Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002 The Gamma Ray Burst Explorer • What is Swift (Marg Chester, Swift Ops Lead Scientist) • What are GRBs (Sally Hunsberger, Swift UVOT Scientist) • Penn State’s Role (Sally Hunsberger) • Tour of X-ray Telescope Lab and Future Mission Operations Center
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Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002 The Gamma Ray Burst Explorer What is Swift (Marg Chester, Swift Ops Lead Scientist) What are GRBs (Sally.
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Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
The Gamma Ray Burst Explorer
• What is Swift (Marg Chester, Swift Ops Lead Scientist)• What are GRBs (Sally Hunsberger, Swift UVOT Scientist)• Penn State’s Role (Sally Hunsberger)• Tour of X-ray Telescope Lab and Future Mission Operations Center
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
The Swift MIDEX
• Prime Institution: GSFC (Neil Gehrels, PI)
• Lead University Partner: Penn State (PSU)
• Countries Involved: USA, Italy, UK
• Spacecraft Partner: Spectrum Astro
• Mission Operations Partner: Omitron
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
GRB Data “Gap”
Beppo-SAX took at least 6-8 hours to perform an afterglow follow-up observation with its narrow field instruments, and only saw about 10 bursts per year.
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Cascade of Images from High Energy to Low
BAT
Time ~12 sec<4 arcmin
Observing Scenario:1. Burst Alert Telescope triggers on GRB, calculates position on sky2. Spacecraft autonomously slews to GRB position3. X-ray Telescope determines more accurate position4. UV/Optical Telescope images field, transmits finding chart to ground
BAT Error Circle
XRT
Time ~100 sec~3 arcsec
Time ~250 secFinding Chart
UVOT
SLEW
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Telescope Design from High Energy to Low
Gamma Ray “Shadow” X-ray “Grazing Incidence”
UV-Optical “Normal Incidence”Radio
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Atmospheric Transparency from High Energy to Low
Placeholder for slide from astronomy text.
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Burst Alert Telescope (BAT)
Detector Module
4 mm
CZT Detectors
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
X-ray Telescope (XRT)
Focal Plane Camera Assembly (FPCA)
Optical Bench Interface Flange(OBIF)
Cold Finger
Star Trackers
Aft Tube
Forward Tube
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Focal Plane Camera Assembly
TEC/Detector
Cold Finger
Proton Shield
Wolter Type I X-ray Mirrors
XRT Camera & Mirrors
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
UVOT’s Arrival at GSFC – May ’02:
UV-Optical Telescope (UVOT)
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Ritchey-Chrétien Design UV-Optical Mirrors
UVOT Detector & Mirrors
Window
Photocathode
Phosphor
CCD 385 x 288 Pixels
MCP 1
MCP 2
MCP 1 : 8 micron pores on 10 micron centresMCP 2 : 10 micron pores on 12 micron centres
Tapered Fibre-optic (3.3:1)
100 electrons
1000000 electrons
1 photo-electron
1 photon
100000 photons
Detector: Image Intensified CCD
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
S/W Updates,Observatory Data
Ground System Architecture
White Sands Complex (WSC)MalindiGround Station
SWIFTTDRS
S-Band CMD/TLM 2.25 Mbps downlink (RT & PB TLM)
2 kbps uplink (Normal Commanding)
NCC
MissionOperations Center
(MOC)
SwiftData Center
Commands
Command, H/K, Science
Penn State
GSFC
Houston
OpticalTelescopes
RadioTelescopes
Pass-Oriented L0 Data
Quick-Look &Production Data
(FITS)
Requests for ToOs & Coordinated Observing
Observation Results
e.g. Chandra
e.g. HET
e.g. VLA
Alerts, TOO Commanding, Contingency H/K, Tracking
SwiftScience Center
Data Analysis Tools
Alerts,H/K
HEASARC
GSFCGSFC
February 5, 2002 Revision J
GCN
GSFC
Front-End
S-Band CMD/TLM 1 kbps downlink (Alerts & H/K)
125 bps uplink (ToO Requests)
SN Scheduling & Status
Burst Alerts
Satellites
Science Community
Science Teams
ISAC
UKDC
2-Line Elements
BAT
UVOT/XRT
Flight Software
Maintenance
Spacecraft
GSFC
PSUSpectrum Astro
Flight DynamicsFacility
GSFC
Orbit Data
fromWSC
NORAD
To FDF
Tracking Data
Tracking Data
Kenya
ASINetFucino Gateway
Fucino, Italy
ASINet US Gateway
JSC
384kbps Leased Line
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Ground Station at Malindi:Italian Space Agency & U. of Rome
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
MOC Facility Layout
Flight Ops Control Room
Scientists’ Offices
Engineers’ Offices
Kitchen
University BackboneConference Room
Swift “Gallery”
FOT’s Entrance
Visitors’ Entrance
L&EO Overflow
Administrative Support
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
• Small Operations Team At Penn State– 8x5 Staffing, 24x7 Response (Paging for Bursts, Anomalies)– Omitron - Flight Ops; PSU- Science Ops (XRT, UVOT Scientists)– Sustaining Engineering by Spectrum & Instruments
• Rapid & Flexible Mission Planning– Daily & Opportunistic Mission Replans– Close Coordination of Flight & Science Ops Teams
• New GRB or ToO Response Options:– Typical: Add to Timeline During Scheduled Weekday Revision– Faster: Quick Replan, Upload via TDRSS or Malindi– Fastest: Upload GRB Position & Merit to FoM
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Normal, GRB & Anomaly Operations
• On-Board Automation:– Minimum 3-day Target & Command Load– Automated GRB Detection & Follow-up, S/C Checks Constraints– GRB Alerts via TDRSS to GCN & MOC– On-board Science Data Capacity ~ 4 Days– Spacecraft Capable of 72 Hour Operation Without Ground Command– Anomalies Trigger Spacecraft SOH Telemetry via TDRSS– Instruments Have Autonomous Safing and SAA Procedures
• Weekday Ground Operations:– Primary Ground Station at Malindi, Kenya (Italian Space Agency)– 7-8 Contacts Per Day; Most Automated– Target Timeline Revised to Accommodate New GRBs, ToOs– Updated Target & Command Load Uploaded Daily– Automated Monitoring of Spacecraft & Instruments State of Health
• Off-shift (Nights & Weekends):– Paging for GRBs, Time-critical ToOs, & Anomalies– Remote Display of Alerts, Quicklook, SOH– If Commanding Warranted, Travel to MOC
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
MOC Operational Dataflows: R/T
TDRSS MALINDI CGS
SPACE NETWORK/ NCC/STGT
SWSI JAVA
CLIENT
GCN
MOC REAL-TIME ITOS
PRIME
MOC ITOS OFF-LINE
MOC ITOS OPEN/WEB
SERVER
MOC FILESERVER
WEB USERS
FOT/SOT
VMOC/SERS BACKUP
SPECTRUM ASTRO ENG ITOS (LEO)
VMOC/SERS PRIME
Commands
VC0 Real-time Frames
Station Status Packets
VC0 Real-time Frames
TLM Statistics Packets
TDRSS Commands
VC5 Real-time Frames
Commands
TDRSS Commands VC5
Real-time Frames
VC5 Real-time Frames
SOC ITOS/ANCILLARY
SCIENCE ENG
VC0/5 Real-time Packets
VC0/5 Real-time Packets
Sync/ Status
Two Way Paging
Two Way Paging
ITOS Event Log Files (Includes Limits and Configuration Monitor Results)
Version 0.04 10/26/2001 dja
Spacecraft and Instrument Memory Dumps
Sequential Print Files
VC0/5 Frame Files
VC0/5 Real-time Frames
Real-time JAVA Displays
TAPE ARCHIVE
SOT
Non Swift GRB Alert Paging
GCMR/ ODM
Long Term File Archiving
Swift GRB Alerts
LOCATED AT PSU MOC
EXTERNAL ITEMS
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Remote Access
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
Mission Science Planning
• Typical Science Timeline Inputs– New GRB Afterglows: ~1 New Afterglow Per Day
– Time-critical ToO: 1 Per Week to Followup
– Previous GRB Afterglows: 3-4 Visible (at High Energies)
– Planned ToOs (Monitoring, etc.): ~1 Per Week
– BAT Transient Monitoring: (Rate?)
– BAT Survey Coverage: 12 of 15 Pointings Per Day (80%)
– Calibrations Using Astrophysical Sources: ~1 Per Week
• Major Planning Considerations– 4-5 Targets Per Orbit
– Multi-orbit Observation Times Require “Juggling” of Targets
– Choose BAT Survey Pointings & Safe Pointings (not safehold) To Be Astrophysically Interesting (Vote Now For Your Favorite)
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
TAKO Target Scheduler
Space Astronomy for Science Teachers - 28 June 2002
The Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer: Catching Gamma Ray Bursts on the Fly
“Flight very rapid, ‘twinkling’, sailing between spurts.”
– Roger Tory Peterson
“Swifts fly expertly on their first try. Regardless of their introduction to flight, all young are adept at it soon after they take their initial leap.”