Geographical data obtained by satellites have improved the quality of maps and made navigation safer. •Also many inventions are related to space are developed for other purposes such as cell phones, fire fighter suits, computers and computer games (joy sticks) smoke detectors, the metal wire for braces, rechargeable batteries sports safety helmets, cars plexiglass and many moreBut space exploration also •is very expensive, money could be spent elsewhere•involves risks to the lives of astronauts and others•produces pollution, and creates space junk that may eventually fall back to Earth•Some argue It is partially done for militaristic reasons•Could result in some deadly bacteria being brought to earth

What do you think??? Be prepared to discuss your opinion giving specific reasons

Constellations The constellations are totally imaginary things that poets, farmers and astronomers have made up over the past 6,000 years (and probably even more!). The real purpose for the constellations is to help us tell which stars are which. Stars are used for navigation and people need a way to help recognize which stars to follow. It also provided a story as to why the stars behave as they do.You should be able to discuss and draw one constellation and name one of the primary stars

The little dipper

Know One

Some objects emit light (stars) and other bodies in space reflect light (moons and planets). Objects in the night skyThat emit light twinkle and those that reflect light do not.

The sun burns gasses and so twinkles

Venus reflects the light from the sun and so does not twinkle

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The four planets closest to the sun—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—are called the terrestrial planets because they have solid rocky surfaces.

Mercury (terrestrial) is the closest planet to the sun and is the smallest planet in the Solar System, Surface temperatures range from about 90 to 700 K (-183 degrees C to 427 degrees C,Orbits (revolves around) the Sun once every 88 days. Rotation: 59days Moons 0

Venus (terrestrial) is the second-closest planet to the Sun. It is the brightest natural object in the night sky, except for the Moon Often called the morning or evening starRotation: 5376 hours Orbit: 225 days Moons 0

Mars (terrestrial) is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is also referred to as the ""Red Planet"" because of its reddish appearance, due to iron oxide (rust) on its surface. Mars is currently host to three functional orbiting spacecraft: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The surface is also home to the two Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity)Rotation: 25 hours Orbit: 1.88 year(s) Moons 2

Know and discuss one planet (not Earth)

The four large planets beyond the orbit of Mars—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—are called gas giants.

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar SystemIt has a Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century. Surrounding the planet is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. Rotation: 10 hours Orbit: 11.86 year(s) moons at least 63

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System. Saturn has a prominent system of rings, consisting mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. Rotation: 11 hours Orbit: 29.66 year(s) moons- 61 known ( not counting hundreds of ""moonlets""

within the rings.)

Uranus a gas giant planets, has a ring system, a and numerous moons. The Uranian system is unique configuration among the planets because its axis of rotation is tilted sideways, Rotation: 17 hours Orbit: 84.32 year(s) Number of Moons: 27

Neptune is a gas giant and has faint rings. It also has a dark spot similar to the great red spot on Jupiter Rotation: 16 hours Orbit: 165 year(s) Number of Moons: 13

Earth (terrestrial) third planet from the sun in the Goldilocks zone (water occurs in solid (frozen) gas and liquid states)Rotation: 24 hours Orbit: 365.25 days (1 year) Number of Moons: 1The earth rotates once every 24 hours and this is what provides us with night and day.The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23 degrees and is responsible for producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.25 solar days). Earth's only known natural satellite, the Moon, which began orbiting it about 4.53 billion years ago. The moon provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt and is gradually slowing the planet's rotation.

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Why we have seasons.If you try drawing the locations of sunrise and sunset near your house over the course of a year, you will see that the Sun rises and sets and takes different paths across the sky in different seasons.

Some people have the misconception that different seasons happen because sometimes the Earth is farther from the Sun and sometimes it is closer. It makes sense -- when you are close to the Sun, it should be warm and summery, and when you are far away, it should be icy winter -- but this is not true.

The earth's axis is tilted about 23.5 degrees, so the Earth is never straight up and down compared to the Sun. When it is summer in North America that is because the North Pole and the rest of the Northern Hemisphere are pointing toward the Sun. The Sun appears to stay in the sky longer each day (really, we are just pointed toward the Sun for longer each day). Because we spend more time in the sunshine and less in the shadow of night, our part of the Earth gets warmer, and we experience summer. During the summer, the Sun is high in the sky. Therefore, rays of light from the Sun hit us more directly during summer, making the sunlight more intense and warmer. In winter, the Sun is low in the sky. The rays of light are spread more thinly, and they do not warm us as much.

Explain why we have seasons

SolsticesThe solstices are days that have the most and least amount of sunlight. The winter solstice occurs on December 21 or 22 and marks the beginning of winter (this is the shortest day of the year). The summer solstice occurs on June 21 and marks the beginning of summer (this is the longest day of the year).

EquinoxesEquinoxes are days in which day and night are of equal duration. The vernal equinox occurs in late March (this is the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of fall in the Southern Hemisphere); the autumnal equinox occurs in late September (this is the beginning of fall in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of spring in the Southern Hemisphere).

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The MoonThe moon (and sun and earth’s rotation) causes the tides (the rise and fall of sea levels)

The diagram shows how the moon causes tides on Earth:In this diagram, you can see that the moon's gravitational force pulls on water in the oceans so that there are "bulges" in the ocean on both sides of the planet. The moon pulls water toward it, and this causes the bulge toward the moon. The bulge on the side of the Earth opposite the moon is caused by the moon "pulling the Earth away" from the water on that side.If you are on the coast and the moon is directly overhead, you should experience a high tide. If the moon is directly overhead on the opposite side of the planet, you should also experience a high tide.

Explain Tides

There are 8 main phase of the moon (one orbit around the Earth), which takes 28 days. The moon does one rotation during that time and that is why we only ever see the one side of the moon.

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A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun. During a total eclipse the moon passes completely in front of the sun. Partial eclipses occur when the moon only partly blocks out the sun.

Explain a solar eclipse

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes behind the Earth so that the Earth blocks the Sun's rays from striking the Moon. This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can only occur the night of a full moon.

Explain Lunar eclipse