Space Station Early History. Space Station Concepts First concepts of manned orbital stations began as fictional stories that are the roots of science.

Space Station Space Station Early HistoryEarly History

Space Station ConceptsSpace Station Concepts

First concepts of manned First concepts of manned orbital stations began as orbital stations began as fictional stories that are the fictional stories that are the roots of science fictionroots of science fiction

Sir Edward Everet Hale wrote Sir Edward Everet Hale wrote of an orbiting sphere in the of an orbiting sphere in the 1860s that carried construction 1860s that carried construction crew and families in a satellite crew and families in a satellite made of bricksmade of bricks

The Brick MoonThe Brick Moon published in published in Harper’s magazine in 1869Harper’s magazine in 1869

Communications was by Morse Communications was by Morse code with inhabitants jumping code with inhabitants jumping up and downup and down


First realistic concepts First realistic concepts came from the Russian came from the Russian space pioneer Konstatin space pioneer Konstatin Tsiolovsky in the early Tsiolovsky in the early 1900s1900s

Orbiting ring-shaped station Orbiting ring-shaped station was a transition for exploration was a transition for exploration of the solar systemof the solar system

Liquid fuel launch vehicles, Liquid fuel launch vehicles, solar power, space suits, solar power, space suits, airlocks, plant growth, satellite airlocks, plant growth, satellite launches were introduced for launches were introduced for the first time in his worksthe first time in his works


Hermann Oberth proposed an orbiting station in 1923 Hermann Oberth proposed an orbiting station in 1923 in his publication The Rocket into Interplanetary in his publication The Rocket into Interplanetary Space (Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen)Space (Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen)

Oberth’s station concept consisted of descriptive Oberth’s station concept consisted of descriptive remarks on its functionremarks on its function Earth observationEarth observation Communications linkCommunications link Weather observationsWeather observations Orbital refueling station for interplanetary flightOrbital refueling station for interplanetary flight


The first engineering concepts The first engineering concepts of a station were introduced of a station were introduced by Herman Nordlung by Herman Nordlung

Design described in his 1929 Design described in his 1929 publication The Problem of publication The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket MotorSpace Travel: The Rocket Motor

Basic structure was a 50 m Basic structure was a 50 m rotating wheel platform with rotating wheel platform with solar concentrator for solar concentrator for generating power (solar generating power (solar powered)powered)

Served as an observatory for Served as an observatory for celestial and earth observations, celestial and earth observations, and a communications linkand a communications link

Geostationary orbit would have Geostationary orbit would have required a huge boosterrequired a huge booster


Wernher von Braun’s Wernher von Braun’s ring-shaped space ring-shaped space station was described station was described in some detail in the in some detail in the Collier’s Magazine Collier’s Magazine 1952-19541952-1954

Composed of structural Composed of structural nylonnylon

Launched in sectionsLaunched in sections 50 m diameter50 m diameter Rotated to produce Rotated to produce

artificial gravityartificial gravity Large booster based on Large booster based on

V-2 technology (multiple V-2 technology (multiple V-2 engines used for V-2 engines used for multiple stages)multiple stages)


Von Braun’s early ring-Von Braun’s early ring-shaped space stationshaped space station


Wernher von Wernher von Braun’s ring-Braun’s ring-shaped space shaped space stationstation


Apollo Applications Apollo Applications Program (AAP, Program (AAP, Apollo X)Apollo X)

AAP covered many AAP covered many proposals that were proposals that were focused on lunar focused on lunar exploration and a exploration and a possible lunar possible lunar outpostoutpost

Merged into Apollo Merged into Apollo hardware projects hardware projects when budget shrankwhen budget shrank

Eventually became Eventually became the Skylab orbital the Skylab orbital space stationspace station


Station concepts Station concepts were proposed were proposed for, and by, for, and by, NASA in the NASA in the 1960s1960s

Early ideas Early ideas followed Apollo followed Apollo hardware hardware conceptsconcepts

Later concepts Later concepts focused on focused on Shuttle launch Shuttle launch supportsupport

Space StationsSpace Stations

Station concepts Station concepts were proposed were proposed for and by for and by NASA in the NASA in the 1960s1960s




Station concepts Station concepts were proposed were proposed for and by for and by NASA in the NASA in the 1960s1960s




USAF Manned USAF Manned Orbiting Orbiting Laboratory (MOL)Laboratory (MOL)

Would be used as a Would be used as a manned manned surveillance surveillance vehiclevehicle

Launched on a Launched on a Titan boosterTitan booster

Crew flight vehicle Crew flight vehicle was based on the was based on the Gemini capsule Gemini capsule designdesign

Cancelled in 1962 Cancelled in 1962 following prototype following prototype launchlaunch

First Operational Space StationsFirst Operational Space Stations

USSR launched the first space stationUSSR launched the first space station Salyut 1 launched in 1971Salyut 1 launched in 1971 Followed by 6 Salyuts, 1 Mir, then the ISS Service ModuleFollowed by 6 Salyuts, 1 Mir, then the ISS Service Module

US launched Skylab April 23, 1973US launched Skylab April 23, 1973 Followed 25 years later by the ISSFollowed 25 years later by the ISS

Soviet’s Salyut 1 station was the first launched, but Soviet’s Salyut 1 station was the first launched, but had two failed manned missionshad two failed manned missions Salyut 1 station launched April, 1971Salyut 1 station launched April, 1971 11stst crew mission Soyuz-10 – could not dock crew mission Soyuz-10 – could not dock 22ndnd crew mission Soyuz 11 – following successful three- crew mission Soyuz 11 – following successful three-

week stay, the crew perished on reentryweek stay, the crew perished on reentry

First Operational Space StationsFirst Operational Space Stations

Salyut 2 launched in April, 1973 failed to stay Salyut 2 launched in April, 1973 failed to stay in orbitin orbit

First successful Salyut mission was the First successful Salyut mission was the Soyuz-14 crew visit to the Salyut 3 station in Soyuz-14 crew visit to the Salyut 3 station in June, 1974June, 1974

First successful space station mission was First successful space station mission was the first crew mission to Skylab (SL-2) the first crew mission to Skylab (SL-2) launched on May 25, 1973launched on May 25, 1973

Salyut Space StationsSalyut Space Stations

Salyut - Soviet Space StationsSalyut - Soviet Space Stations

A series of seven Salyut (“salute”) space stations A series of seven Salyut (“salute”) space stations were developed and launched after Russia’s were developed and launched after Russia’s redirection of its efforts following the failure of its redirection of its efforts following the failure of its manned lunar programmanned lunar program

Salyut 1, 4, 6, and 7 were civilian research stationsSalyut 1, 4, 6, and 7 were civilian research stations Salyut 6 and 7 were 2Salyut 6 and 7 were 2ndnd generation stations (designated DOS) generation stations (designated DOS)

Salyut 2, 3, and 5 were military reconnaissance Salyut 2, 3, and 5 were military reconnaissance stations (designated Almaz)stations (designated Almaz)

Followed by 3Followed by 3rdrd generation space station Mir (Salyut 8) generation space station Mir (Salyut 8) Launched in 1986Launched in 1986

Salyut StructureSalyut Structure

Training mockup in Energia Museum, Moscow

Salyut SeriesSalyut Series Salyut 1 – launched April 19, 1971 – 1Salyut 1 – launched April 19, 1971 – 1stst generation generation

2 manned missions, neither successful 2 manned missions, neither successful

Salyut 2 – launched April 3, 1973 – 1Salyut 2 – launched April 3, 1973 – 1stst generation generation Failed to reach stable orbitFailed to reach stable orbit

Salyut 3 – launched June 24, 1974 – 1Salyut 3 – launched June 24, 1974 – 1stst generation generation Replacement for Salyut 2Replacement for Salyut 2 2 crews during 1-year orbital life2 crews during 1-year orbital life

Salyut 4 – launched December 26, 1974 – 1Salyut 4 – launched December 26, 1974 – 1stst generation generation 3 crews during 1-year orbital life3 crews during 1-year orbital life

Salyut 5 – launched June 22, 1976 – 1Salyut 5 – launched June 22, 1976 – 1stst generation generation 3 crews during 1-year orbital life3 crews during 1-year orbital life

Salyut 6 – launched September 29, 1977 – 2Salyut 6 – launched September 29, 1977 – 2ndnd generation generation 18 crews during 5-year orbital life18 crews during 5-year orbital life

Salyut 7 – launched April 19, 1982 – 2Salyut 7 – launched April 19, 1982 – 2ndnd generation generation 12 crews during 5-year orbital life12 crews during 5-year orbital life

Salyut SeriesSalyut Series Salyut stations powered by solar panels Salyut stations powered by solar panels

(photovoltaic arrays) (photovoltaic arrays)

Single docking port on 1Single docking port on 1stst generation Salyuts generation Salyuts allowed a one-year life on orbitallowed a one-year life on orbit Salyut 1-5Salyut 1-5

Second docking port on 2Second docking port on 2ndnd generation Salyuts generation Salyuts increased onorbit life of the station to 5 yearsincreased onorbit life of the station to 5 years Salyut 6, 7Salyut 6, 7

33rdrd generation Salyuts had 6 docking/berthing ports generation Salyuts had 6 docking/berthing ports Mir (core)Mir (core) ZvezdaZvezda

Salyut Station + Soyuz Crew VehicleSalyut Station + Soyuz Crew Vehicle

Skylab

Skylab

Orbital WorkshopOrbital Workshop (OWS) – primary structure (OWS) – primary structure Constructed from the S-IVB third stage of a Constructed from the S-IVB third stage of a

Saturn VSaturn V

Three other modulesThree other modules Multiple Docking AdapterMultiple Docking Adapter (MDA) (MDA) Airlock ModuleAirlock Module (AM) (AM) Apollo Telescope MountApollo Telescope Mount (ATM) (ATM)

Single launch on a Saturn VSingle launch on a Saturn V

SkylabSkylab

SkylabSkylabOrbital WorkshopOrbital Workshop

Skylab - Airlock ModuleSkylab - Airlock Module

Skylab - MDASkylab - MDA

Skylab - ATMSkylab - ATM



SkylabSkylab

Planned supportby the Space Shuttle

Shuttle’s initial launch in 1981

Skylab deorbited in 1979

Space Station Freedom

International Space StationInternational Space Station

Origin: The international space station project began as a Origin: The international space station project began as a cooperative agreement to build and operate a large orbital station cooperative agreement to build and operate a large orbital station for the benefit of the international participantsfor the benefit of the international participants

Name: Name: Space Station FreedomSpace Station Freedom

Project: Announced in 1983 as part of President Regan’s space Project: Announced in 1983 as part of President Regan’s space exploration initiativeexploration initiative

Budget request: NASA presented the Space Station Freedom Budget request: NASA presented the Space Station Freedom funding proposal to Congress in 1987funding proposal to Congress in 1987

International participants: More than a dozen countries - the major International participants: More than a dozen countries - the major contributors were:contributors were: USAUSA ESAESA JapanJapan ItalyItaly BrazilBrazil

Space Station Freedom – Early Concepts Space Station Freedom – Early Concepts

Space Station Freedom – Early ConceptsSpace Station Freedom – Early Concepts

Space Station FreedomSpace Station Freedom

Space Station Freedom budget of $15 B was presented to Space Station Freedom budget of $15 B was presented to Congress in 1987Congress in 1987

NASA’s five phase project incorporated manned lunar NASA’s five phase project incorporated manned lunar exploration and manned Mars missionsexploration and manned Mars missions

Spacecraft and satellite servicing was a part of the proposed Spacecraft and satellite servicing was a part of the proposed operationsoperations

Advanced power and propulsion systems were part of the Advanced power and propulsion systems were part of the technology development plantechnology development plan

Launch vehicle was to be the Space ShuttleLaunch vehicle was to be the Space Shuttle

Timeline proposed was for a 7-year construction periodTimeline proposed was for a 7-year construction period


The dual keel, solar photovoltaic powered The dual keel, solar photovoltaic powered station was designed for launch by the station was designed for launch by the primary launch system U.S. - the Space primary launch system U.S. - the Space ShuttleShuttle

Congressional commitment was made for Congressional commitment was made for Space Station Freedom in 1989 with funding Space Station Freedom in 1989 with funding assistance from international partners that assistance from international partners that did not include Russiadid not include Russia

First habitation was planned for 1997First habitation was planned for 1997


NASA's Space Station Freedom phase configuration (1987)

1. Assembly CompleteSingle-truss baseline space station

2. Enhanced Operations Capability (EOC)Power, experiments, and crew augmentation of baseline

3. Lunar Vehicle CapabilityAssembly, launch and recovery of lunar vehicles capability added

4. Extended Operations CapabilityExpanded crew, power, research capability with continuous lunar

operation processing

5. Mars Vehicle CapabilityMars mission vehicle assembly, checkout, and launch added to EOC

Space Station Freedom – Complete

Space Station Freedom – Dual Keel

Space Station Freedom – Dual Keel


NASA managers began a major redesign of the station in 1991 to regain Congressional and public interest in the SSF project Simplified the project and the station design and

found partners that could help reduce costs

The SSF became a two-phase project with man-tended capability (MTC), and permanently-manned capability (PMC)

In 1991 a new opportunity opened with an old arch rival


Phase 1 Complete Phase 1 Complete (circa 1993) (circa 1993)


Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 presented both Russia Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 presented both Russia and the U.S. with major cooperative space opportunitiesand the U.S. with major cooperative space opportunities

Russia had little or no money to continue their Mir space Russia had little or no money to continue their Mir space station project and other space programsstation project and other space programs

The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast experience in space The U.S. could benefit from Russia’s vast experience in space station operations to enhance its SSF projectstation operations to enhance its SSF project

Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine space station Proposals were made in 1992/1993 to combine space station efforts, including the SSF international partnersefforts, including the SSF international partners

These agreements were the birth of the These agreements were the birth of the International Space International Space Station AlphaStation Alpha



The International Space Station was a combined effort of the United States, Russia, and more than a dozen international partners Fused Russia's second generation Mir space station with the

U.S. Space Station Freedom

Originally called Space Station Alpha, the orbital facility reduced costs and multiplied the capabilities of both designs The ISS was conceived in the late 1980's with hardware being

fabricated as early as the mid 1990's

Much of the design and hardware of the Space Station Alpha has been incorporated into the International Space Station, with the first element launched in November, 1998

Space Station Early History. Space Station Concepts First concepts of manned orbital stations began as fictional stories that are the roots of science.

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orbiting station

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problem of space travel

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