SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS. OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS.

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

OVERVIEW

• OBJECTIVES• BASIC PRINCIPLES

• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS

• THE WAY AHEAD

OBJECTIVES

• UNDERSTAND BASIC CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• UNDERSTAND SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR DOD, CIVIL, AND COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL SUPPORT APPLICATIONS FOR MILITARY OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW

• OBJECTIVES

• BASIC PRINCIPLES• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS

• THE WAY AHEAD

BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

• COMPONENTS• USER/TRANSMITTER SEGMENT• TRANSMISSION MEDIUM• USER/RECEIVER SEGMENT

• RELAY OR TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION• TEXT• VOICE• VIDEO• DATA

BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMLINKS

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SIMPLEX(one way only)

HALF DUPLEX(one way or the other)

FULL DUPLEX(both ways simultaneously)

GEO-SYNCHRONOUS

• MOST COMMON ORBIT: LOW INCLINATION

• ALTITUDE: APPROXIMATELY 23,0000 NM

• LIFE SPAN: MEASURED IN YEARS

• MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES AND SYSTEM DEGRADATION

• PERIOD: USUALLY 24 HOURS

GEO-SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT

THREE SATELLITES IN NEAR-EQUATORIAL ORBITS CAN PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE...

...EXCEPT FOR THE POLES

GEO-SYNCHRONOUS SATCOM

HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL

• MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR

• ALTITUDE: 200 TO 10000 NM

• LIFE SPAN: 1 YEAR OR LONGER

• MAJOR EFFECT OF LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES

• PERIOD: 90 MIN TO 11 HRS

HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL ORBIT

...DO NOT PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE

HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL ORBITS COVER THE POLES, BUT...

HIGHLY ELLIPTICALORBITS

NEAR-EARTH

• MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR

• ALTITUDE: 100 - 200 NM

• LIFETIME: LESS THAN 1 YEAR

• MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFESPAN: ATMOSPHERIC DRAG

• PERIOD: 90 MIN

NEAR-EARTH ORBIT

NEAR-EARTH SATCOM SYSTEMS USE MANY SMALL, CHEAP SATELLITES TO PROVIDE WIDE AREA COVERAGE

NEAR-EARTH ORBITS

SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMMGENERAL ADVANTAGES

• LINE OF SIGHT NOT REQUIRED BETWEEN USERS

• COMMUNICATION COST & QUALITY LESS SENSITIVE TO DISTANCE AND TERRAIN EFFECTS

• MOBILE COMM LINKS BEYOND LINE OF SIGHT

• DIRECT COMMUNICATIONS TO REMOTE AREAS, NO NEED FOR INTERMEDIATE GROUND RELAYS

• WIDE AREA OR FOCUSED BROADCAST OPTIONS

• LARGE CAPACITY FOR MESSAGE TRAFFIC

• MINIMUM RESTRAINT ON USERS

COMSAT ADVANTAGES

TERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMMMILITARY RELATED ADVANTAGES

• SMALLER TERMINALS THAN WHOLE TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM

• LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT OR DETECTION

• HIGHER DEGREE OF RELIABILITY AND SURVIVABILITY

• REDUCED LOGISTICAL BURDENS

• REDUCED SITING PROBLEMS

• RAPID NETWORK DEPLOYMENT, RECONFIGURATION

• EASILY EXPANDED

• FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVITY

• COLLOCATED WITH UNIT FOR DEFENSE

SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMMLIMITATIONS

• HIGH COST FOR SATELLITES, SPACELIFT, TERMINALS, AND COMMAND & CONTROL RESOURCES

• FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

• ORBITAL POSITION AVAILABILITY

• VULNERABILITY TO ASAT WEAPONS & JAMMING

OVERVIEW

• OBJECTIVES

• BASIC PRINCIPLES

• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS

• THE WAY AHEAD

PROVIDE TIMELY ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND DISSEMINATION OF DECISIONS TO GLOBALLY DEPLOYED MILITARY FORCES

DSCSDSCS

FLTSATCOMFLTSATCOM

UFOUFO

MILSTARMILSTAR

AFSATCOAFSATCOMM

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS

HARD-CORE

SOFTCORE

GENERAL PURPOSE

HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD

SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS

LOWER PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL PURPOSECOMMUNICATIONS

• USERS• MOBILE TERMINALS• TACTICAL BROADCAST

• SATCOM SYSTEMS• FLEET SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • UHF F/O• COMMERCIAL

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS

HARD-CORE

SOFTCORE

GENERAL PURPOSE

HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD

SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS

LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

SOFTCORECOMMUNICATIONS

• USERS• AUTODIN/AUTOSEVOCOM• DEFENSE DATA NETWORK (DDN)• DEFENSE SWITCHED NETWORK (DSN)• DIPLOMATIC TELECOMM SERVICE (DTS)• GROUND MOBILE FORCES (GMF)

• SATCOM SYSTEMS• DEFENSE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

SYSTEM (DSCS)

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS

HARD-CORE

SOFTCORE

GENERAL PURPOSE

HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD

SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS

LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

HARD-CORE COMMUNICATIONS

• USERS• NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY/CINC NETWORKS

• EMERGENCY ACTIONS MESSAGE DISSEMINATION TO STRATEGIC FORCES

• TAKE CHARGE AND MOVE OUT (TACAMO)

• AIRBORNE WARNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (AWACS)

• SATCOM SYSTEMS• MILSTAR

• AF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (AFSATCOM)

UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

• ADVANTAGES• GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY• SMALL, ECONOMICAL, HIGHLY MOBILE• MATURE TECHNOLOGY ==> RELIABLE• EXCELLENT QUALITY• 300-3000 MHz

• DISADVANTAGES• VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT• SUSCEPTIBLE TO JAMMING AND INTERCEPT• CROWED SPECTRUM

UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

• LARGE AREA COVERAGE

• MOBILE TERMINALS

• MINIMAL PROTECTION

• LDR, SOME MDR

FLEET SATELLITE MISSION

GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE

STATIONS

FLEET SATELLITE

FLEET SATELLITE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

• CAPABILITIES• 23 CHANNELS (FLEET BROADCAST, FLEET RELAY AIR

FORCE NARROWBAND AND DOD WIDEBAND)• TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE

AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS• EHF TEST PACKAGE ON LAST TWO FLIGHTS• NO POLAR COVERAGE

• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 4 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES • 5 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE• LAUNCHED 1978 TO 1989• 1 SATELLITE PER SECTOR

FLEET SATELLITE

UHF F/O MISSION

GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE STATIONS

• REPLACES FLTSAT/LEASED SATELLITE CONSTELLATION• GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL FORCES• EAM AND SIOP DISSEMINATION (AFSATCOM)• PRESIDENTIAL COMMAND NETWORK

UHF FOLLOW-ON SATELLITE

UHF F/O SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

• CAPABILITIES• 39 CHANNELS (SOME POSSESS ANTI-JAM CAPABILITY)

• TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS

• EHF TEST PACKAGE ON FLIGHTS 4-10

• NO POLAR COVERAGE

• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 6 SATELLITES ( 1 ACTIVE, 1 TACO)

• 14 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE

• COMPLETE DEPLOYMENT BY 1998 (10 SATELLITES)

• PAYLOAD CONFIGURATION BY NAVAL SPACE COMMAND

• SATELLITE CONTROL BY AF SPACE COMMAND

UHF FOLLOW-ON SATELLITE

FLTSAT & UHF F/O USERS

• NUCLEAR FORCE COMMANDNUCLEAR FORCE COMMAND• & CONTROL& CONTROL

• TT&CTT&C • DATA DISTRIBUTIONDATA DISTRIBUTION• I&WI&W• FLEET BROADCASTFLEET BROADCAST• TACTICAL INTELTACTICAL INTEL• OTHER WARFARE USESOTHER WARFARE USES

UHF CH 23

DOD WIDEBAND USERS

• EAM DISSEMINATION

UHF

CH 1-10

UHF

CH 11-22

AFSCN

USAF NARROWBAND

USN LAND, SEA, AIR FORCES

SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

• ADVANTAGES• GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY• WIDESPREAD CONNECTVITY• ROUTING DIVERSITY• LESS VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT AND

SCINTILLATION

• DISADVANTAGES• LIMITED FREQUENCY ALLOCATION• LIMITED ANTI-JAMMING CAPABILITY• GROUND EQUIPMENT IS LARGE AND COSTLY

SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

• REGIONAL COVERAGE

• TRANSPORTABLE/FIXED TERMINALS

• LIMITED AJ PROTECTION

• MDR, SOME HDR

DSCS MISSION

• SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL C2 SYSTEM (GCCS); MANAGED BY THE DEFENSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AGENCY (DISA)

• ADDITIONAL AFSATCOM SUPPORT VIA THE DSCS III SINGLE CHANNEL TRANSPONDER (SCT)

DSCS SATELLITES

DSCS II DSCS III

DSCS II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

• SYSTEM CAPABILITIES• TWO EARTH COVERAGE, TWO NARROW BEAM ANTENNAS

• 1200 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS

• LIMITED MOBILITY

• NO POLAR COVERAGE

• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 3 ACTIVE SATELLITES

• 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE

• LAUNCHED 1971-1982

DSCS II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

DSCS III SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

• CAPABILITIES• EARTH COVERAGE, SPOT, MULTIBEAM ANTENNAS• 10,000 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS

• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 6 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES--3 RESERVES IN GEO-

STATIONARY ORBIT• 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE• LAUNCHED 1982 TO PRESENT 5 DSCS OPERATIONS

CENTERS WORLDWIDE, OPERATED BY USARSPACE• SATELLITE HEALTH SUPPORTS BY AFSPC

DSCS III SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS

• NUCLEAR SURVIVABILITY

• ROBUST COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM

• ANTIJAM AT HIGH DATA RATES

• SIOP AND CINC EAM/FDM MSGS

GROUND MOBILEFORCES

EARLY WARNING

NAOC

GCCS

ARMY SPACECOMMAND

AF SPACECOMMAND

PAYLOAD CONTROL TT&C

DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS

EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

• ADVANTAGES• EXTENSIVE BANDWIDTHS• JAM RESISTANT• NON-CROWDED SPECTRUM• SMALL EQUIPMENT, SATELLITE APPLICATIONS• LEAST VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT

• DISADVANTAGES• TECHNOLOGY RISK -- BRAND NEW• SUSCEPTIBLE TO RAIN AND ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION• CAPABILITIES UN-EXPLOITED

EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

• PRIMARILY SPOT COVERAGE

• MOBILE TERMINALS

• AJ, AS, LPI PROTECTION

• LDR, MDR, HDR

MILSTAR MISSION

PROVIDE SURVIVABLE, ENDURING, MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR COMMAND & CONTROL OF THE WARFIGHTING FORCES OF THE

UNITED STATES

MILSTAR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

• CAPABILITIES• SECURE AND ENDURING COMMUNICATIONS• MIX OF ORBITS -- POLAR ADJUNCTS AND INTERLINKING• USER DATA STORED ON SATELLITE TO IMPROVE SYSTEM

FLEXIBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY• ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE TERMINALS INTEROPERABLE• ENCYPTED VOICE, DATA, TELETYPE OR FACSIMILE COMM

• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 2 MILSTAR ON ORBIT• INITIAL LAUNCH IN 1992

MILSTAR USERS

• CINCS ARE APPORTIONED CAPACITY, AND CINCS DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION FOR THEIR USERS

• AIR FORCE (COMING)• PRIMARILY FOR COMMAND POST USE• SOME TERMINALS BACKWARD COMPATIBLE WITH

AFSATCOM

• NAVY (AVAILABLE)• SHORE, SHIP, & SUBMARINE USE • FEWER OPTIONS THAN AF TERMINAL

• ARMY (COMING)• SCAMP MANPACK; SOF/VIP APPLICATIONS• SMART-T (HMMWV MOUNTED)

AFSATCOM MISSION

• SECURE, RELIABLE, SURVIVABLE, TWO-WAY GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE COMMAND ELEMENT AND ALL SEGMENTS OF THE FORCES THROUGH ALL LEVELS OF CONFLICT

• AFSATCOM• EAM DISSEMINATION• JCS-CINC INTERNETTING• FORCE DIRECTION & REPORTING• NON-SIOP FORCES

AFSATCOM SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

• CAPABILITIES• WORLDWIDE CAPABILITY• DOWNLINK VULNERABILITY• DEPENDENT ON HOST SATELLITE

• CONFIGURATION• TRANSPONDERS ON FLTSAT, UFO, AND

DSCS SATELLITES• MANAGED BY HQ AFSPC/SC

AFSATCOM USERS

NAVAL FORCES

COMMAND AND CONTROL AIRCRAFT

B-52 AFSATCOM TERMINAL

BOMBERS ANDAIRBORNE CMD POST

MISSILE LAUNCHCONTROL FACILITY

CINCCOMMAND CENTERS

NMCS

AFSATCOM USERS

OVERVIEW

• OBJECTIVES

• BASIC PRINCIPLES

• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS

• THE WAY AHEAD

COMMERCIAL SATELLITE AUGMENTATION

• AUGMENTATION OF DOD SYSTEMS

• HIGH THROUGHPUT COMMUNICATIONS

• NO SURVIVABILITY CAPABILITY

• FIXED AND SEMI-FIXED TERMINALS

INMARSAT

• DESIGNED TO PROVIDE FULL DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS TO SHIPS FOR TELEPHONE, TELETYPE, FACSIMILE AND DATA.

• DOD LEASE OF CHANNELS CALLED “GAPFILLER”.

• PORTABLE TERMINALS LEASED TO SUPPORT DESERT STORM.

INMARSAT SATELLITE

INTELSAT

• INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ORGANIZATION • 125 MEMBER NATIONS• HALF OF ALL INTERNATIONAL

TELEPHONE CALLS• NEARLY ALL TRANSOCEANIC

TELEVISION

• NINETEEN COMSATS DEPLOYED

• SIX GROUND STATIONS WORLDWIDE

LEASAT

• COMMERCIAL SYSTEM TO AUGMENT THE FLEET SATELLITE CONSTELLATION

• FOUR SATELLITES, LAST DEPLOYED IN 1990

• OPERATED BY HUGHES COMMUNICATION FOR THE US NAVY

LEASAT

OVERVIEW

• OBJECTIVES

• BASIC PRINCIPLES

• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS• THE WAY AHEAD

DOD WARFIGHTERS

• HIGHLY MOBILE USERS• AIR/FLEET OPERATIONS• DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (DEA)• WHITEHOUSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY

• NUCLEAR CAPABLE FORCES• NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITITES• INTEGRATED TACTICAL WARNING ASSESSMENT• EAM DISSEMINATORS

• COVERT/SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS PERSPECTIVE

AIR FORCE18%

OTHER35%

JOINT STAFF/CINC

6%

INTEL27%

MARINES1%

NAVY3%

ARMY10%

OVERVIEW

• OBJECTIVES

• BASIC PRINCIPLES

• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS

• THE WAY AHEAD

INFORMATION TO THE WARFIGHTER

• NEAR-REAL TIME WEATHER INFORMATION

• UPDATED THREAT INTELLIGENCE

• IMAGERY AND INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION