Space ,science in india

Space Science in

INDIA

In the early times

•Indian Astronomy -became an established tradition by the 1st millennium BCE, when Jyotiṣa Vedānga and other ancillary branches of learning called Vedangas began to take shape. During the following centuries a number of Indian astronomers studied various aspects of astronomical sciences and global discourse with other cultures followed.

Aryabhata• Aryabhata was the author of the Āryabhatīya and the

Aryabhatasiddhanta, which, according to Hayashi 'circulated mainly in the northwest of India and, through the Sāsānian dynasty of Iran, had a profound influence on the development of Islamic astronomy. Its contents are preserved to some extent in the works of Varahamihira , Bhaskara I, Brahmagupta, and others. It is one of the earliest astronomical works to assign the start of each day to midnight.' Aryabhata explicitly mentioned that the earth rotates about its axis, thereby causing what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars. Aryabhata also mentioned that reflected sunlight is the cause behind the shining of the moon. Ayrabhata's followers were particularly strong in South India, where his principles of the diurnal rotation of the earth, among others, were followed and a number of secondary works were based on them.

Brahmagupta• Brahmasphuta-siddhanta of Brahma, 628 CE dealt with

both Indian mathematics and astronomy. Hayashi writes: 'It was translated into Arabic in Baghdad about 771 and had a major impact on Islamic mathematics and astronomy.' In Khandakhadyaka Brahmagupta reinforced Aryabhata's idea of another day beginning at midnight. Bahmagupta also calculated the instantaneous motion of a planet, gave correct equations for parallax, and some information related to the computation of eclipses. His works introduced Indian concept of mathematics based astronomy into the Arab world.

Bhaskara• Authored the astronomical works Mahabhaskariya,

Laghubhaskariya ,and the Aryabhatiyabhashya—a commentary on the Āryabhatīya written by Aryabhata.Hayashi writes 'Planetary longitudes, heliacal rising and setting of the planets, conjunctions among the planets and stars, solar and lunar eclipses, and the phases of the Moon are among the topics Bhaskara discusses in his astronomical treatises.’ Baskara I's works were followed by Vateśvara, who in his eight chapter Vateśvarasiddhānta devised methods for determining the parallax in longitude directly, the motion of the equinoxes and the solstices, and the quadrant of the sun at any given time.

Present Astronomy• India has a vibrant space science programmed

covering astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and space science, earth science and theoretical physics. As part of that programmed, ground facilities like astronomical observatories, Giant Meter Wave Telescope, Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere Radar facility, etc., have been built. And, Balloons, sounding rockets and satellite platforms are used for flying scientific instruments. India has participated in many international scientific campaigns like MONEX, INDOEX, GBP, etc. ASTROSAT, a multi-spectral high-energy astronomical space observation satellite has launched in 2009.

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Chandrayaan-1, India’s first scientific mission to Moon, envisages orbiting a spacecraft around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carries 11 scientific instruments built in India, UK, Germany, Sweden, Bulgaria and the United States. The PSLV has launched Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in 2008.

Satellites of India

• India has launched more than 50 satellites of various types since its first attempt in 1975. Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including American, Russian, European satellite-launch rockets, and the U.S. Space Shuttle. The organization responsible for Indian satellites is the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

Some of them are-Aryabhata , Bhaskara-I ,Rohini Technology

Payload ,Rohini RS-1 , Rohini RS-D1, Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment ,Bhaskara-II etc

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