Southeast Chapter of the AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE Jqnuory 28-30, 1988 Winston-Sqlem, North Corolino CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS
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SoutheastChapter of the
AMERICAN COLLEGEOF SPORTS MEDICINE
Jqnuory 28-30, 1988Winston-Sqlem,North Corolino
CONFERENCEABSTRACTS
hItT
!TiIIIIIIIII
Fifteenth Annual MeetingSOUTHEAST REGIONAL CHAPTER
AMBRICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINEHyatt Hotel, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
January 28 - 30, 1988
OFFICERS
President:D. L. Spitler, U.N.C.-Greensboro
Past President:S. K. Powers, Louisiana State University
President-Elect:P. B. Sparling, Georgia Tech
Executive Board:D. T. Badenhop, Charlotte, NCR. G. Israel, East Carolina UniversityS. P. Messier, Wake Forest UniversityR. R. Pate, University of South CarolinaM. D. Senn, University of South CarolinaJ. L. Walberg, Virginia Tech
Executive Secretary:R. R. Bos, Virginia Tech
Meeting Hosts:S. P. Messier and P. M. Ribisl,Wake Forest University
Publisher:Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and SafetyMiddle Tennessee State University
IIII-
SOUTHEAST CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE
1988 Annual Meeting program
Hyatt Hotel, I,linston-Salem, North Carolina
Thursday, January 28
2:00 - 3:30 EXECUTIVE B0ARD MEETINGRoom 231
3:OO - 5:OO PRECONFERENCE WORKSHOP: AUTOMATED ANAEROBIC THRESHOLDEXERCISE TEST INTERPRETATION/PRESCRIPTION
led-by Stephen N. French, ph.D. Workshop held at thePerformance Laboratory, Wake Forest Univlriitv.
AND
Human
4:00
4:00
7:45 -
9:00 -
7:45 REGISTRATIONMain Lobby
7:00 MICROC0MPUTER S0FTIIARE DEM0NSTRATIONSCoordinated by Richard N. Godsen, Charleston, SC,Jefferson Davi s Room
SPEAKER READY ROOM
Colonel Forsyth
9:00 KEYN0TE ADDRESS
David L. Costi I l, ph.D.Bal 1 State Uni versi tylUsi olo.-g_gl Optimal Trai ni ngKegency 6al lroom
Dr. costill has been sponsored by Quinton Instruments.
BUSINESS MEETINGDiane Spitler, president, SEACSM
11:00 SEACSM S0CIALGarden Terrace
-- Refer to Page Six for Information on Exhibits --
-- Refer to Last Page of Booklet for Author-Abstract Index --
Fridqy, January 29
7:00 - 12:00 REGISTRATIONMa'in Lobby
7:30 - 5:30 SPEAKER READY R00MColonel Forsyth
7:30 - 8:30 T0UR 0F HEALTH & SP0RT SCIENCE LABORAT0RIES,o5:r:?tt;l'H-l,Xi:itlloo,
at 7:00 a.m. Limited to 50; sisn upat regi strat'ion on Th.ursday.-
B:00 - 12:00 POSTER PRESENTATIONS, Group t (#25 thru 39)Authors present from 11:00 to 12:00Regency I
8:00 - 9:00 TUT0RIALS
Cardiovascular Fitness Through Water Exercise for CardiacRehabilitation. D.R. Downs, Piedmont Cardiac Rehabiljtat'ionProgram, Thomasv'i 'l I e, NC.
Lord Granville Suite -- Chajr: Robert Moffatt, F.S.U.
Necessary Components for a Successful Smok'ing Cessation Program.A.M. Tjmberlake, Clayton General Hospita'1, Riverdale, GA.
Regency II -- Chair: Pat Tinklepaugh, Ga Tech
ffi :i I :' li'i ::,';il:: 3; l.ii:::: " i: il . H i l?.:il:' ; l'; ;:,,?3J',3'North Carolina - Greensboro.
Regency IV -- Chair: Bob Armstrong, University of Georgia
8:00 - 9:00 FREE COMMUNICATIONS - Measures of Exercjse Intensity/PerformanceRegency III -- Chajr: Joe Smith, University of Alabama
(8:00-8:15) Metabolic responses of fjre fjghters: effects of environmentand gear. J.C. Rupp, L. Lodzinskj and M. Siggers, GeorgiaState Unj versity, Atlanta.
(8:15-8:30) Influence of thermal stress and cooling on fine motor anddecoding ski11s. M.C. Robjnson and P. Bishop, University ofAlabama, Tuscaloosa.
(8:30-8:45) Use of percentages of maximal heart rate reserve and V02 maxto determjne training intensity in sedentary women, R. Rutt,J. Weltman, R. Seip, S. Levine, D. Snead, D. Kaiser, A. Rogoland A. l,leltman, University of Virgjnia, Charlottesville.
(B:45-9:00) Can the C!,l Doppler PkA or PkV response provide validj ndi cati ons of al terat'ions 'i n myocardi al contracti 'l 'ity duri ng
exerci se testi ng? !'|. D. Franke, t,'l.G. Herbert and A.D. [t4oore,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
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FI!It!;
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Friday, January 29
9:00 - 5:30
9:00 -
9:15 -
9:15
EXHI BITS : Vi s'i t throughout the day !
Bal lroom Lobby
BREAK - coffee
1.0:45 SYMP0SIA
Body Composition Analysis: A Research Update. J. Graves,University of Florida, P. Sparling, Georgia Tech and A. lJeltman,University of Virginia.
Regency II -- Chair: Kirk Cureton, University of Georgia
Physiologic and Nutritional Considerations in UltraendurancePerformance. R. Kreider and M. l'lilliams, 0ld DominionUni versi ty.
Regency I I I -- Chaj r: Ph'i I Bi shop, Uni vers'i ty of Al abama
Drug Testing in Sports: Clinical and Legal Considerations.J. Hawkins, Guilford College and E. Holford, Virginia Tech.
Lord Granville Suite -- Chajr: Ron Bos, Va Tech
Does the Pu'lmonary System Limit Maximal 0xygen Transport?S. Powers, S. Dodd and S. Griton, Louisiana State University.
Regency IV -- Chair: Mark Davis, U.S.C.
10:45 - 11:00 BREAK - walk time/vjsit exhibits
11:00 - 12:00 TUT0RIALS
Contact Sports Injuries 'in Children. T.N. Taft, University ofNorth Carolina - Chapel Hill.
Regency IV -- Chair: Ed Howley, University of Tennessee
Exercise Science Involvement t,rlithin Intercollegiate Athletics:A Service or a Sacrifice? M. Millard-Stafford, Georgia Tech,R. McMurray, University of North Carolina-Chapel H'ill andJ. Smith, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.
Regency II -- Chair: Dennis Wilson, Auburn Unjversity
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r
Friday, January 29
11:00 - 12:00
( 11: 30-11:45 )
( 11 : 45-12: 00 )
11:00 - 12:00
(11:00-11:15)
(11:15-11:30)
(11:30-11:45)
(11:45-12:00)
LUNCH - Smithfield'sregi strat'ion Packetd'i stance.
(11:00-11:15) Effects of posture on upper and ]ower limb peripheralresistance iollowing submaximal cyc'ling. P.D. Swan,
O.f-. Spitler, J.L. Maupir, P.M. Darragh, C.L. Lewis and
M.K. T;dd, University of North Carolina - Greensboro.
(11:15-11:30) Exogenous glucose utiljzation following ingestion of naturallyiiUeieA 13d-glucose beverages during piolonged intense cycling..l.tq. florri s ,'J.M. Davi s and M. Lonnett, Uni versi ty of South
Carolina, Columbia.
L.ip.i d and I i poprotei n response to resi stance exerci se.l,t.b. Witlace'and R.J. Mofiatt, Flogida State University,Tal I ahassee.
Effect of exhaust'ive weight lift'ing exercise on plasma
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions.p.d. Oavis, J.L. burstjne, W.P. Bartoli,-!l.D. Senn,. R' Yarab
uni-;.m. Divis, Universjty of South Carolina, Columbia'
FREE CoMMUNICATIoNS - Physiologic Responses to Exercisenegincy ltt -- Chair: Jeff Rupp, Georgia Statq University
FREE COMMUNICATI0NS - Biomechanics Iloti Granvi l l e Sui te -- Cha'i r: Kathy Jean S'impson , U . Ga.
A k'inemat'ic analysis of elite male sprinters. J.A. Herman and
B.F. Johnson, Georgia State University, Atlanta.
Differences in qround reaction forces between forward and
retro iunn'ing. -K.
Simpson' Universjty 9f Georgia-andp. OeVita, pi McGjnnis and B. Bates, Univers'ity of 0regon.
A 3-dimensional kinematic analysiS of the total body during an
overtrano pitch: a case study. B.F. Johnson, Georgia stateUniversity, Atlanta.
Ground react'ion forces acting on the stride foot in pitching'n.
-itrapiro and C. Blow, Un1versity of Kentucky, Lexington.
in the Hyatt or refer to information infor other quick lunches within walking12:00 - 1:15
;il
Friday, January 29
1:15 - 2:15
2:15 - 2:45
PRESIDENTIAL LECTURE
Peter B. Raven, Ph.D.Texas College of 0steopathic MedicineExercise Training and Baroreceptor FunctionR@ry BaTlroom
Dr. Raven has been sponsored by Medical Graphics Corporatjon.
STUDENT MEETINGCi v'ic Room -- Chai r:
BREAK - walk time/visjt
Mark Senn, University of South Carolina
exhi bits
2z4s -
2:45 - 4:15 SYMPOSIA
POSTER PRESENTATI0NS, Group 2 (#40-54)Authors present from 3:00 to 4:00Regency I
Gain'ing Maximum Information from the Sports PreparticipationExam. B. Kibler, J. Chandler and T. Uhl, Fitness and SportsMed'ici ne Center, Lexi ngton, KY.
Lord Granvjlle Suite -- Chair: Jerry Hawkjns, Guilford College
Impression Formatjon: A Critical Issue for Research andPractice in Exercise Science. J. Rejeski, M. Leary andE. Hart, Wake Forest Unjversjty and C. Hardy, University ofNorth Carol i na - Chapel Hi I I .
Regency II -- Chair: Rod Dishman, University of Georgia
Overview of Training, Performance and PhysiologicalCharacterist'ics of Elite Women Runners. L. Durstjne, R. Pateand M. Davis, University of South Carolina, G. l'lilson, Coca-ColaCompany, and P. Sparling, Georgia Tech.
Regency III -- Chair: Emily Haymes, Florida State University
Recent Research and Applicat'ion ofJ. t,.lalberg, R. Humphrey, Virgin'iaCarolina University.
Regency IV -- Chair: John Thie1,
Exercise in 0besity Treatment.Tech and L. Smith, East
Emory Uni versity
Fr iday, January 29
4:15 - 4:30 BREAK - co f fee l l as t chance t o v i s i t e x h i b i t s
4: 30 - 5:30 SPECIAL TOPICS LECTURE
Richard C. Nelson. Ph.D. The Pennsyl vani a Sta te ~ n i vers i t y Current s ta tus of Sports ~ iomechan ics and I t s Future Role i n S ~ o r t s Medi c i ne Regency 11, 111, I V
D r . Nel son has been sponsored by Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc.
5:30 - EXERCISE, DINNER, REUNIONS!
SEE WINSTON-SALEM!
E x h i b i t s Are Open From 9:00 A.M.-5:30 P.M., Fr iday, January 29
Body Watch Medical Graphics Corporat ion
Boehri nger Mannheim Diagnost ics Merck Corporat ion
Camp I nternat i onal Nihon Kohden American, Inc.
Chat tecx Corporat ion Qu in ton Instruments Company
Chattanooga Corporat ion Transk ine t ics Systems, Inc.
Lewi s Medical Instruments, Inc . W.B. Saunders Pub l ishers
SEACSM Appreci ates t h e Support o f t h e E x h i b i t o r s
I
8:00 - 9:00 TUT0RIALS
Evaluation and rreatment of sports Injuries. A.M. McBryde,Charlotte 0rthopaedic Clinic, Charlotte, NC.
Regency III -- Chair: Dalynn Badenhop, Charlotte
Del i.veri ng the Fitness Message: Publ i c Speaki ng Concepts l,leNeed to Know. J.C. Sykes, Greensboro, NC.
Civic Room -- Chair: Linda DiCarlo, Ga Tech
Regulat'ion of Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetes and Exercise.G.L. Dohm, East Carolina Unjversity, Greenville, NC.
Regency II -- Chair: Gay Israel, East Carolini University
Sins of Omission and Comissjon in Research Design for ExerciseScience. D.L. Spitler, J.L. Hudson, University-of Northcarolina - Greensboro and B.D. Franks, Louisiana stateUni vers'ity.
Lord Granville Sujte -- Chajr: Diane Spiiler, U.N.C.-G.
Saturday, January 30
7:30 - 1.1:00 SPEAKER READY R00MColonel Forsyth
8:00 - L2:00 P0STER PRESENTATIONS, Group 3 (#55 thru 69)Authors present from l.l.:00 to 12:00Regency I
FREE C0MMUNICATI0NS - Use of Anthropometry in predjctionRegency IV -- Chair: Bob McMurray, U.N.C.-Chapel Hillcomparison of Harpenden and Lange calipers in predicting bodycomposition. J.J. Gruber, M.L. pollock, J.E. Graves,A.B. Colvin and R.l{. Braith, University of Florida,Gainesville.
A soci al -psychob'iol ogi cal rnrdel for pred.i cti ng exerci seadherence. T.T. Branner and C.J. Hardy, University of NorthCarolina-Chapel Hill.Discriminant function analysis of collegiate cross-countryrunners using anthropometric and physiological variables.R. Robergs, P. Ribis'|, M. Berry, and P. Puntenney, Wake ForestUni versity, Winston-Salem, N.C.
Effect of anthropometric factors on the reproducibility ofDoppler echocardiographic measurements during statjonarybicycle exercise in healthy males. R.S. Hoechstetter,l'l.G. Herbert, L.H. Cross and D.R. Sebolt, Virginia Tech,B1 acksburg .
B:00 - 9:00
( 8: 00-8: 15 )
(8:15-8:30)
( 8: 30-8:45 )
( 8:45-9: 00)
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Saturday, January 30
9:00 - 9:15
9:15 - 10:45
9:15 - 10:45
L0:45 - L1:00
11:00 - 12:00
BREAK - coffee/view posters
SEACSM STUDENT SYMPOSIUM
Career 0pportunities in Health Promotion, Harvey Ebel,
ACSM Certification and Its Impact in the Job Market,
Regency IV -- Cha'ir: Mark Senn, Univers'ity of South Carolina
SYMPOSIA
Medi cal Management and Rehab'i I i tat j on of Card'i ac Transpl antPatjents. D: Badenhop, Charlotte Institute for HealthPromotion, A. Thomley, Sanger Cljnic, D. ltlorley and B. Hackshaw,Wake Forest UniversitY.
Regency III -- Chair: Harry DuVal, University of Georgia
Pediatrjc Physjology and Impf ications for Youth Sports.|r|. Thompson, N. trlilkes and F. Servedio, University of SouthernMississippi.
Regency'tt -- Chair: Art Weltman, University of Virginia
BREAK - walk time/view Posters
TUTORIALS/ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Foot Problems in Runn'ing Athletes: Clinical Evaluation and
Treatment Consjderations. |l|.B. Kjbler, F'itness and SportsMedicine Center, Lexington, KY and A.M. McBryde, Charlotte0rthopaedi c Cf i nic, Charlotte, NC.
Regency III -- Chair: Rob Shapiro, University of Kentucky
AT&T's "Total Life Concept:" Bridging the Gap between
Individual and 0rganjzational Health Promotion. Gail 0wlett'AT&T, Atlanta.
Relency IV -- Chair: Ljnda Rosskopf, Ga Tech
I --E
Saturday , January 30
11: 00 - 12: 00 FREE COMMUNICATIONS - RPEIVenti l a t o r y Pat terns Dur ing Exerc ise Regency I 1 -- Chair: Scot t Powers, Louis iana Sta te U n i v e r s i t y
( 11 00-11: 1 Determi nants o f percei ved e x e r t i o n dur ing treadmi 11 exerc i se i n t r a i n e d and unt ra ined men and women. R.E. Graham, K.J. Cureton and J. J. DeMel l o , U n i v e r s i t y o f Georgia, Athens.
1 : 5 - 1 1 : 3 0 Effect of i n t e r m i t t e n t carbohydrate/electrolyte supplementation on r a t i n g s o f perceived exe r t i on dur ing prolonged cyc l ing . M. Lonnett, R.J. Robertson, J. N o r r i s and J.M. Davis, U n i v e r s i t y of South Caro l ina and U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t tsburgh.
(11:30-11:45) The vent i 1 a to ry pa t te rns o f t r a i n e d and unt ra ined i ndi v i duals du r ing maximal exercise. M.J. Berry, A.S. Weyrich and R.A. Robergs, Wake Fores t Un ive rs i t y , Winston-Salem, NC.
(11:45-12:OO) Venti l a t o r y th resho ld i n swimming, c y c l i n g and running i n tri a th le tes . R.B. K r e i der, Old Dominion Un ive rs i t y , Nor fo lk , VA.
1 1 : O O - 12:OO FREE COMMUNICATIONS - Biomechanics I 1 Lord Granvi 1 l e S u i t e -- Chair: Ben Johnson, G.S.U.
1 l :OO-11:15 Biomechanical a1 t e r a t i o n s and energy expenditure dur ing walk ing and running w i t h hand weights. D.B. Campbell, H.S. OIBryant, T.M. Zehnbauer and M.A. Co l l i ns , Appalachian State Uni ve rs i ty, Boone, NC.
1 1 15-11: 3 0 A biomechanical comparison o f sumo and convent ional d e a d l i f t i n g techniques. T.S. Horn, U n i v e r s i t y o f Kentucky, Lexi ngton.
( 11: 30-11:45) The i n f 1 uence o f bat composit ion on post-impact b a l l v e l o c i t y . A.S. Weyrich, S.P. Messier, B.S. Ruhmann and M.J. Berry, Wake Forest Uni ve rs i t y , W i nston-Sal em, NC.
(11:45-12:OO) Sequential muscle EMG on the racque tba l l serve. G.S. Rash and J. Rausch, U n i v e r s i t y o f Kentucky, Lexington.
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Saturday, January 30
12:00 - 2:00
2:00 -
2:00 -
SEACSM LUNCHEON
Garden Terrace
SEACSI4 LUNCHEON SPEAKER
ttilliam P. Castelli, M,D.Harvard University Medical School and
the Framingham Heart StudyInfluence of Diet and Exercise Upon Lipoprotein Composition
Dr. Castelli has been sponsored by the Merck.Corporation.
EXECUTIVE BoARD IJIEETINGRoom 231
HAVE A SAFE TRIP HOME!
SEE YOU NEXT YEAR !
1989 SEACSM I{EETING
January I9-ZL
Hyatt Regency Ravi ni a
Atlanta, Georgia
IIIIIIII
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o HollerMonltofing
t Echear.dloglaphs
o Tlc'admllleo Tolcmclrlo EKG
Machlneso Rehab
Equlpmento Ergometerco Dellb
rlllatorc. Pulmonary
Functlonc Eleclrodleso Suppliesr Service
LEWIS|MEtr'ICAL
The C*7000 Stress Test SyetemThe Eoton Medicol Group G-7000* He<rlth Tlccl U Tleadnill
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1988 SEACSM AUTHOR-ABSTRACT INDEX
First Author Abstract # First Author Abstract #
39M. 50
2944
635546736244215
21
346L265102748
5
284151
7
30472326
3437311959603362142L534043385769
8524964
466t761.
139
45321556221158256320681855
R.
Bai ley, S.Barnhart, L.A.Berry, C.B.Berry, M.J.Blessi ng, D.L.Boone, T.Boutcher, S.H.Braith, R.W.Branner, T.T.Campbel 1 , D.B.Cannada, E.Carlos, J.C'irillo, K.J.Cokkinides, V.Cortes, C.Crehan, R.Davis, P.G.Dengel, D.R.Ellard, C.Faile, B.A.Franke, W.D.Godsen, R.N.Graham, R.E.Graves, J.E.Gruber, J.J.Herman, J.A.Hetzler' R.K.Hil1, D.llJ.Hoechstetter,Hommen, N.Horn, T.S.Johnson, B.F.Johnson, K.D.Keith, R.E.Klei ner, S.M.Kre'ider , R. B.LandrY, G.Lonnett, M.
McCraw, R.L.
McMurray, R.G.Mi I I ard-stafford,Morocco, K.M.Murray, L.K.Norris, J.Norton, K.I.0'Bryant, H.S.Owen, T.G.Puntenney, P.J.Rash, G.S.Ray, C.A.Robergs, R.Robinson, M.C.Rupp, J.C.Rutt, R.Seip, R.L.Shapiro, R.Shi r1€V, D'S'imp'son, K.Smith, L.L.Snead, D.Swan, P.D.Thompson, W.R.Todd, M.K.Underwood, L.l,lallace, M.B.t{arren, G.L.Weltman, J.Weyrich, A.S.t,lilliford, H.N.
liil
1
tIIIIIIIIItIII
FREE COMMUNICATIONS
UETABOLIC RESPONSES OF FTRE FIGHTERS: EFFECTS OF ENITIRONIi{ENTAND GEAR
J.C. Rupp, L. Lodzinski, and M. Siggers. Physical FitnessCenter, Georgia state University, Atlanta, GA 3o303
Slx llne fire fighters (FF) were studied during aBlmulated fire fighting taek and again ln the laboratory todeteruine the physiological atreases placed on FF and toevaluate the degree that FF gear contributes to tlresestresEes. SubJects completed a tined circuit (X=235s) insidea heated tralning buildlng (149'c) consisting of hosecarrylng, chopping, and dumny carrying taske while wearingfull bunker gear (cE). Heart rates (HR) by telenetry andblood Lactate (La) were within 90t of ruaxirnal values measuredduring an lnitlal treadmill test. Subjeets then conpleted twotreadnill walks for 30 min at 3 nph (EX) with GE and without(NG), followed by 3O uin of rest recovery (REC). Skin Ternp(T") and IIR were higher (p<.os) during Ex and REc with cE.Rectal teDp (Tr) was higher (p<.05) during late EX and nostof REc with cEl The therrnal gradlent (T--To) was lower(p<.05) during Ex and REC with GE. Vo, fras-higher (p<.05)during EX and early REC. La was highei (p<.05) post EX duringGE. 0 was higher (p<.05) at 15 nin of Ex during cE. The totalamount of CHO oxldlzed was greater (p<.05) during the trialwith GE. A correlation of -.7I lras found between Vo"*-* andtine in the tralning building. The netabolic cost of-fi6€leratewalking was 68t higher'with cE. It was concluded that (1)even short exposures to actual FF conditions can create nearmaxinal etrees, (2) FF gear can eignificantly iupairthernoregulatlon durlng light nork, and (3) fire flghtingdenands above averaEe levels of physical fitness.
iItIIt
INTLTJENCE OF TITERI.IAL STRESS AND COOLING ON FINE HOTOR AND DECODING ST:ILLS
H,C.Robinson,P.Bishop,TheUniversityofAlabama,Tuscaloosa'AL35487, and S. Constable, USAFSAM' Brooks AFB' TX'
PersonsperfonoingphysicallaborvhileuearingPlotectiveclothingin uaro environDents aie- linited by heat storage' One strategy forallevlating the hest storage lioltation involves active suppleoentalcoollng durlng rest cycles uhich results in lepeeted, dr:natlc cycllng ofcote tLperati.e. ThL purpose of this study sas to deterroine theinfluenc! of theraal .tr""" and cyclic cooling on fine motor skills and
ioliitf"" function for personnel vearing protective clothing performingphlsical labor in ,"r, to hot eovironnents. Seven observations of 4 to 6
iroirr" ,.r. nade on 5 subjects valking on a treadml-ll at 35-402 of VOt nax
alternated ttlth rest periods. These treatments resulted in largevarlations in core teiperature. Fine notor skill vas measured with a
,i;;;i;";" rask with a contact tine of 0 being the highest,score. The
cognitivetaskr'asaletter-nr.rrnberdecodingtasklastlng90-siconils.Suf,iects pere trained to plaEeau before^treat$ents. Mean change 1n core^o
l.-i"i.t"r" was 0.4o C foi eork and 0.4" C for rest, overall rise rras o.9
C.Conparedvithmeanbaselinedata,decodingperformancewas.lndependent;i
";;;6";;a;'; (base = 3e.6; pterest = ao'1; Postrest = 40'0) rhereas
;i;i;;;;."rrr,.a ib."" = .04 sec; Prerest = '22 seci Postrest = '13) as
core tenperature lncreased. theie preltrninary data suggest that Dentalp.ri.i".i't.. may not be inpaired by thermal stress or cyclic variation in'coie tenrperatuie. Horrever, fine rrotor skill rnay be irnpaired O" l*yl-.-^"ii"""-p'.rtrally
amelioratea uy this cooiing strategy. These results have
inpllcailons for safety apd hurnan factots planning'
Sponsored by the AIO5R/AFSC USA! Contract F 49620-85-C-0013'
fr.
EXERCISE INTENSITY / PERFORMANCE # 1,2,3, I
oFPERcEhlxAGEsoFr.rucnALHEnRlRNIE'HE}IRTRAIERESESSJEA}tD1'o2I.4N(roRMINE IRAINII{G nUn{sfrv IN SEDmITARY IU{$r' R' Rrtt' J' I^leltn'an' R'
;il -. I-e\ti-rE, o. -Ga. D. I(aiserr, A' Rogol. 1nd 1' t{elumn' FAc$t'
o*ili=" grrrsiorogy 1uffiLrv-, rniversity of vi:ginia, cbarlo'tt€srv'irie, \rA
22903.
weexarrdrredtheuseof6o.gotofnaxirmltreartrateGlR),hearttat-e*=;;"-(tfiRiutn tnz*" as e><elcj-se br-alnirq intslsities_ in-s{entan lfirEn'
-,aEi.ira 'ifro"
itt€*"iti; t" 19 ard lO2 cUsenrca at tle lactate tbreshold
tirf-u6-1ir,.a Ufooa fictate q.ontntiofis of 2.o, 2.5 aili 4.or${- fiEnty-.F'""a*t"ty wcren ti age = 31.9 t 4'o ]rLst x ht = L63'6 + 5'4 sn; X wt =
ll;l x Hm,truJHYn*Hllffi;j3s-l?"t1Efffi.i-rr,-z.o z.s, "td
l-.otla. vo2.$-lR -@rre+9ndfug-to-v-eleity
al uI' ?'-0-1
2.5, ard 4.od{ r'ele ift"tt ia"tttifi.a. Ibak \ralres lol-Y%,.d@ity ald !R;ft .1=" aetenrinea--r,o,',,"f,r"" at U[' .2'o' 2'5. 4'gttet *q nil< ltere 22'L7'2g.L6,3L.39, 36.80, ara tg-zo nvlq ni;-l, velocity "{t9:1t!"d,ttit}r
ltr' 2'0'2.5, 4.Ort{ ard mx t"r=-roo.z, tie-i, tss.o, L52'2, arl 165'2--vlltin' vtrile HR
s@res at U! 2.o, ,.U, n.d ard ;x $er€ 139'5' l'61-'0' l'6?'4' 162'7' ard
189.2 p1s/ndn. sev;w-ii"" p"r.o,t gR r., was ure nininal btensitynece^ssan/ for t}re t"j;;W;i =.1,i""e to be abcnre uf (1t13) ' r*rile 85 ani9Ou HR nax Er€ rcqilired for the najority of sicjects to.be abore 2.orM
tprzlu'n2.5rM0F14).-At958HT.''.'.-t},"urajorityofsubjects(55*)t,Erebelcn 4.011{. At 6ot fr tie urajority of subjeits retP +cYe 1'T (ltsl'8)' 7sU
HRR, resul.ted in tne tr.i"rityti,fuUiects leirg above 2.ord'{ (li=13), at 80& HRR
L)e -najori.tv of arbj6cts -were alorc 2.5r!M (1F12) $trile_954 HFR max w:rs
;;jft*# u* ;jdr-it "i tqj"g=_ to.be abive 4.otr {. Intensities of 60,
zo, is "rn
gsA trcrtt6"-i,!i*-r"qrii=d for-tlre majority of +Pj-?3= to be abore
U[, 2.0, 2.5 ard 4.or,$1;--;A=dive1y. t+e onJfuae-that if II,2.O,2.5 ard
4.mt are desir€d t;-irirE-'itt *ities for seaentary lmmr tne percntaqe-1
of rnax lIR, lRR, "td *r;; rr".a eot exercise pr^*aipttiqr shculd be adjusiied
accordirglY.
3
4
i
CAN THE CW DOPPLER PKA OR PKV RESPONSE PROVIDE VALIDINDICATIoNSoFALTERATToNSINMYoCARDIALcoNTRAcTItITYDURING EXERCISE TESTING?--wirr"t D. Franke, william G. Herbert, and Alan D' Moore'
jt., E*"r.ise Science Program, Virginia Tech,Blacksburg, VA 24060
Continuous-wave (Cw) Doppler recordings (9uintonn*"ra"pi-"i ascending'aortic-t1ood flow acceleration (PkA)
i"a-t.iit"l velocity (Pkv) were obtained on two separate
".""ii""" for 18 physically active college age m-alesoedallinq on a biqycle ergometer at 60S VO26"^ (Vo2661, x-=^iZ.l ^t*[.g-1*p1n-1,
SD t 7.35). Either placebo (p) or a luufi';";; oi atenofoi ("), a cardioselective beta-blocker, $tas
i6^inistered 3 hr before each test' Heart rates wereoUtainea by Ec6. Significant (p.< '001) between-treatmentdiff.t.n.ei were fouia for exertise HR and each DopplervariaUfe. Since atenolol has been shown to suPpress
"il""tt"i".ine-induced enhancement of contractil'ity' the
;;&;;;:;;naition-arieration in HR (Inp-q) was used as themeasureofaltered-mvocaraialcontractitity.witlin-subjectdiff"..n..s between fin (gnp-a) vs PkA (PKAp-a) and-HRp-a vspiv-ipxvp-a) srrowed nons:-g-niticant (p > '0-5 I correlations'i..,'i--=-.ii ana i-=--.os' respectively' This finding of no
i"iit:.onstrip between either PkA or PkV and HRP-a s'as
;;;;;t;a-;"'".'ia"n." that these two Doppler measures mav not;;ii;biy inai."t.--inaiviauar subject changes in mvocardialconir.clire state during exercise testing'
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EFTECIS OF s.n RE CN UPPER Al.lD l(I{R. IJ},IB PRIPHEAAL RESISIANCtsrOL[I[{I}G S{'EMAJS}AL CYCI.J}G.
P.D. Saran, D.L. $pitler, tncsM, J.L. l'laupin, P.M. htgagft, C.L.Lerdi-s, l,t.K. Ibdd. li.unan Frfornarce Iab; llniversity of Norttrcarou'la G).eer!sbor3, Q.eensbolo, NC 27412.
Gre grpose of tlds strd)t uas to deterrnine posUmf effec*s on qrPer(nFct) ad fcrer (rrl{K) finb periphenl :resistance (PR) folkrrirg sub-naxirnal s<errjse. Sjx ten ard six wcren (rean age = 31.3 1txs) cdlPletedsubnaxinal cycle ergoreter tests (60* age pnedicted Daldir:n tpart rate)in the srpire (sttP) ard Wridt (t P) seated posltict. Eadt testlrcluded 20 rnlrnrtes of rest, 20 lrirntes of c1eli-rg ard 15 rainrfes ofreoo\rery. st:rcke volrlre ard ttear{ late uet€ deternined ty :ryeOancecardiogr.aFhy ad blood pressue ms leasr:red lry ausanltation 6:rfugDirlrte 18 of rest, inuediate post e<elcise ard at nfuutes 1-5, 7.5, 10t12.5 ard 15 of trecorery. PR was cal<rrlated frcm rralues of rean arterialpEessurc avd cardiac cu$rt (ar1ton, 1986). No significant (p <.05)posnrral differeres in PR were nc'ted duriry rest for eitngr limb (SIJP:
]-722.0 J 480.0, A}{K = 1323.7 t 494.9 dlpes.sec.cn-3). IM€diately Poste:cercise, PR deczeased (55-61t) frun resting lwe1s in bott! Udlsirrteperrtene of peture. Reorery ANK PR rra}:es were sigrrificantlydiffe!€rrt betueen poshtl€s. tlpri$rt rccotery A.IK PR retuned to 928 9fth" r-=tj"g level'witlrln t -nirirtes (1216:? + 316.1 ayres.sec.oo-51ccrpar€d to ?6t of gre re*fng leveI after 15 ninutes for SUP (755.6 +190.8 d!rrEs.sec.crD-5). PR in tne $JP ard frP IFM uete not effected tVpGl]rre ard denpnstated a pattern of recovery sjniLar to slrP Al'lKleconery (88-851 of rese wittrin 15 nirntes). Ttre accelerated reco\teryrate of PR f,ollo"irg r.pri$rt ercercjse may result fim lel rnso-cqtstriccicn 'rpiiated ty a entral regulatory Esponse to stfuirlatiqtirn gnravitatioal pressr.rre on tlle lqrer 1irb.
EIOGEI{OUS GLUCOSE UTILIZATION FOLLO}'IT{C INGESTION Otr I{ATURALLYLABELED I3c-cl,ucosE BBVERAGES DURIT{G PRoLoNGED II{TE}ISE CYGLIIiIGJ.H. llorrls, J.M. Davis, and M. Lonnett, Exercise Biochemi6tryLab. , Unlversity of South Caroli.na, ColunbIa, SC 29208
The carbohydrate (CHO) of sorne plants^ such as naize andsugar cane, contain hlgher anourrts of rJC than CHO fron olher6ources. Thls provides a novel means of studying glucosemetebollsr sinCe the rate of 13C02 productioo followinglngestlon of l3C-Iabeled glucose iolutlons ehould reflectexogenous glucose oxldatlon. In thls study l3C-glrrco"" rr"used to deternine if lngestion of an 87. glucose beverageprovides a readily avallable energy source during prolonged,intense cyc_l1ng. Seven trained rnales (58 1 3 nL 02.kg-r.nin-r)cycled aE ! 7OZ of t02r"* for 3 hr while fngesting one of twodrinks; a nat95 placebo (p) or an 8Z glucose solucion naturallylabeled vithlJC-glucose (GLU). Drinks were glven every 20 oin(3.75 nL.kg body wt-l). Explred gas sarnples were collectedthroughout exe!cise and the abundance of IJC and rzC atoms inthe expired C02^were determined using mass spectrometry. Nocbange in the !rC abundance of expired-C02 was found wlth P.Explred C02 vas rapidly enriched wlth IJC by 30 nin afEerglucose lngestlon (P(0.05) and lncreased to naxinuo levelsdurtng the last hr of exerclse when exogenous glucose accountedfor 382 of total CHo oxldatlon. Approx 73.17" (98.6 g) of thetotal glucose consumed was oxldized. Flve (out of 7) subiectswere unable to oal.ntaLn the workload during the last 2O oin ofexercise wlth p. A11 subJects maiotalned the workload \tith CLU.An 8Z glucose beverage provides a readlly avallable energy6ource vhlch contribuEes greatly to total carbohydrateoxidatLon durlng prolonged htgh lntenslty exercise. Thls meyhelp explain the performance benefits of carbohydrate feedlngs.
IT
PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE# 5,6,7,
LIPID AND LIPOPRqTEIN RESPONSE TO RESISTAIiTCE EXEREISEM.B. t{allace and R.J. uoffatt. Exercise PhyalologyLab., Florida State Unlversity, Tallahassee, PL. 32306
Firre male eubJects rere exanined before and after 90nin of resistanc-e exercise to determl,ne the acute effectgof both high volune (HV) and lon volune (LV) resl.gtanceexercise on plasma lipid and lipoproteln levele, as wellaa on the activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltranefer-age (LCAT). HV exerclse lnvolved the use of 8-12 RUloadg perfoned for the maximum number of repetitionewith ehort rest lntervalg between gets (90 gec), whileLV involved 2-5 Rll loads with longer rest intervals be-tveen sets (l-5 ntn). Fastlng blood eanples were drawnfrom an antecubLtal veln irurediately bef-re and afterexercise as well- aa 21t 48, and 72 hours post-exerclse.When conqrared to baseline values, HV reslatance exercigeproduced sigrnificant increases (p<0.05) in total HDL(8.9t, , HDL2 (18t), and LCAT activity (24.4t) aa well asa aigmificant decrease (p<0.05) in triglyceride values(28t) 24 houre post-exercise wlth theee valueg returningto basellne levels by 48 hours post-exercise. In con-traat, Lv exercise failed to produce any significantclranges in the paraneters neagured. These data suggestthat the potentLal of resiatance exerciae to effeetfavorable clranges !n the llpoprotein profile resides inthe nolrrc of exercibe performed and may be [Edtated byelevatcd rcAT actlvlty.
Supported by a grant fron thE PSU Forurdatlon
EFFECT OF EXI{AUSTIVE I{EIGIIT LIFTING DGRCISE ON PLASHA IIIGH-DEIiSITYLIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL SLIBFRACTIONS. p.G. Davts, J.L. Durstine,ll.P. Bartoli, ll. D. Senn, R. Yarab and J, H. Davis. Dept. of phys.Ed., Univ, of South Carolina, Colunbia, SC 29209.
- Research invorving changes in high-density lipoprotein cholest6rol(HDL-C) and cholesterol associatea uittr trre itDL iulfractions (EDL2 andHDL3) in males undergoing a rreight lifting exercise period are notavailable. The purpose of this study vas to deter:srine the effects of asingle veight lifting session on plasma cholesterol, mL-C, and thechoresteror associated nith the HDL2 and HDL3 sub-fractions. Ten males(aged 19-25) performed to exhaustioi eight eiercises, including 1egpress, leg extension, leg curl, bench press, rnilitary press, dips,latisirnus pull down, and arn curl. Total duration of Lhe exer.ir.period nas approximately one (l) hour. Venous blood samples rrete takenprior to, inrnediately post, 30 nin following, and 24 hrs followingexercise. Values lrere corrected for plasma volune shifts duringexercise, Pre-exerclse values rrere (nean + SE): total cholesterol (174t 5), HDL-C (47 ! 4), HDL2 (20 ! 3), anct rSL3 (26 t 2). At exhaustion,total cholesterol (184 1 I0) end I{DL-C (56 +-5) weie elevated (p<0.05);but returned to pre-values by 30 nin. IIDL3 (34 + 3) was elevated(p<0.05) and did not return to pre-values intil 74 hr post. These dataindicate that total prasma choresterol and the cholesterol associatedtrith HDL-C and the IIDL3 subfraction uere altered by a single bout ofweight lifting. These data are at variance to that expected in shortterm aelobic exercise.
7
I
IFREE COMMUNICATIONS
A KINE}figTC A}IAIITSIS OF EI.IIE l.lALE SFRI}ffBSJ. A. I{ernan, ll.S. arll B. F. Jdnssr, Dd.D., Gnter erS!o!t ard S<ersise, Georgia State ttrai\rersit)r, Atlants, GA.
I acdpr.€h€nsive kirsnatic analysis of eprint5rg, 15ellte nale.sprinters rler- ocnpared to -fS coffegiate uieqrinters ln order to aleternrine tlre kinecratic iarialtes *ttcfrare rct <rritical ln the producticn of horizsrtal velocity.Variables of intctcst rere reduced frrcn fiLn r€cords tal<eir ofall .s.rlrjecE6 perforurirg a naxhal effort, sprint. Ihe resultsjrdicatd^tnat gprj:rting lcrfornrarroe d€Fnded gtreatly ,4lr.r -tne grcurd ccntact, poftlcn of t}le strtda ard rp,t. cn tlre-r:onery Fhase. Ehe eltte ser:.rters almnstr:ated a greaterstride rate ard tne ability to spena a significantly 6hoL{er_* "f,
tne glturd tltugr-sr4eri.or r4per-feg exten3icn speeagasird cqrtact. Iack of rryper feg speea causei tfrecollegiate sprfuite.rs to plae tneir foo't auter in ffi, of tlre
body G at tsrdrdovn ard to orenaphasize lcrrer leg eo<temsicrat_tal<eoff,.tlerdoy irnsasirg tie amlrrt of tire crn tle gl.cflrriard dbcteasirg stride-rate. Borth grcrps of su}rjec*s, ho6rer,Ebowed rp diffelcne ln a1l :.esults rctatea to tbe leco\reqflhase of sprfutrrg. Ihe results irdicatcd that sbength -alenel€trent of the 'trTpr leg lotatidral ryeea tfr:ogrcr*g:storf odrtact iE the mst sitical pand€ter r*triell. can beqrtrolld tn the irprq/eerft of I sprirterrs lleltorrance.
DIFFERENCES IN GROUND REACTION FORCES BETWEEN FORWARDAND RETRO RUNNING.
K. Simpsonl, P. DeVita, p. McGinnis and B. Bates, Biomechanics andFlprts Medicine Laboratory, University ot Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403,rBiomechanics Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
Retro running is a valuable modality lor training and rehabilitation. Thepu.rposg ot the study was to investigate the ellect of retro running onselected ground reaction force parameters. Each ol live male subjects ranlhrough a runway striking a force platform with the right foot. Equalperceived percentages of maximum speed resutted in utilizing speeds of4-47 x.18 and 3.35 r.13 mis for the torward (FR) and retro (RRi runningconditions, respectively. Ground reaction force parameters lor 10trialslcondition were analyzed using a within subjeit statistic (p..05).Although individual support time comparisons exhlbited differences, notrend was observed. Vertical impact maxima were observed only lor theFR condition. Mean absolute dilferences for the loading (0.49-3.61 N/kg)an! average vertical lorce (0.73-3.22 N/kg) and the total vertical impulse(0.22-3.49 N-s/kg) were greater lor the FR condition. The FR medio-lateralcurves demonslrated greater average excursions (29-217%\). These dataindicate that lhe body was subjected to reduced vertical lorces andmedio-lateral excursions during the RR condition. These results suggestthat relro running can be used effectively as a training.and rehabiliiativetechnique lor selected purposes and/or injuries.
10
B|oMECHANICS I # 9, 10, 11,
A IIFEE-DI}'NEIONAL KINEI,CETC A}AU|SII! OF IHE TqXAJ, FEIIUJRIT,IG A}I C^/ljRlrAND TASTBAIT gfrcH: A CASE SIIJX'Y
B. F. Jdrrscn, H.D., enter fon $porrt ard Danccise,G€olgia State lrrltrersity' Atlarfa, GA.
A thte-dincnslomf biadrarricaf del of the totat bodfr rasutitized to gercnte bottt lircar ard argular kirenatic reeults forthe ano, feg, anf trunlc eegerrts chEfug an orrcdrard fastball pttctlfrcrn wird-t4l to oonpletidt of tlre foltor-ttrrtr$t. the.DiJ€ctIirpar nansfornatfqr cirmtogtdtnc tedtnlque ms utlllzed toredue the ldrsmtic rrariables of lntercsi fio flln reootd.s (480fps) of a 191'ear old ollegriate pltcner. lhe results irdicatedtfnt farge arqular velocities ard aeleratiqs rere proarcea_drrjJg tfre aeliveqf ard foUcnFtnls.gft Ehases in the l4per ad.Iqer tnnrlc Begnents abdrt their polar arcs, in tJte a:m abort itspolar axis as leff as in ttre internally-refersped horizqtalplane, ard in tlre fea:n abcut tts polar ard lateral axes. 1&ptucrnsisrs of the pitdrlrq analrrsis for t}re Eubjeqt in tJrls.casestrty werc: (a) tlre-rtlcr ms a series of seqrreutially gfdtedsegaftal argular rnlocities begitrtfug with tne leg ard larrcFtrunt< seryrts ard transferirg seEnertaffy tn:lcrlglr tne trunk ardarrn to tfre frarn at releaset (b) tlte pivot leg notict, tlnEttin dant, was rEt as sitlcal to producirg ball ve.locity atre.fease ai rcre ttte lead leg extensicn'velocities, tne tnrn< ardr4IEr alm polar axis rcttational nelocities, tte q4e a:mnoitzqrtaf flexiqr (adrctiqt) velocitlt, ard tne lc*cr arnextensim velocity; ard (c) the extre positics ardaeeleratiqrs of ttre arn eegents arurri release uy elplaln tllehi$r fupiderr of etrculder ard elbcrt injurlg assciated witttorernard pltdrlng.
GROUND REACTION FORCES ACTING ON THE SIRIDEFOOT IN PITCHING
R. ShaPIro and C. Blour. Bicnrechanics Laboratory'Unlversity of f,entucky, Lexington' FY 40506
The purpose of thls study was to exarnlne the interaction of thestride fobt wi*r the ground during a baseball Pitch' An indoor-plt"trlng mound wag constructed such that each eubJect/s strlde footjinOeO 6n a [lstler Force Plate. Four colleglate varslty baseballpltchers threv four fastballs and curve balls. Vertlcal'interior-posterlor (AP) and rnedio-lateral (l,ll) forse traces were
recorded. subjects one and two exhibited binodal vertical forcepiit.tnu. inltial peaks nere due to heel strlke' A second peak
was observed prlor to ball release. Peak values ranged frmr 5 to 5
iimes UoOy welsht (ltt) for subiect one for the fastbaii wlth thee"Jira"ii'peak 2 times BW. Subiect tvo's vertical force was 3
tlmes Bil-for the fastball wlth hls gecondary peak alsoapproxtmately 2 tlrnes BW' Both Pltchcrs exhlblted the blnodalilii;;; io. in" curveball with a 3lld1t decrease (l?t) ln theinitf"f lmpact force for subiect one. SrrbJect four did not exhlblti neel strife on elther curveball or fastbatl. Peak force of 2
ifmis li ltas observed durtng the release phase of the pltch'suoiici three dld not exhibit any consistent lancllng pattern. For
ilf'Euo;".t" the AP force acted as a breaking force throughout thepltch.SubJectsone,twoandthreeexhibltedsinilarpatternson.it pit"t"", with peak breaklng force of I Bll at foot strike thrnremaining fairly constant at about 75* of BY through the renainderof the tirow. Subiect four did not denonstrate an early Peak' AP
ior"" ""u aPproximately 50t of EH throusfiout the pitch' The large
io.""" obseivect in thli tnvesilgailon nay relate to knee lnJurlesobscrved in pitchers as well as being itrportant to perfornance'
1i
11
12
--{fl
COMMUNICATIONS
CI{PTRISON OF lnRPE$IDtrI A}ID IA}GE CAIJPRS IN PREDTCTI]C FDTOCUPOCIITOIJ.J. frulcer, l'|.L. FLLod<, J.E. ejarres, A.B. 6lvin arrl R.W.&.aith, certer for Dcercise Science, university ;i Fl.;id.,
-
Gairesrrile, r! 32611
__ rhe widely used genenalized eq'ations of ,facJ<sqr ant brlod(-!{:3ll}?i9, 1e991-I?t estinarirs uoay aensitv(rb)wer€ d*rJ"p"dttq th? Iarye(IrdC) *}ip"".q:n g.naq/ Lrse Uie-itarperUenftni), at].ts
"T!"_t for erqrarison of caliperi. noay oorg;siUor,r"#' -
detedred ty urnerruater rciEringdml0in gr urares ard 29 faalesaqed 18.7 to 29.9.Seven sfiniofas(cfnlt,axi11a, t i""e";l**q+: abdcryrnal,srpla-iliac,arri tfrigrl ei" takeil usirg th"qry 1n|-!Rf catipers by the sane irwestilator wtro rcasur"ed
-$<rnro.rcrs in the J-p stldies.ugire tlre r 7 ektnfold equatiurs (J-P)' t}te tlIG ard tlre HRp significartry (p < .os)rrge'istirnatea'*fat.- For_Da1g=!-tb gnd t iat were: fl{'er.O6fg, t6.tt,IIFI.0665, L4.2*, HRF1.0698, L2.7*, ard for ienrales'Ur*.et.OaSZ23.4tr_Ll t.O4gg, 22.22; HRF1.O52} , 2O.5* fat. Coo*elatidrs ;;SE \alues bettreen util{ ard : Z estimates of lb artt t tai-w6 -llales r sEE(*) s$(rb) F€!,lales- r SE(*) str(%)r.rrc .e----z:G----6.ooseIIRP
.s4 3.o 6;6d62-HRp .84 2.4 0.0057 HRp .a4 2.g o.oo6sn.arecfiors for tlre 10* fat urderestfunates ldttr-tne Inp *ii;;q+9 be 1ra4e fy_ r:sirg one of tie folj.orirg equatlq,si --
(ltales) t Fat 17 !1G = O.6tB1 + L.0664 ti l.{t: i fn1plGrqlares) t Far r Z !ti(i = t.o2o3 + r.oz:ti 1t rat f7irnpf
IIIItII
A SCIAI'PSYGTOBIOIGICAL }Mg. FOR PREDICTIIIG D€RCISE AD}IIIFENG?.T. Branner and C.J. Hardy. l4o*-or Performance Lab.,Ilnlversity of North Carolirn, Ctiapel Hill, lC 27514
Physiological, social, and psychological data r"ere coilectedfrqn adherers (N=76) and non-adherers (N=50) of a 12-lveek@rporate fitness progiram. Physiological data $as collectedprcpectively using preliminarl' physical evaluations v*r-ilepsycfiological infornntion uas collected retrospectively. Threediscrimirnnt function analyses rere utilized. A physiologicalnndel correctt). classifieo 81.4* of the subjects rt'j-th tlee typj.caldropdrt behg a sncker, v-i-ttr high body fat, lr-igh body weight' lcnvrystolic blood pressure, and high diastolic blood pressure. Asaial-prslzchological npdel correctly classif ied the overal Isubject pool 71.4t of t}re tinre vdtn dropouts behg fennle,blus-oollar' having lcrr }ife satlsfaction, and lcr'r social pcl,!er.A Social-Psyctrcbiological lilodel, r*tr-ich was developed by cantbiningsignificant wariables from the previous analyses produced a hitratj-o of 84.7S ard profiled non-adherers as snpkers witJt high boq/fat, high body \,eight, lch/ systolic blood pressure, lovr lifesatisfaeLion, and lcr.l social po.ter. The variables thatsignificantly discrj-nrirnted adherers and non-adherers r^rere:*okir,g (p<.00001). bodlt fat (p<.00001), life satisfaction(p<.01), and social porrer (p<.00001). Results of this studlrsuggest t}nt adherence to the corPorate fitness program isadversely affected wtren participants sncker are out of strape' arenot very satisfied w"ith their r.ork ard perceive that they havelittle po^ter o\ter otiers. the use of this nndel nay facil.itatetlre identification of irdividuals r*tro are at high risk of dro,ppirgout of a proqraJrr before they ever @in so tlrat interventionr€thods may b enployed to irrcrease cwplianoe.
ANTHROPOMETRY IN PREDICTION # 13, 14, 15, 1I
15DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF COLLEGIATE CROSS COUNTRY RUNNERS USING
ANTHROPOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES. R. RobeEF, P. Ribisl. M. Berry, and P.
Punlenney. Human Perlormance Laboratory, Waks Forest Univenity, Wnston'Salem' NC 27109
ln order to dstemine whether anthroPornelric and physiological variables could be used todiscriminate belween the top runnets and their less competitive teammates, 26 collegiate
cross-country runners $rere measured in tes,ts tor anthDpometric and physiolog'cal characiedstica
during the initial weeks ol lhe NCAA Division I Cross Counlry s€ason. Runners were calegorized inlo
two goups - fiose who ran @rrpetitively (Racers=R) and those who comprisecl the remainder ot thgir
respidivb teans (Non-Racers=NR). Based upon previous research and prior statislical evaluation of a
large suFset ol the study sanple, 23 variables were selected lrom lhe rneasurernents ol rusculargirihs, skeletat heights and lengrlhs; $rbmaxitnaloxygen consumption (VOz@?q fiVmin); maximal
6xygen uptake (Vo2rnax);venous lactate acqrmulalion (vLa); veililatory threshold-Ml-); and
anaErobic power (AnP). lnespeclve ol the petto.mance difierenliat'ron, horDgeneity ol the
combined iample ol n nne6 was shown by lhe coetticient ol varialions lor height (2.5'ld, we'lght
(8.97d, submaiimal oxygen consumption (VOZ@268 rnmin) (6.90l.), VOzmax mUkghin (5.07d' and
ine Vi mUkg/min (6.t/"1. To assess the diflerence between R and NR, a l-lotellings t€qrare Test waspertormed. The mean vec{ors ot the R ard NR groups were signitbanrly ditlerent (p=0.026).
biscrimhant lunaion analysis (BMDP) revealed a two variable rmdelol Sitting Height (Sit Ht) ard the
resting to exercise irsease an vLa a|268 n/min (AvLa@268), which aco.rralely classilied 100% ol R,
and 9i.7% ot NR into their respective goups. Subsequent one.way AIIOVA iJentitiect significant
diflerences between R and NR lor Sil Ht (pG0.0007), avLa @268m (p-0.0016)' Trunk Hl (p=0.0056)'
Leg/Trunk(P-0.0t91),vLa@268m(p-0.0195)'andLBw(p*0.0196).Theseresuhsrevealtheimportance of anthropometric and metabolic variables in lhe explanation ol dillerences in runningperlormance between runners of similar abililies.
DISCRIMINANT FUNCNON ANALYSIS, ANTHROPOIilETRY, VENOUS I.ACTATE, SUBMAXIMALo)0rGENCONSI.n PTION.
EFIESI OF IITTHROPOIIEIR]C PTCTORS ON IIIE EEPROIX'CISLITY Of MPPLER ECTtrIRDIOGRAPHIC iEASI'RE!{SIOSDORIilC STTTIOII}RY BICYCLE EIIRCISE IX HEALTflY IIALES
It.S. Hsbstetter, tilllla G. tlerb€rt, Lwoe H. Crcss and lfln R. Sebolt. Virgilia PolftechnicINtitut€ and State Univ$ity, Blacksburg, VA 24060
Tlp effst of slected mthrqctric irdie oo tbe reprcilrciliutt of @tinllN nve (Ct.l)
&rypler ecbmritiogrephic reordirqs b exercls Ere gtudied in € bealt"by Bl€ betEer lg ed 43yws of age. Eacb subject E EcEed ald rEnk ordered in refereae to tim &tl[op@tricindie: su of 3 skinfolds (Sf); cbest girtb-Eist girtb ntio (CH); and peal exerciseventilstim-forced vital €pacity rEtio (w). tacb subjest ilro perforcd trc Daximl blcycleexercise toleree tests m o@colgutire il8ys rberein t"be CH Dopp]s varlabls of peak acelmtion(pKI), peak velcity (pKv) ild strcke yelcitt integr-al (SyI) rc mcured aloog siti hert rate(HR), btood prese (BP) ild respiratori gs sDalysis alata including orygeb c@srytiG (VOr).statlstiG.l mly*s rere then mducted to deterdm if subject goups vith Ngh vs. lo valru'crmy ant^hropretric ilibx alifferoLiated vitb regad to test-retest Eliability betreel bicycleexercls test trials. ststisti€l djffmte cre noted beten tbe bigb and lc grcups for encbiDdex at t"be .05 alplta level, Pearsnrs Pro&ct llffiat correbtiGa].mlyse rercaled tbat amssall subJects tbe higbest test-retest reliability mrrd dutDS tbe Dderate iltsity of ererci*.Ihe average test-Etest orrelatios efficiots for tbe higb sod ld gror4s yitbia ecb ildex are ufollws: SKu = .52, SK, = .62, Otu = ,64, Ol = .60, Wr = .61, Wr = ,67. Inspecti@ oftest-retest dbrelatim lets the liigb vs. lc-grorps fc ltre utlrqdtric iidie reveied 8
tEDd in tbe EtiDfold in<bx, For €cb tleFDdent Esure at all levels of er(erci$ hteositt, t}e lflgrcup ex\ibited bigber oreletion efficients tban the bigb gsup dceDt for pf,l at the pea} levelof exercie. ltE otber trc iltlis erdi"bited m such trends. It Fs coclud€d tbat stloe tbeoverall correlatloD c@fficieots (average = .51) rere rlthir tbe rdngs of t-bos€ ccquted for ln, Bp,dd VO, (lwrage = .50) tle test-Ftest reliabilitl yltb t"be Ctl D@pler Es acceEtrble; but onlyilrrlng'noderate levels of exerci.&. It ru als abtemiled fm tbe €alatioD efficients9Eierated !t tn€ skiDfoltl idex ilata that rsus obtailed o lean fudivi.rhnl.s Ey be mr€nproducille tban re obtaired fm obes ldlviiluls.
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FREE COMMUNICATIONSDETERIMINANTS OF PERCEIVED EXERTION DURINC TREADMILL EXERCISE IN TRAINEI]AND L")iTRAINED ltEN AND HOMEN.
R.E. Graharn, K.J. Cureton and J.J. DeHeIlo. Exercise PhysioJogy Lab,Uni.verslty of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
Previous research (DeMello et a1., MSSE 19: 354' 1987) has slror.mthat ratings of percelved exerlion (RPE) at the lactate threshold (LT)are the same in groups of trained and unttained rnen and wonen whose LTsoccur at substantially different percentages of Vo2nax. Those datasugtest that RPES during moderate-to-heavy (M-H) exercise are moreclosely linked to the uretabolic and gas exchange alteraticns lnltiacedat the lactate thr:eshold ( f blood lacEaEe and VE/VOz) than the ZVO2maxutilized. However, the relative irnportance of ZVO2rnax, blood lactate(IA) and VE/VOL as determinants of RPE duriog M-H exercise is unclear,The purpose of the present study was to compare the relative importanceof ZVO2rnax utilized, blood lactate and VE/\IO2 as determir.ants of RPEduring M-H exercise. RE, LA and VE/V02 were determined durlng treadmillrunning at 50, 60, 70, 80 and 902 Vo2rnax in 10 mal,e and 10 fernale distancerunners and 10 rnale and 10 fernale untralned subjects, 18 to 35 years ofage. Sinple correlations between RPE and the predictors lrere: ZVO2nax,O.866; LA, 0.747; vE/vO2, 0.744- Multiple correlatlons for rwo andthree predictors r^'ere: 7.YO2max & LA, 0.886; ZVO2urax & VE/VO2, 0.905;"AYO2mat-, LA, VE/VOL, 0.902, with each additional predlctor accountingfor significant additional variance in RPE. Addition of training statusor gen<ier as independent variables to the other t.hree predictorsaccounted for little additional variance (Rs = .910 e ,916), Theresults indlcate a) that ZVO2rnax is the si-ngle most. imporlant of thesethree hypothesized deterninants of RPE, b) that LA and \lEiVOz accounrfor variance in RPE not explained by ZVO2nax, c) that VS/VO2 accountsfor more variance in RPE that is not associ"ated with iF,lO2max than LAand d) that differences in RPE at a given ZVO2rnax related to genderand state of training are explaJ-ned alrnost entLrely by differences i.nLA and I'E/VO2.
ETFECT OF INTERI'IITTEN.T CARBOHYDMTE/ELECTROLYTE SUPPLEMENTATI0N oN fulTl}icsOF PERCEIVED EXERTION DURING PROLONGED CYCLING
l,laria Lonnett, Robert J. Robertson*, Jami Norris, and J.llark DavisrCollege of Health, University of South Carolina, Coluubia, SC 2920g,and*school of Education, university of pitrsburgh, pittsburgh, pA 15261
Carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged, subrnaxiual exercisecan maintain blood glucose, improve performance and delay fatigue. Ratingsof perceived exelti-on (RPE) have been associated with plasna glucose levelsand other physiological precursors. This study exa'lned the effect ofingesting -3g/kg body weight of glucose in an 82 carbohydrate/electrolyte(cHo) drink vs a r^'ater placebo (wp) on differenrlated nir during prolong,edcycle ergoneter excrcise. _Seven trained subjects (nin tO2 5O uri.Lg-1.rirr-f)cycled for 180 Din at 702 to2max on Monark c!"r" "ig-ol"t"f".- l.i"ts wereadrninistered every 30 min throughout exercise. During each of twoexperiDeDtal trials, differentiated RpE were obtained every l5 urin.Venous blood sanples and expired gases were also collected at I5 ninlntervals throughout exercise. Results showed that RpE for lhe legs(RPE-L) and RPE for the overalL body (RPE-O) were significantly lower inCHO than WP (P=.0001 and P=.0004). In addirlon, posrulaled physiologicalprecursors for RPE, such as blood glucose and lactate 1evels yeresignifiiantly higher (P=.005f) and lower (P=.0049) in CHO than l,tp,respectively. RPE for the chest vas significantly lower in CHO than Wp(P=.0499), and its precursors ot ZiO2, ig and ventilation rate also showedsignificance (P=.O001, P=.O001 and P=.0495, respecrively). Thesefindings suggest that intermittent carbohydrate/electrolytesupplementation durlng prolonged, submaximal cycle ergometer exercisesignificantly decreases the peripheral and centra:l rati.ngs of perceivedexertion.
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RPENENTILATION DURING EXERCTSE#Iz, 18, 19,20
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20VEMIIATMY THRESI'OI.D IN S:WIII4T{II\G, CVCLII\G AND RI,JNNT}G IN ITIIA$ILSIESR.B. Iceider. Hunan Perforrnance Trh. Old Dominion University,tibrfolk,. VA 23508-8502-
I?re purpose of this study Es to &termine if muscular anaerobiosisas indirectly determined by ventilatory threshold (\l1I) differed ins:winming, cycling ard ruffLing in trained triathletes. Iten naletriathletes perfoned a maxirnal tetlrered-sw"jm (TS), bj.qfcle ergqneter(B) and treadnill (I}I) test. Srpired gases vrere neasured c.ontjJtuously bya calibrated Sensornedics Horizon l{tlC. Ventilatory data (i.e., minuteventilation, oxygen @nsumption, carbon dioxicle producEion, respiratoryexchange ratio and ventilatory equivalent) were plotted against exercisetirrE. Ventilatory thresholds (\i1t) vere subjectively chosen at the point
signif
in rr*rich ventj.Iatory data de.parted from linearity as work progressd.f4axirnal oxygen consu{ption (VO" max) I \D" at \ilf and \IP e:<pressed as acrcent of vo^ nax data wer6 analvzed bv AI&IA with lbwran-Kuels
ma*), fu, at w ind w e:<piess-ed as apercent of-iO" nax
-data -.-', .-'analyzed by AIUJA "lq -!Fl.''yll-K""r:l€rw..s 'va .r5post-hoc analys'is. F"lql.T.fuz.wa,s ]..6e_+f 0.6 1'nLin-'-9*9h 1a:siqnifica,ltly loder (p<0.05) ttEnoboth the B vto^ nr+< of 4.56 +/- 0.5I'irin-t and the liu \Io^ rrax of 4.88 +/- 0.8 t'fiin-r. lio sigrnificentI'rnin-^ and the H b, rrax of 4.88 +/- 0.8 I'rftin -. lio significEntdifferences (p>0.05) 'were observed bq3rcen maxirnal B and fr W,resoonses. W occ-urred at 3.29 I'min-r or 89t of TS fo^ rnax, 3.96r€soonses. w occ-urred at 3.29 I'min-r or 89t of TS fo^ rnax, 3.96l'min-r or 85t of a io" rnax arrl 4.42 l'nin-r or 90t of 1!n1 fu" max. lilosignificant.differenoeS (p>0.05) verS obserued in \It -q<pre3sed as apercent of vO, nErx anpng exerclse nrcdes. HouNever, ttF VC, at hthich \Ilmcurred r,ras €ianificantlv different (o<0.01) il each of €he exercises.
l'rnin-'or 85t of B ViO, rnax arrl 4.42 l'nin - or 90t of 1ltsignificant -differenoeS (p>0.05) vere obsenzed in \II .expeicent of fo. nErx arpng exercise modes. Hourever, ttepercent of vO, nErx anpng exerclse nrcdes. HouNever, ttF VC, at hthich \Iloccurred uas Significantly different (p<0.01) il each of €he exercises.Results dgnonstrate tfrat rrr occurrecl ai proportional percenres of ilr, nrax
gnong winming, qrcling ard nlrring, yet' rras itrependent on tte athletes\rD^ rnax in each exercise. 'It l€s concluded tbat rnrscular anaerobiosis,
"r'indj.t.rtly cbterrnined by \II, is specific to tlre netabolic efficiencyof the mrscle rnass involved in the activity.
THE VENTITATORY PATTERNS OF TRAINED AND UNTRAINED INDIVIDUALS DURING MAX!MAL
EXERCISEM. J. Berry, A. S. Weyrich and R. A. Robergs. Department ot Health and Sport Science. wake Forest
University, Wnston-Salem, N.C. 27109
The breathing patterns ol ten high fit male runners (HFM), VOz max = 65.013.5 ml'kg-l'minl, were
compared to lhose ol nine low lit males (LFM), vO2 max = 14.O$.6 ml'kg{'min'|, durirE a test ot maximal
oxygen consumption on a molor driven treadmill. Minub venlihtion (Vg) and its subcomponents, breathing
lrequency (lg) and lilal rclume (V1), were measured on a breath-by-breath basis alor€ wih inspiratory time
(Tl) and expiralory time (TE). Results rewaled thd tg was 19.60/o greater (P = 0.004) al tO2 max lor tfre
HFR as compared lo lhe LFM, 167.6+15.4 vs. t.(}.otzl3 l'min{, resp€ctively. This irrrease in Vg lcr the
HFR vis-a-vis the LFM was medialed by a dighty elevated vr (P= 0.aB) (3.05t0.60 vs. 2.8810.41 I,
cspectr€ly) and an irnreased lg (P$.10) (54.413.4 vs. €.716.1 breatrs'min-i, respectiwly). Tlle
increased fg ol the HFR vis-a-$s trE LFM was a result ol a decrease in bolh Tg (0.72:0.15 vs. 035t0.1 1 s,
respeclively) and T1 (0.4t10.04 vs. 0.53t0.14 s, Gspectively). At tO2 max, both Tg and Tg nere
signiticantly less in the HFR fBn t€ LFM (P = 0.05 and 0.01, respeclively). Bolh gtoups had members
which exhibited a plaleau in VT durirE tlF €xercise test. Erpressed as a percentage ol Vg max, lhere was
no signilicanl ditlerence (P>0.05) in he V1$leau belween the HFR,87.9113.2 %, anC lhe LFM,
83.5J19.3%. WhenerpressedhabsoMeterns,heLFMreachedfeirVlplateaua!114.9123.9 lmin'l,
$gnificantly less (P = 0.01)tran lhal ol tle HFR wfio rcactpd hek vT plaleau at 1473i29.9 l'min-l. lt is
unclear as to s,hy only cerbin individuals within eaci group exhibited a VT plateau during the exercise lests.
These Gsults demonsfab bal higNy fained ahleles adieve greater Vg al VOA max when compared lo
sedentary individuals by increasirE boh tcir Vl and lg. Furthermote, the irueases in lB are a resul ol a
decrease in boh TE and Tl.
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BIoMECHANICS [ # 21,22,23,24
BIOMECHANTCAL ALTERATIONS AND ENERGY EXPENDITURD DURINGWALKING AND RUNNTNG WITH HAND WEIGHTS
D.B. Canpbell, M.S. t H.s. O'Bryant, Ph.D. tT.M. Zehnbauer, B.S.; and M.A. collins, Ed,D.Human Performance Laboratory Complex, AppalachianState Universlty, Boone, NC 28608
Fifteen female students, with a mean (SEM) age of2f.5 + 2.4 years, vtrere studied to anal.yze the potcnti.albiomechanical alterations and energy expenditure duriliqwalking and running with hand weights. The biomectrarricalphases of the gait examined within the study were verticaloscil lation and stride length. Subjects exercised atself-selected speeds, 8!.2 mlmin (walking) and l-48.2 m/nrirr(running), and were required to complete 6 min of exerciseduring alI conditions. No significant difference (p:'.05)was found in vertical oscillation and in stride length. Asignificant increase (p<.05) $tas found in energyexpenditure. The increase between non-weighted andweighted walking was found to be 3.7 to 4.3 kcal/min (a13% increase), while the increase in running was found tobe 8.4 to 9.I kcal/min (an 8% increase). 'Iherefore, itwas concluded that hand weights may be used to increaseenergy expelditure during exercise, while not affectingthe galt kinematics examined within this study. However,ttris increase in energy expenditure was found to beconsiderably lower than that reported in most previousI iterature.
Supported by a GSAS grant from A.S.U.
A BITtr'IECHAT{ICAL COMF.ARISDN OF SUI,IO AND CONVENTIONALDEADLIFTIN6 TECHNIAUES
T.S. Horn. Fiodynamics Laboratory. University o{l:entucky, Le).ington. F:Y 40506
Tyrelve experienced powerli+ters were evaluated. whileperforaring deadlift e>rercise at 8O7. o{ their l-RM to conr-pare the amount of low bacl: involvement associated xithtro li{tin9 technigr.res, Six subjectg each comprised aconventional technique (CT) group (i.e., ghoulder widthtrtance and grip spacing outEide the legs), and a slrmotechnique {ST) grouF (i.e., uider, {lared-toe stance andnarrower grip spacing). Subjectg were videotaped brhileforce plate and EHG data were collected. Using perren-tage o{ each subject's HVC es the baEis for comparison,the erector spinae nuscles xere {ound to be as nutrh astwice as active in the CT gror-rp. The CT lif ters experi-enced a greater loss o{ lumbar lordotic curvature andmoved through a greater range of trurnk extenEion. Theyalso tended to increase trape:ius involvernent durinB amidlift transition phase, in which vertical bar velocitydecreased be{ore rising again to s {inal pea}: value.There was greater involvement o{ th€ gracilis fiuscles inthe ST group early in the li{tr adduction of the lowerlimbs apparently serving as a compensatory ftechanism toassist in initiating bar novernent. The center of preesureshi{ted {rorn the balls of the {eet to the heels in the CTgroup, but remained near the heel'5 throLrghout the li{t inthe ST group. These results aray have practical applica-tions toward improving per{orrnance in cornpetitive li{tersand in avoiding low back injury in everyday li{ting tasl:s.
THE INFTUENCE OF BAT COMPOSITION ON POST.IMPACT BALL VELOCITY
A.S. Weyrich, S.P. Messier, B.S. Ruhmann and M.J. Beny.Department of Health and Sport Science.
Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109
The purpose of this study was lo determine he etfect of bat composition onposl-impacl ball velocity. Aluminum and wood baseball bats were suspended 17 cm
from lhe handle in a lree hanging condition. The length and weight of the aluminum and
wood bals were 80.5 cm and 9.3 N, and 80.5 cm and 10.0 N, respectively. Fofty-eight
baseballs were randomly delivered at a set speed of 26.8 m's'l trom a pitching machine
located 1.5 m from and perpendicular lo he long axis of the bat. High speedphotography (400 fps) was performed with the use ol a Locam camera posilioned 7.54 mfrom and perpendicular to the pincipal plane ol ball movement. Nine trials, in which ball
contact occurred at the bats'cenler ol percussion, were analyzed for each condition.
ANCOVA revealed a signilicanl differerre ( p < 0.01 ) in adjusted mean pst-impact ball
velocities between the wood (8.71+0.46 m's'l) and aluminum (7.08t0.47 ms{1 bats.
The results ol the present str.rdy suggest that, in a static condition, wood bats generate
greater post-impacl ball velocities than lheir aluminum counterparts. Hence, the greater
ball velocities generally atfhned h aluminum bats may be due, in large part, to
diflerence in bat r'reight rather than bat composition.
This study was spported, in part, by the American Baseball Coaches Association.
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24SEQUENTIAL MUSCLE EI.'IG OF THE RACQUETBALL SERVEGregory S. Rash and Janice Rausch. BiodynamicsLab., University of Kentucky' Lexington. KY 40506
A 29 year old nale was video taped and ll musclesmonitored simultaneously to obtain the kinematics andsequential rnuscle EMG activity of the racguetball serve.Bipolar surface el.ectrodes with embedded on-site preampsrei" used on the following muscles: biceps brachii 'triceps brachii, trapezius (superior fibers) ' latissimusdorsi, anterior & posterior deltoideus, and pectoralismajor (sternal o clavicular fibers). The rhomboideus."Jor, infraspj-natusr dnd teres nrajor were monitored withonlsite preanped bipolar fine wire electrodes. ltuscleactivity was divided into cocking, acceleration, and fol-low through phases. A brief summation of activity follows:Rhomboideus major: cocking & Iate follow through' rnfra-spinatis: Early to nid cocking & follow through. Teres.ii..t, Early Lo rnid cocking & follow through- Pectoralismalor (c): Ir{id acceleration to early follow through. Pec-toialis rnajor (s): Late cocking to early acceleration &
folLow through. Biceps brachii: Acceleration e early fol-Iow through. Triceps brachii: Mid to late follow throuqh'Anterior deltiod: Mid cocking through follow' through'Posterior deltiod: Cocking & Iate follow through. Trape-zius: Mid cocking, nid & late follow through. tatissimusdorsi: Mid cociing & Iate acceleration through followthrough. These resuits were in general .agreement withfrevi6us reports cited in the literature involving tennislnd pitching. Sone differences were noted, however, whichhrere consiSered to be due to the unigueness of the servingmotion in racquetball.
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS GROUP I # 25 thru 39
I{UTRITIOiIAL STATUS OF AT{ABOLIC STEROID.USIilG IIIALE BODY EUILDERSRobert Keith, Hichael Stone, Ralph Carson, Valerie Hanks and L_vnnAlt. Depts. of Nutrition and FooCs and Health, PhysicalEducation and Recreation, Auburn Univ., AL 36849
Nine trained anabolic steroid-using male body builders (20-29 yr) wereevaluated for nutritional status. Three-day weighed diet records wereobtained and analyzed via cornputer. A venous blood sample was drawn andevaluated for various nutritional indices. Results inCicated subjectsconsumed 454011900 kcal/day. Mean daily protein intake was 252 grams(?.9 g/kl). Carbohydrate intake accounted for 46.Sfi of total caioricintake, fat 32.4i and protein 2L.3%. Dietary cho1esterol intake was925!625 ng/day. llean vitamin anC minera] intakes exceeded 100% of theRecormended Dietary Allowance (nOR) for folacin and zinc; 200% RDA forthiamin, pyridoxine, vitamins A, D, E, and C and nagnesium; 3002 RDA forriboflavin, niacin, iron and calcium and 400% RDA for vitamin B-12 andphosphorus. Mean values from blood and serum analyses were al'l withinnormal ranges as follows: total cholesterol-L9?t46 mg/dl; HDL-choles-terol-43t12 mg/dl; triglycerides-12219 ng/dl; glucose-8lt9 ng/d1i albunrin-4.910.7 9/dl; serum urea nitrogen (SUN)-17.3t2.5 ng/d1; calcium-10.411.3nr9ldl ; phosphorus-4.611. 6 mgld l ; magnesium-2.0t0.6 mg/dl ; i ron-85133mcg/dl. The mean erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient(EGMC) value was 1.0810.13. Despite having mean values within norma'lranges several individuals had SUN, serum calcium, phosphorus and EGRACvalues that exceeded normal range. Anabo'lic steroid-using body-buildersin the present study had dietary nutrient intakes that exceeded RDAvalues for al'l nutrients eyaluated. Nutrient intakes of 300-400% RDArrcre not uncommon. Mean blood and serun values for the various nutrientsassayed nere all within normal ranges, however certain, individualsexceeded normal range, especially for SUN, calcium and phosphorus.
26PH YSTOLOGIC AL C HA RACTERISTICS OF AE R OBIC DAN CE INSTRU CT O RS
f,.1{. lf illifqld, D.L. Blessing, M. Scharff, and J,H. Barksdate. Ilunan perfornance Lab., Auburn University at !tontgoaery, AL 36 193
The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological characceristicsof aerobic dance instructors. A cross section of 35 aerobi.c dance insEructorssho had taught continuously for at least one year volunteered to take part inthe study. The instructors taught an average of 5.6 classes per week, 4.2 d,aysper reek, for 3.9 years. Uaxioum aerobic power (VO2nax) nas determined frona narimal treadmill test, body conposition was determined by hydrostatic weigh-ing, and blood sauples were collected at rest and anaLyzed for hernoglobin andheoatocrit. The instructors nere divided into two groups for comparative purposes: age less than 30 yrs (N = l8) and age greater than 30 yrs (N = l7). TheyounSer age group had a significantly (P<.05) higher heart rate max (188.8 vs175.24 beats/nin), a greater VO2 nax expressed irr nl.kg-l.s;rr-l(SZ.S vs.46.0)and L.nin-l(2-8 vs.2-4), and a higher VE urax (82.5 vs.69.5 L.rnin-l). No signi-ficant differences sere found for height (160.8 vs. 160.7 cm), weight (54.2 vs.53.4 kg),leanbody u,"s(45.1 vs.43.5 kg), percent fat(16.6 vs. 18.lZ), restingheart rate (6 1.7 vs 5l.l beats/nia), hemoglobin (14.8 vs. 14.4 g/dl), or hematocri!(4 1.6 vs. 40.82). The younger ege group was nore active teaching, 6.3 vs. 4.8classes per neek, 4.7 vs. 3,9 days per week, and had less teaching experience,3.3 vs. 4.7 yrs. These results suggest that aerobic dance inscructors have physio-logical profi.es that are superior to those reporred for sedentary feaales andare comparable to the profiles of other aerobically traiaed feuale runners andjoggers.
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LOCAL PERCEPTION OF EFFORT (RPE) IN THE CONCENTRICAND ECCENTRIC LIMB DURING BENCH STEPPING
L. L. $nithr w. G. Herbertr D. E. Hinkler HunanPerformance tab, virginia Tech, Blacksburgr VA 24061
At a similar power outPutr local RPE is greater forrepetltive conc;ntric compared to repetitive eccentriccontractions (eg. uphill vs. downhill running). Tbeobjectives of this ituay sere to determine 1) whether thesedifferences in local RPE would hold if eccentric andconcentric contractions were performed in contralateralmuscle groups (quadriceps) during the same bout ofexercis6, bench-stepping 2) what effect an aspirin-likedrug, indomethacin, uould have on local concentric-RPE andeccentric-RPE. rhirty-nine males were randomly assigned toplacebo (N=20) or drug grouP (tl=19); indonethacin (150 mgtis m9. gid) or placebo was administered beginning 35 hprioi to a 30 min bout of bench stepping. Local RPE wasiecorded every 3 min for the concentric-elevating limb (1omeasures) and eccentric-lorering limb (lo neasures).Results were analyzed using a 3-factor repeated measuresdesign. For placebo gtoup, concentric-RPE ande"centric-RPE were similar at all times. Eccentric-RPE rdassimilar at all times for placebo and drug group. Howevertconcentric-RPE for drug wis significantl.y (p<-01) elevatedover concentric-RPE for placebo. It nas concluded that l)The usual clear differentiation between local RPE forconcentric and eccentr.ic contractions did not occur duringbench stepping 2, Indbmethacin, interestingly, increasedRPB for concentric contractions.
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DEVELOPUENT OF A TECITNIQUE POR SERIAL BLOOD SAI.{PLING DURING EXERCISEI{.R. Thonpson, H.}1. Neisler, M. Hall, K.D. Johnson, and J.G. Lanberth.Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Departnents of Physical Educationend Medical Technology, University of Southern Uississippi, Hattiesbutg,Hississippi 39406-5034
To provide a franework within which to conduct exercise-inducedphysiological comparisons, linitations placed on blood saupling techniquesrnust l) qualify for Expedited Reviev as defined by the University HumanSubjects Research Counittee, 2)provide a "least invasive" mechanism, 3)limit subject risk during "worst case" ilccurrence because of technique,contanination, or injection of anticoagulant, 4) require ninicral volumee ofanticoagulant and drevn samples for analysis without cross contamination,5) allow relative freedom of movement for the subject so work is neitherhanpered nor interrupted during testing, 6) enable consistenr sanplingaccording to individual performance capabilities, and 7) be subsequentlyadaptable for assay of edditional analytes and/or electrolytes with mininalchange of protocol. VACUTAINER Blood Collection sets consisting of 23G3/4" needle and l2 inch attached tubing with Multiple Sanple Leur Adapterfor a VACUTAINER Holder are used. A sterile chree-nay plastic disposablestopcock is placed between the Leur Adapter and Multiple Sample adapter.To the third aru of the stopcock is attached a sterile syringe concaining6 nl of sterile HEP-LOCK flush solution containing l0U heparin/rnl normalsaline. Two separate types of evacuated tubes are ucilized: 3 nl tubeswithout additive (10.25 X 64 m "red top" pediatric tubes) to putge thesampling line of anticoagulant prior to saurpling and 3 nl Sodiun Heparintubes (10.25 x 64 mn "green top" pediatric tubes) for sauple collection.After penetrating an antecubital or distal radial vein, needle and tubingare taped in place and the line cleared by drawing and discarding 1.5 ccof blood. A 1.5 cc sanple can then be collecred. The stopcock is redi-rected so the line can be cl.eared with 1.0 cc of IIEP-LoCK soLution. ThisEequence of purging, saurpling, Ehen heparinizing the line can be repeateduntil all samples are successfully collecced.
28
29
30
AGE, PIIY,CEIflTRALTO ACUTE
K. l{oNorth
Therelationestrogenculatoryto acutecompletecycle erfollowinVO2 max)trematocrcardiacestimatecise, antractiligen concrate andwere Posin all bcirculatated invariabil
HODELING THE EFFECTS OT INDUCED ANEHIA A}ID ERITFNOCYTHEUII. OW iOZNAX
G.L. llaren. Exercise Physiology Lab.,Universlty of Georgj.a, Athens, GA 30602
Seporied experlDeDtal findl.ng,s concernlng the effect ofbeDoglobltr eoncentration on VO2nax are equlvocal. Systenicrcdeliug of the cardiovascular anq oxygen transport systensdeDonstratea that blood volune changes that accoEpany venesectlonor blood doping lray account for these dtfferent observations. Ifcardiac output and venous oxygen content are assuoed to be 25 l/ninan<t rl nl/all respectlvely during Eaxitral. exeretse, the equationrelating bLood voluoe (BV) and [Hb] to VO2nax Day be derived toequal:
. 0.478 (BV)tHbl - 0.0?9 (Bv) - 0.047 tHbl + 0.008YO2uax
7.329 + 0.189 exp(0.187 + 0.052 [i:bl)
A 1 llter drop ln blood volurne is predicbed to reduce iOZsax Uy
approxinately 2Va. A decrease ln heraoglobin concentration of 2'6gtdJ- ls needed to achieve a similar decrenent I'n V02sax.. The
nodifie<t 'lunped para.eeter' srodel 1s usefuf in predictlon of Vo2eax
changes except for situatlons ;*here extreDe alterations ofhenoglobln concentration arrd blood voLu&e have occurred. Thisshoriconlng Ls probabLy beeause the relatlonshlp betueen arterialreslstance and tteaoSlobln concentration is not deterrslned sole1y by
bfood vlseositY.
PFYSICAL ACTTVITY PATTERNS,AL CIRCULATORY RESPONSES OFUTE SUBMAI(IIVIAL EXERCISEllorocco. Hurnan Performance
rth carolina at Greensboro,
ESTROGEN LEVELS At{DPOSI]I,TENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Lab., University ofGreensboro, NC 27412
The purpose of this study was to determine therelationships between age, physical activity patterns,estrogen levels, estrogen supPlement and central cir-culatory responses of postmenopausal women (44-63 yrs)to acute submaximal exercj.se. Each subject (n=19)completed a physical activity questionnaire and acycle ergometer maximal stress test. Prior to andfollowing a 3O-minute submaxj.mal ergometer test (55?Vo2 max), venous blood was sampled and analyzed forhernatocrit and tgtal estrogen. stroke vollrlne (Sv),cardiac output (Q), and myocardial contractility wereestimated by impedance cardiography during rest, exer-cise, and reeovery. As age increased, SV, Q, and con-tractility decreased significantly (p=<0.05). Estro-gen concentrations were negatively related to heartrate and contractility. Physical activity Patternsnere positively related to SV and Q $tere signj.ficantin all but one of the models used to explain centralcirculatory variability. The regression models gener-ated in this study only accounted fol 38 to 55t of thevariability in central circulatory resPonses to acutesubrnaximal exercise in postmenoPausal women.
A CO4PARISON OF BIOELECTRICAT II-IPEDANCE AND SKINFOLD NEAST'REHENTS TO ESTII1ATE
PTRCTNT FAT INAOROUP OF BLACKANDWHITE SUBJTCTS.
c.0, Berry ond P.H. Everhort, Dept. of Ptrysicot Educotion, winston-solem state universiv,Winston-Salem, NC 27 1 1 0.
Percent borty f6t wF estimated in I ?5 college stuhnts (i qe ' 29 p6r5) by meons of
bieletrical impeGnce ( Bl) ( Bodywatch BcA-20 I 0) and skinfold ( s) ( Lonr calipers;
Jackson ard Pollrck, l 976 ; Jrckson, Pollck & Ward, l 9S0) m€osur-ements. DotE ls presented
for All Subjects (AS), All Women (AW), Elck Women (Bw), whit€ Women (WW), All Men
(At1),Blmktlen(Bl1),andWhitellen(Wll). Ihedifferenceinpercentfotestimatedbythetwometh6wosolculotedondispresenhdciDiff. Forollgrcrps,per-centbodyfatwssestimstod hi$rer by the Bl method thst th8 S methctt.
A5 AW DW WW AllsBtsBlSBlSElSBl
r t9.0 2s.2 25.4 zA.E 25.4 29.1 25.5 27.5 7.6 t52sD ro.3 9.3 61 6.0 6.9 6.1 5.5 5.5 4.0 4.3
BN1 WYsBlsBl
?.s r3.5 8.5 12.44.3 4.5 3: 3.8
n 125 60 66 l23.7 2.O
45 52 15
5.4 5.9 4.0i Diff 4.t5 3.5
A c0mD6rls0n vrs m* between the two metls withln th gnoup. Anslysls 0f the &t6rweoied o signlficont difference between the two melhods for oll grotrps ( p<.0 t ) except
WW(p=.09). Ttp iDiff wr used to otrmirB if the difference whictr oristed btween the two
metlrcG wG slgnlflcEnt betwe€n BW ErE WW, BN and Wl1 . BW snd Bn '
End WW ond wll.Rosults imicsted o siErificant difference only betwen BW ord 8H. A rronable estlmate of
"normal percent fat'lor fittEss purps€s w$ld be 2l - 24 t for women and 14 - I 7 t for
men ( lbwlsy & Frqrks, l9E6). Ttr mean percent fot for both groups of women wm estimated
higher ttnn 'normol percent fot'. The m8n wsre lovrer than 'normal percent fet" wlpn
measured wlth D0th mettub. thurerrer, the percent fst estimoted ry the 8l metlul in the Bl1
( 13.5S ) is very clc to o 'rnrnol'volue. While rcsults of thls stttdy finmstrate 0
sigificant rliffererpe between S urd Bl metffi for etermining percent botly fat, a mremurEte methqt fr estlmotlon ls not lrdlcsted.
31
32
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN PLASMA CREATINE KINASE LEVELS
David W. Hill and James D. Richardson. Human Performance Lab,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 275L1. andDepartment of Physical Education and Leisure Studies'Miami-Dade Community College, Miami' FL 33157
The purpose of this study vas to determine the effects ofrace (black versus Hispanic versus white) on plasma creatine kinase(CK) in a young healthy poPulation Previous studies have comparedblacks and vhites, and reported higher plasma CK in blacks. PlasmaCK, height, and veight data were collected from 53 college studentsaged 18 to 25 years. Body surface area (BSA) vas calculated. one-wiy ANOVA showed a strong race effect.(p<.01) on CK levels: themean (!SE) CK of blacks $22.6*'19.6 V/Ll vas higher than the meanCK of both Hispanics (5f.1! 11.6 U/L) and vhites (54.6: 1.7 u/L\. cKlevels were relited to BSA (r=.34, p=.01). But, when ANCOVA (withBSA as the covariate) was used to examine effects of race on CK,the the race effect remained strong (P<.01): again, blacks had highermean levels than both HisPanics and whites. Thus' black-vhitedifferences in ptrasma CK are independent of body size, and mayreflect a true racial effect. Hovever, Ite were not able to shov thatthe resttng CK levels of Hispa.nics are different from tho6e of rrhites.We conclude that race'must be considered tn the interpretation ofplasma CK levels.
-*fl
St{oKELESs TOBACCo UsE N{ONG BASEBALL AND FooTBALL ATHTETESs.H. Boutcher, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, vA22gO3, D.U. Landers, Arizona State University, Tenpe, AZ8528L, & c.J. ttlcMillin, University of Virginia'Charlottesille, VA 22903
The number of smokeless tobacco users in the United states hasbeen estirnated to exceed 20 nilLion (Harper, L98O) - ltany of theseusers appear to be professional and college baseball and footballathletes (Christen, L979). Reasons for snokeless tobacco usageamong athletes have included decreased reaction tirne, entrancedconcentration, and increased group coheeion. The purpose of thepresent study was to assess the proportion. of athletes usingsnrokeLess tobacco; the pattern of athletes'gnokeless tobaccousagte; reasons for initiation and continuationi and the use ofsnoieless tobacco as an ergogenic aid. Responses to a loo-itensurvey were obtained from baseball and footlrall athletes (! = 5o2)aged between L8 and 28 (lt{ = 21.56 yrs, 5D =:.30). over a quarter(n = 15o) were regrularly using srnokeless tobacco. Baseball badthe greatest percentage of users to nonusers (over 50t) whilefootball nas 23t. The average period for snokeless tobacco usehras 4.53 yearsi the average anount of rrdiPsx per.day was 4-32; andthe mean ians per eteek uas 2.25. The strongest influence forstartj.ng to use smokeless tobacco uas peer influence. No athletesindicated that nedia advertising (T.V., nertspapers, and radio) wasthe major reason for initiation of snokeless tobacco. The nostinportint factor for its continuation wat isomething to do-rlNelrly 9oB of athletes using smokeless tobacco reported that itneither helped or hindered athletic perfornance- Baseball playersused snokelLss tobacco consistently across all practice and glame
situations. While footballers used srnokeless tobacco less shenperforning and more before practices and games.
Supported by a grant fron U.s. Tobacco.
THE EFFECTS OF ELASTIC RUNNING TIGHTS ON VENOUS LACTATE LEVELS
S.P. Bailey, M. J. Berry, L. A. Sandt and J.A, TeWinkle, Deparlment ot Health and
Sport Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109
It has previously been shown lhat the use of graduated compression stockings during
exercise will atlect post exercise venous lactate levels. To determine the eftects of
elastic runnin$ tights (ERT) on venous lactate levels and the post exercise response,
eight high lit males (VO2 max = $$.$, s.d.=3.82) completed three exercise bouts on a
motor driven treadmill. Each subject ran on the lreadmill lor three minutes at '1 10% of
treir VO2 max. The experimental conciitions lor the three tests were: ERT worn during
exercise and recovery, ERT worn only during exercise and no ERT worn during either
exercise or recovery. Oxygen consumption and exercise heart rates were measured
durirg resl ard at 5, 15, and 30 minutes post exercise. Blood samples were obtained
lrom an antecubital vein at rest and at 5, 15 and 30 minutes post exercise for lactate and
hematocrit determination. Plasma volume shifts were calculated flom hematocrit
determination and total blood volume was estimated trom body weight. Total circulating
lactate was then estimated based on these measurmenb. Two way ANOVA revealed no
signilicant differences (p> 0.05) in any of the above variaues between the three trials.
Significant differences between rest, 5, 1 5 and 30,minutes post exercise measurements
were lound lor all of the above variables' These rbsults indicate that lhe use of ERT will
not significantly afiect the post exercise response or circulating lactate levels.
Support provided by.Nike Sports Co.
OXYCEN CONSIJMPTION AS A FUNCTION OF LADDERMILL CLIUBING SPEED
IN RATS
K.I. Norton, D-A. Hayes, l't'T' Jones' C'A' Ray and R' B'
Arostrong. n"p.tti"iit if Physlcal Educat'on' Unlverslty ofGeorgla, Atheng, GA 30602
Even though laboratory rats are the oost comonly used anloal
roa"f io exeiclse sclence, they are knorm to be notorlously poor
;;;;;t;;t;. -up
to 4oz of rate refuse to run on the t'evel tread-oilt. Russell et aI. (J. Appl. Physlol' 482394' 1980) reported
that a hlgh percentage G5:T0il6?Ell-readlly accepted ladder-m111 cllnblnt as a f;;';i "ttr"ts"
and thst thls ellclted a hlgh
ietabottc coat. The purpose of thls etudy.was to lnvestlgate -
whether untralned sptat,t"-o""fey rats (n=13) ' who had prevlously
refused to run on a irladolll' nould exerclee on a laddernlll';;;;;;-";;";'p.io" ('i;;t-;'" ueasured (open'flov Dethod) as a
functton of ladderutli2;P;;; (4'5-17 t'ttn-t) followlng 1-3 geeks
of habltuatlon. wot .fi'rats nere w1lllng/able to.-cf,lub 8t the
lilH,i;;:tl;",1l:::" l:*"; :::"':1".;: ["::u'il. !'lto ;.'"ku "Jlitlot,-'."0:";;;:i;.--rhe slope relatlng vo, to ladderrnlll speed
?6;"- i.;;-; ii.sl i'"" iii""' (r-o'se) and sieater-than-the.sloPes
:il3'i:l :i t#li::i i; ;i; :*+i'+g+*.f ii:eei:!1!:*"'ri"iri". rn concluston: 1) even the poorest treadolll runners
t."Afiy-.a"pt to cfruling t" " for-o oi exerclse; anil 2) even
untratned rats have relattvely hlgh aeroblc pouer'
SuPPorted bY NIH grant lAll37098
35
36VENTILAToRYCHARACTERISTIcSoFTRAINEDcYcLIsTsDURINGVARYINGSTRIDEANDPEDALFREOUENCIES
P.J.Puntenney,M-J'BerryandR'A'Robergs'DepartmenlotHealthandSpoilscience'WakeForeslUni\42ily, Wnston-Salem, NC 27109
Nine male competili\,e cyclists completed 'our
elercise lrials lodele'mine d|ferences in the ventilatory
rosponses h uphiil watkirE and b;i r;;'ng'a; 6 cyoi"g at.high ard lo$, cadences (HC and LC) All trials
u,e,e pertormed at S0"A of rc.suoiects; rnnlng ot cyifing *nilatoryfireshold. No significant dillererEes
were lound when ompa,ing VOz jtib2 anO ieart iate ualues between either the walk and run trials or
between the Hc and LC rrhls. lvtean vJues (tSD) tor minute ventilation Pg), tidal volume (v1), breahing
trequency (lB), end tidal 02 and co2 (PETO2 and PETCO2), inspintory time (Til and expinatory time (TE) are
pfesented belovv:
Vg v1 lg PETCO2 PETO2 T1 Tg
(r'miri-l1 0i (b'mirn't1 lrylel (mmHs) (s) (s)
walk 58.118.4 2.5b028 )i'6i4'i it ''lit 93'or4'5 1'27fr23 1'4110'26
run 58.7i8.2 z28j,o;; ia,ax{t 45'?t4'9 9s'7j4'6 o'75t0'33 t'6510'50
Lc 63.2i14.7 2.6$0:l; iiil$ 48'et1'7 e2'1t4'3 1'2ot0'20 1'45$'27
Hc 64.4i14.5 2.6710.;; il'iE'g 48'l+5'l e3'oj5'3 l'1410'20 139i0'24
ii.n Oirir"r*i for V1, tg. eeim2, f linO stride frequency, wkn comparir€ he Yralk to the run' r€re
loundlobesigniflcanr(P4.05).Honeotreotervarhb|eswereloundlodfiersignificanilyvvhencomparing the yvatk.no * rri.ir.'iJo.iing r;q,Jeoi.s *rre lo.ud to diller signifrcanlty between the Hc
and Lc rriats. None ot he '"rir.row r.ti,fitt "." louy to.911ttr signiftcanily wten TTpttiryi:yopedailir! irequencles. ftnse resurii s4gest hat trained cydisl possess ditlerenl ventilabry pattems
drring runnir' ard "r'o.g
., ,il;t;dJifirlno".r", ;ntl;bry pattelns remain unchanged dunng
clding al difieronl pedallirE tequencies'
ACCURACY OF YSI MODEL 27 LACTATE ANAIYSISL.A. Barnhart and J. Rupp, Physical Fitness CenterGeorgia State Universi.ty, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
The purpose of this study vtas to test the reliabilityand validity-ot a rapid laciate analyzer (YSI Model 27industrial inalyzer;. - Twenty-four subjects exercised atvarious intensities on a Etationary ergometer or byperforming weighted forearm curls. Serial blood samplesiere drawn frbn a forearm vein into tubes containingglycolytic and cLotting inhibitors, centrifuged and theptisna stored until analysis for plasna lactate (PLa) ' PLawas measured in duplicate on the referee (Rf) systemernploying a standard enzymatic technique (Siqna Pfoc. 826WJ ana compared to duplicate measures on the YSI systemtrrerformed on the same day. Resu_lts shows a significanttest-retest correlation (p<.05) of 0.997 between the twotrials on the YSI. ANOVA showed no significant differencebetween the trial means. A eignificant correlation of0.982 (P..05) vtas found between the YSI and RF systems'ANOVA sh-owed'no significant difference between the means ofthe YSI and RF systems. It was concluded that the YSIsystem is a reliable and valid system for analysis ofplasma lactate.
YSI RTTrial 1 Tria} 2 Trial I Tria1 2
_ (mgldl ) (rns/dl, 1mg/{! ) 1ng/{! )x 31.02 38.23 40.26 40-77sE 3.7 3.8 4.L 4-2
FLASHA BELr[' ANctoTB]tSIN AND ALDOSTBRONE RESPoxsE ?o PRoLoNcEDITTEXSE GYGLING: EFFBCTS O? IIIGESTING GARBoEYDRATE-ELEC?RoLITEtEYf,tACES (CB) VERSUS I|ATEB. V.E. Cokklntdes, J.t{. Davts, r,J.p.Bartoll and ll.A. Burge66. Exerclse Blochemistry Lab, universltyof South Caro1lna, Columbla, SC 29208
lJe have preva-dus1y reported no differences aDong markers ofthernoregulacory and cardiovascular function in cycllet whoconauEe sater or moderate (5-82 carbohydrate) cE rs duringprolouged intenEe exercise 1n the heat. Thls 6tudy conparedplasna codcentratlons of renin (R), angioten6in I (ANG) andaldosterooe (ALD) in 7 traioed oale cycLlsts during 3 exercisesesslons. Subjects performed 170 nin of exercl,se on a cycleergoEeter in shich the workload was perlodically adjusted toeliclr 55 to 802 VO2r.*. This was fo.Llowed by a uaxinal sprintto exheustion (€ ll arin). SuUSects consumed a na!er placebo(P), a 6Z cE or an 87. CE durlng each ride (3.5 ul.kg:l every 20nin). Drlnks rre!e given in a double-b11nd, couoterbalancedfashLon. Blood samples were taken (vl"a an indwelling catheter),and various Deasures of physiological functlon were recorded,at regular intervals throughout exerclse and at 20 uin ofrecovery. Plasna R, ANG and ALD increased with exercise 1n a1l!(roups (P<0.Of). However, R and ANG nere lower wlth 6Z CE thanP (P<0.05) durlng the latter 6Eages of exerclse and recovery.ALD was also consistently, but noo:significantly, lower nith 6ZCE than P. No differencea among drlnks were found for f02, HR,rectal teup,6weat rate, Aplasura vo1, plasroa osnolality, andplasma sodium and potassiurn concentratloo..The results suggestthat consunption of moderately concentrated CE's durLngprolonged lntense cycllng 1s equally ae good as rrater for themal.ntenance of physlologlcal honeostasls, but requires lessactivatlon of the renln-anglotensln*aldosterone systen for thernal.ntenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.
BETAENDoRPHINRESP0NSE0FPREGNANTtd0HENDURINGAER0BICEXERCISEINhIATERR. G. Mclrturray, tt..l]-girri ;-;;d v. Katz'. Exercise Phvs iol ogv Lab''
u;;;";;il; o'r'no"ti' citoiinu' chapel Hill ' NC 275ee
To determine the effect of pregnancv on the beta-endorphin
response to exercise iil-tt'i''ii""' tteiu" wi*en were recruited
early in pregnancy u"O"'""i "iest6A O"ing the'lsth' 25th' and 35th
week of pregnancy u, ""ii'is iln-tiers poit oarturn' Each trialconsisted of 20 min oi'iitliti-iupine rbst.on land' 20 min of'inmersion to the r"u"i ii"ii'"'*ip'noia in.30"c water' 20 min of
exercise at 60% preoictld tiuiitii iupucity and 20 min of latera'l
suoine recoverv. erooi"iit"'iutpilo it 11e.ena of each of the four
seqments and was .n.litii-to""irematocrit and beta-endorphin
#cl;;;.;;;ni. -n"tti"t's-beti-endorphin concentrations were
el evated durine p."snii.i"i*ii.ll'i9-rrlt";;ffi; i;;eii (zs' ltg'7ps/m1 )'with the lSth week ."!'di'"t!I'Tibilg;6slii uEinq-r'ict'er than eifher the
iiiii ii6o I gi,ir :ii"";-iii'il"iid .a;66:ii w6er.. Iimerii on resur ted
in no si qnifi"unt .n.iii"t;' ;lii:eiio"pni n .onc"ntration. converse'lv'
il"li i ii,! i i;#;;.;;i;;r ""uili- u.ii -endornni n. wi th the sreatest
il;;;;; oiiu rr i ns o,'.i ii=it!"i sir, -,"!i i"lii
li"[-?l;r*. eli I . Bi ^t,;;;;;A ii-il'! zstn weel (+25.oil2.8)' 3s
or bost partum t*ro.olilil)';;i;:;il;6nin-"emained elevEted 20 min
af ter exerci r" au"i nititt!' i sii-t"ii-iriat s bui returned toward resti ng
.tevels during atr o'iei"i"i;i;."ii ";t con"ird"d that the combination
of pregnancy "no
e"e,iisJ'ii"it a greater-ini""us" in beta-endorphin
ii.[ *6uia -be
expected in the non-gravid woman'
39
..-.;fl
40
POSTER PRESENTATPNS GROUP il # 40 thrU 54
HAXIIIAL OXYGEN UPTAKE TND NUTRITIONIL STATUS OF COLLEGEREPERTORY DANCERS
John Carlos, Jr. Excrclgc Physiology Lab., Florida StateUnlveralty, Tallahassce, FL 32306
The purpose of thts study vas to document thephyslologlcal and dietary status of a college repertorydance group. Etght fenale and four nalc dancers performeda aaxlmal trcadmlll test.and corupleted a three-day fooddlary. The naximal aeroblc power (v02 nl,/kg./nln) rcalorlc lntake, total and percent of carbohydrates, fats,protetns, and gelected vltanlns and mlnerals ueledcternlned. The mean V02 nax for the fenra]e and maledancers vas lrl .l and 5?.3 nrl/kg,/nin, resPectively. Therean caloric lntake vas 1115.1 kcal for the fenales and1915.8 kcal for the ma1cs. The percent of calorleg frorucarabohydrates, fat and protetn for the females vas 5!.?,30.6 and 13.5 and f,or the nales lt uas a5.5, 35.8 and1?.0, rcspecttvely. Flfty Pelcent or lnore of the femaleshad lcce than 2/3 of the RDt of vltanlns Bl, 86, D and E,folacln, calclurn, lron and zlnc. OnIy folacln uas lcssthan 2./3 of the RDA and al;< other vttanlng and nlneralsrere less than 100t tn 50t of the nales. These data ueleconpared to other types of dance groups. Both fetnale andnalc dancers exhtblted fitness lcveIc appropriate forthelr actlvtty. l{ost of the fenale and male gubjectsgrcsented a low calorlc lntake ln rclation to theirenergy expendlture. Less than adeguate vltamin andalneral Intale vas notcd ln both fenale and male dancers,thc fcmales presentlDg a more profound deflctt. Thesedcflclts could have a negatlve irnpact on thclr dallyacttvttles as sell as thelr f,uture physlcal status.
rcIURAL EFFECIS OII A}TIX,E }BLMD PRESSUFIT INDD( TOIJ.cPS
U.K. Todd, D.L. Spitler Iard P.D. S\,,Jan. hnman k!at Qeensbor"o, Greensboro
Six len ard six rtrgrertfE effe<*s of ;retu:re cgessre (SBF) ard systol:prticlpated ir brro sutrnaxiE dn.D hear{. nte). OrE(SP), ard tlre ot}er in ttte20 uinrtes r€st, 20 nirnrtsalm SBP were leasured atiIPE)t ald l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7:rate was ortirn:a]Iy nrcnito:intansity. SBFI $as c:lculiar.E SBP. Arnlysis of rrarpeUml diffelerrces of resere 124.3 Edg (anlcle) andUP rrahs rE!.e 178.3 ndlg,SP values hre!€ 124.1 !E!*g (
\talues lrere 191.9 dlg, :anal.16is of 'variare ras r
forrd befircen ea<tr SP ardarufysis of corrariare msonly fcrnd for nin:tes 7.tdecllled hry 38t at IPE annirutes of reovery. In threturned to wit}lb lt (1.5:results irdicate tlat poslreco\r'eryt tilt, UP postrre (IJP posiue rras elevaticn oard cardiac cuqryt.
A}TIX,E A}ID ARM SYSIOIIC BIED PRESSI'RE A}ID SYSf,OI.TCI fOIJlfiIlfG SuB.l,INmAL D{ERCISE.ritler FACSM, C.L. Ierlis-,.J.L..l4aupin, p.M. Danagh-man hrformance Iab., University of Norttr Caroli;aensboro, N.C. 2741_2
: rt\crxr (X age = 31.3 years) lrqre tested to e\raLuaterturg on reco\rery ankle ard arm systolic bloodsystolic blood presstr-e irUor lSfeiy. Subjectssutrnaximl clzcle ergoreter tests (OO* ige preaictea. One tst was ctrduct€d in the srpine-positionin ttte rprigrt peition (Up). Each
-test ircfuaea
nirnrte cyclirg ard 15 ninutes leco\rery. .Ankte ardred at L8 ninutes rcstt innediate post e>rercise4, 5; 7.5t 10, L2.5 ard 15 rdJnlt€s reco/ery. Heart,'nrcnitored by elecbrccardio$:apfry to irlsure desiredcalculateil as tlre guotient of anlcle SBp Aivided h,yof rrariare ard corrariance !,Ere used to erratuate; of recovery SBP ard SBPI. lGan Sp SBp at restAe) ard 110.8 lltrnHt (arrD) witi a rrEan SBPI of 1.12,
' ndlg, 116.? ltlnHg ard 1.53, respectively. At Im
. rEn|lg (ankfe), 154.8 trlrlrg (am) ard .82 (SBpI)r updlg, 156.8 mlft ard 1.25, respectively. lrlene ras used siqdficant diffeleres (p <.OS; r*ereSP ard IrP SBgf reglery point. In qrtr-ast, rrtrenr Es used sigrificant differerpes (p <,05) werret€s 7.5, 10 ard 15. lhe SBPI in the Sp posb:reIpE ard rebrrrrd to 8t (1.O4) belcn r€st bi 15In tle tP poshtre SBPI declined W 221 at IIE ard
Lt (1.52) of rest ty 7.5 njrutes of reoveqz. Iheat postre has rp effect an t}re pattem of Sptsrsbrre des ele\rate lci^,er litnb SBP. Ihe effect oflticn of lc*er linb SBP to naintain versls t€tuln
2.3-DIPHOSPIIOGLYCERATERESPONSETOSUBMA:IIMALAIIDT{AXII'IALEXERCISEINiiiriii,-aroo IINTMTNED UEN Aroo I'tol'{EI^,^,,^ n D nrrval and H.A. cotlln
AJT"il'il;: 1':::;:"'-,il-ii"'i 1'" r,';l:ill"^llt J :n;o'lllll"'Exerclee Physlotogy t"i'-itti"tt"rty of Georgla' Alhene' GA 30602
::::iil i:;5;:" ";:.;;;;. ;;; -.;an
unr relned lndtvrdua 1 s'
To deterolne the effect of gender'.state of tralnlng, and acute
subnaxlmal and maximal ""tiir"" i" i'r-arprtisphoglycerate (2'3-DPG)'
blood eaupleE were .oirii"i-ir"r-i ti.rtt.b nen (TH), 7 tralned romen
(nl), 7 untralned t""'?ilil lii-z "iit"rned wonen (lN) Prtor to and
followlng a treadullr i"o'iot 10 nln at-apiroxinately 75: of voz-"t-tod
i;ii::l"ii,$i $ii' :i*i:l;:es : t'i. ::: "l**#I:f t,# -
ii]i"tiln" ;F107'i")' untralned subjects hi
'"g' r"' eierc ise r'::'$,i:ilk-ii:i,lrl; .13' illli Jl.iilT::":":'
absolute unlts and as -^-- --, --an of a qiven stal:Hli:":lii"uill"il"i i;::9' 9:iEii;::"::1":"i":n:1.?:": 'lven
s'Ea'!e
of tralnl'ng at rest ""i iorfotlog both exerclee lntenslties' The
tra'ned nen and t-t"'i"i"lii"rii"""trv h:gier [2'3-DPG] (P<0'05) than
the untralned oen end ;;";-;;-;;;t toi follo"lns both exerclse
lntengltles. a""t" ""i#i;;i il t"*1T:1 .txttci"" dld not ellclt a
a{'n{ftcant chanse ttl"bliil-it-ii':-ppcl ln anv of the four groupa'
il:;;t-ti tzil-nPct (uurol/nl) were:-Rest ""*+TP ffirM l.qE.: r.e r .6 i-.1!.1rw 1.9 + .9 1.2 T .a
H i.31:? i:3 i,! , - i:; i:iThe data lndlcate an.a ah"r" r"-o6 g"oa", dlfference in rEetlng 2,3-DPG
concentratlon tna tlii tt"i" "tUi"-inal and uraxl-ual exerclse do not
cllclt slgnlflcant "i""1'"-i"-Z:3:?Pc-:ti:;niratlon' I{oryever' the deta
supporr prevloua,""il'Jli".i". -i:1'::::.::::tiriliilli::t" have hlgher
42
I
I
mg%[3!tiiiili;",li*#"m.#fffi::%:t,::ysl,ili''il,!:
i]ll3 I
I
ll;#**;ltt'*i*lti'lmilt#it:**rry**:;tffi t
i::r"rl.ni:qi1ru'#***[g$$1i3-*,m11figffiliijgAffi,*;rur*!*u'.^i,,
::H ",r',r*, sTH** il lqri,llfi*iliff::fi,|,!;fi31+ii:fiii]:ililr:iu"tion i,,.ro",o^ana-ipiir cc'rpretion
*ffiWJ;*r:nl'mtr*+xi*"l;:i:HT sl!l:!:tf *l*jv'r.t ;{i#ti:::rm"n:ir:":'s:*:r'?}"$?"had the folloulng slgrscare ,eigrrr, percenE'il*i-ii,,'ptt*?i,::lf':i};il:"::: niilHt;:tl'iil-ii;^^--
**trw"tip,;x{tu".H{i'iii:lq[:*4f iiqitk$h.fl :ni**;l-*1i:Ul+l+*trF:i:F*::*#':l'" s'i:l::?":i?:r'::";;;;,';;; health care costs'
43
r J
45
DIETARY PRACTICES OF SCHOLASTIC AND CATHLHTES
L.K. l{urray, AB,/A.T.,C. and H-S. O'Performance Complex, Appalachian StNC 28508
Dietary practjces of 1O3 track astudied to identify "problem" nutriengrouped as tnale or female, collegiateanaerobic or aerobic. Food intakes fdetermined through 2A-hour recalls ov,The dietary recalls were anaLyzed forvitamins, 12 rninerals, calories, protfiber and cholesterol content by a coanalysi-s program. "Problem" nutrientproviding less that 75 percent Recomn(RDA). Those "problem" nutrients ideacross groups were: folacin, calciumzinc. Group analyses for nutritionalby a non-parametric statistical procegeneral, these data suggested the fo]practices: 1. the schoLastic athLetcollegiate athletesr 2. the male athfenale athletes; and 3. the aerobicthe anaerobic athletes.'
IIESA}OIIC RESPONSES OF TOUEN TO AR!{ CNANT AND CYCIE ENCOUE]IIIT INSEIATION TO ISOUETRIC STRENCTH.
R.K. Hetzler, V.A. Vaccaro aDd R.G. Knorlton. ErercisePhyeiology I,ab., University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA229Ojt Southern lllinoj.g Uuiversity, Carbondale IL 52901.
In order to deternile if strength 18 s coltributor to theerplained varieDce iD prealictiag orygeD conausption by poreroutput in arn crant (lCE) and cycle ergonetly (CE), ten uatraiaedfenalee (i age=2!.lt1.O Jrrs, i reight=59.412.9 kB, i trei€rht.164.9t1.8 cn) rere recruited as subjects. The sun of aversgepeak iaonetric strengtb neasurenents (obtained using 8 load'cellforce norj.tor) for elbov fferion, elbor ertersion and gripstrength (obtained sith a hand grip dyaanoneter) rss used for thearn strength inder (ASI), and the average peak strengthDeasureoegt for knee erteDsols ras used as the leg streagtb inder(6I). i02 ras ileternined at various pouer outputE during ailiscoDtiDuous, progreaaive, narimal test for ACE and CE. Tirenean YO2 nar vaLues for ACE ras 1.O4 l/nin and for CE ras 'l.?'tl/nin. lt ras found that gllsngth iadices alloreil tot a 141iacrease in the aecountable varlattce predictlng subnarinal V02duriag arn cratrk ergonetry, and a tro percent. iDcreaae iu theaccounteble variarce predictlng subnsriaal 1102 duriag cycleergoDetry (p<03O5). The ASI raa not found to be sj.gnifi.cantJ.ycorrelated to Y02 nar for aro cratrking (r=0.5il slrd the LSI rasDot fo.rnd to be significantly correlated to VO2 nar during CE(r*0.65). It ras coDcluded that strength Day b1 a significantgoDtrlbutor to the erplaired varj.ance in predictiag gubnarioalV02 during ACE and CE.
AND COLLEGIATE TRACK AND FIELD
-S. O'Bryant, Ph.D. Hunanian State University, Boone,
rack and field athletes wereutrients. The subjects $rereegiate or scholastic, andakes for the athletes $rereLls over a two month period.ed for specific amounts of 7
, protein, carbohydrates, fats,y a computerized nutritionaltrients were identified as thoseRecommended Dletary Allowancets identified as predoninantalcium, iron, vitamin 86, andtional differences were performedprocedure (Chi square) - In
he following regarding dietaryathLetes were superior to the1e athletes rrere superior to therobic athletes lrere superior to
m__o lrFAsr,T*fi:;F oF rs)c'(ri
oxyc'r cc*sr*FrroN 1ffi r'lEift 'oi:''i,Dts*-9'F ffi ""rLl;.*iiJ :
46
Re€r't data have sraeested-thatp=5$:-$t$* Wm ffi:Reent data have strEestErE UEL eqlsil-rbdy'@earcd tdnsx vall-res for,.i;;its r ard L ry i,ivtol=:^ 31l:e!^€ fainirr * o.*r?1:i"Ed""t"lfwtren usi.rg I ano L :rFr pruw D' -- --of t'ainirg in prerricrrsly sedentary;;;-;-Dt protols'wer eight Dontlrs^ .-- = .+ - c1 q+la-oknr rtto traiJ*at131AS":ffii:.ffi f 'ff :Fi._{'r,t:s,{*;':';*,:9,,ffi ,',-#m" rlffi'''lti;3tr't' t'iF ).';# :ifr1:l3E' ^T**i5;i ?kT:at tuo (liffeleDc lnErerFrl.rE \zrrr' *-
il -in ist a of 3 rnjrnrtc stages be-
;-d*iqrt d to reasure lSL tT "q-H'- r, rrlmirw r."',.rlt ;aiotqlti"ffi,ff'r.#ffi3Fffifr" ,1ffiginnirg "t geT-T" ur qFGf '"'-*'5, b"s-t-tlg at l4q/tir (5'2rFh)
i.r-de". stl gdtsr*e:1-1 Tg=c ar ? s* Der sEacre. $bjects perH f A*T':'ffi ;' *u- -1=g,5 * m"5.;;"*reH',$ g?J"llGg#ff ffi;ft-* g1i'g;-"',ffi 'ffi*#*--T"fft*S ffi"5i;l- E'fi{-"'ie -*Xt*r:rd irrlicated the
foLlo^rirg: $Flrztti"f l€ast s$rares t{ean (sE{)
8 l.tontllsTtt-t s{ - rGYqlD BaselitB
${-L IU-r4 t{crlt}ls
s{-L 1!{-r
<ur,lts5>uIrltsa
2.87 (0.06)2.86(o.05)
2.72$.Ul2.71(o.(N)
2.e5(0.05)2.91(0.06)
2.95(o.05)2.85(0.04)
2.87(o.06)3.(N(o.06)
2.92(0 04,3.04 (o.05)
< -!-!G:-* lrestnan['t-I'l)At baselirE r!'t-L. resflted in sigrificantlv hidpr \qmx 6cc
No dirrerere ..'*""CG"t 9-r-fee-T":.:ti 5t*,g3j 5nff;t?lg
ff-rffffi=";;#'rii1;;=-1"" trf,inirs in pre'icr'rv sedentarlr na*n'
e"liiffi p,-tor ;; ii* iraicatea rn eisniricant
tr:aining effects -' -foil*,--*'ttif" t=" "i-tr=
-ntr prcor irdioated tiatfo,rnax at 4 srtlrs i"';;rt&-t**- ,t";t"t th"tt tqt"* tq Uut"IirE(p<'o5) '
ffi,affiH.:'..t+*:-91[ffi gg::.gEiSH*E*%LH.,?T ffiff-dffi."" trran-nqsrax -'r u."-ii'=. rtras qclr.ded tr,"t di-dt't*"r F W:=gg:;*tjffi;ffif*-
=ftffiFry*-i#f'
I
iffikrfr .m;?'f;*Sffil;lraiir''6"'"^ rt ras
t 'tr^rs
47
[*.
48
49
m{PARISCN OF rEVH, rUNNI}G eND IIICXjINED AEAIUILL pROIO@IS FOR lqmxDgrmt'IDiAfICN IN CI{PSIITII\IE }nI,E lu'}l}IEnS. tavid SEad, Arthur l,saltman,FAsct't, Rick seip, Fidlad Rrtt, bert Sdrrlrr€r, salfy Le\rirE, fidlt llelhanard Alan qol, tlniversity of Vi-rginia, GrarloEtesrrille, \IA 22903.
rnile iq tnil( has traditicrnll.y ben qrsidered the eiteriqr -astre ofcardicnnscrlar fitress, r@nt researrtr lns irdicated tnat tne lactate(anaer&ic) tnreshold (UI) anq/or fbcd blood lactate qentrations Ey bebetter pledictors of erdrare performre. tris lras resulted in tleclevelc;rrent of te\rel nnrrjrtg treadoitl (1}D protofs to deternire. bot]r Ufard Vo2m>c. Ihe presert sbrty eD@itted $itetlter a le\tel rutnir|g I4nIO2Fax Dtprctol rcsrltd in sinilar vD2mx rralues as a aitcriorr irElined S,I \qmil(t€st. Si:<ten qpetitive rnruErs (E aqe = 30.94fl.33yrt F reigtrt =72.4%8.47W; i height = 176.97!5.53cr0 ryleted a level runrljrg \Io2nEX/IIf It{test (initiaf q=ed = Is0q/birr, *eea irseasea by 1944nin every tnre nirrEtiI volitioal eltrausticr) ard an fuElined I}1 \r02tro test (qpeed =160q/hjn, initiaf t gr:ade = 0*, t gridde irEeas€d ty 2.5t eeery 2 rtin urfiilvolitiqral erfiausticr). Dp order of tests rrrs rard<rnfy ecsigned. stardardqren ci.Inrit qirrnetric teciurigps re:e used fq ollecfisr of retabolicdata. Ihe follc*rirg rcsrfts rer- &senred:
PROI@IVariable Ievef Rrrdrg
*+sDIrE:lirEd I oitr r*tso
yO2o,u" (1'ni5-11\Jo2nax (nl,4q'nin-I)RB (nax)RPE (nax)IIR na( (bE'nin-I;
4.90to.6067.6"1*.5.69o.97nO.04
18.5t1.6184.5t6.8
5.1tto.67 4.25* O.9470.80t6.17 -3.13* O.861.UjO.O6 -O.14* O.39
18.8* 1.2 1.O lG O.59183.5t 8.O 1.O NS O.94
rt was c*Eltded o,"? l"'"r?-r*tffitffis r€s.[t-s in a slishr(<5*) trt stati.stically higtEr lqpax vafrn (p<.o5) tlran de a level nutnirgIU prrtol daqigned to Eas.u€ IE ard fb€d bl.ood lactate orentrations asF1l as
EFFECTS OP THf I\TE}ISTRUAL EYCLE OI! BODY COMPOS]T1O}';CO Bllard, IiR. Thoxnpson, S Burks. University of SouthernMississippi and the fnstitute for btellness ind SportsIvledicine, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5034i and theI{ellness Connection of Oktibbeha County Hospital,Starkville, l{ississippi 39?59.
Fluctuations in regul-atory hormones, boily ternperature, andother physiological mechanisms during the menstrual cyclecause individual s)mptornatology including a perceived rrreightgain. This study attempted to determine the effects of anormal menstrual cycle on body vrejrrh-t (BW), percent body fat(tfat bv hydrostatic weighing), vital capacity and residualvolume (VC and RV by spirometry) , and sum of ser.'en skinfolds(sum SF). Twentv regularly rnenstruating (23 to 35 day cycles)subjects (aged 20 to 30 years) volunteered for this study.l{easures were duplicated on Days !, 7, 1.4, 21, and 28 afterthe onset of menstrual flow:
Day Ivc (r,) 3'.67RV (L) L.L26BI^l (kg)*fat
59.1125.2
Day 83.721. l_4 3
58.5625.3
123.7
Day 143.711.143
58.6325. B
r22.O
Day 213. 601.120
58.6925. 0
1)) A
Day 283 .71.1.126
58.1924.1
r\4.2sum SF (nn) 115.1A dependent ANOVA for repeated measures indicated no signi-ficant (P<0.05) Cifferences for any measured parameter betweenthe five assigned days. Therefore, body cornposition is notaffected in this age group by normal" menstruation.
_------
I
ffirptD PROFTLES OF Co^LLECTATE Fo0TBALL PLAYERS
""' i'.'i :"fr; i i i r ots t aLri":if l,r:; :, *; "ffi i "f.1 ;". i,' 3l "r'o: rt "' n' "
Laboratory, Georgia lnslllule or rcLrrrrwrvw' !r-'-'-'
t{utritional and blood lipid parameters were evaluated in 15 ma'le
H5ffi l5il''":ffi *l$ tff";i:i'g ;il ffi I;ili ; ci, uo-r,v 0.. a t e
i I llti; ii''i i "',':dJi;
i; "'1S l; ii;' I iti f "'i'tl !vi t'ami ns and mi nerablood sampl" ,u' ooiiii"o"iv-"'"nipuncture' Serum wai analvzed for
i rm: ";it,lr l ;,,$i .'f"* ;; "1'i ; tiil,Tiilf u:; ;1 ;'.';: ; -
- i;i;i kcals- t.'71'.2+"!'.2 ii+ ; i;;'. . rsa.i; ei.tI kcals CCH0
I kcals susar 1i"71 9:1 poi"iti'fi tsl 3'J * 0'8
I kca'rs rat ii.g f i:l 's"oi''i ist'- -!'l r 1'6
I kcars PRq- . ii'g f ?'1 :i*l;;i'., ,?i'.21*\'.iin,i:;:i;l'u,,,ol:l i.*!,1 """
lit ftil,..o,ii:i,l,.i;it.ir,i',,,fi *i!!iH:,#?i-IiH'{,ii:il*iu{i:ti*:x;,T.li122:9 mg'd1-r (54'.tgs' arru re-rrvL ;;i.t" significantly with. anJ
;l#:i;TtJ rT:1'""""""? "'i:'.11:.-":x.,"':fii;'-'"' tiat ma-le -cbiiegiat!f ootbar r pr ayers , oi#, ii" -u!ro* ,^".o'nt"-ndJions for t9*oi"itlttJT:vitamin A and tioe-r."anO-p6oue ""cotme-nded
levels for chot
;:rlir'i'!iliillii'",:,fJtil'iii.ffi +*rli:;',:llf x,'i,'+iilincreased risk base'nould appear to ue ue-neii'ci'a-t ?or promoting l;;9-t"tt ttetrtfi in footbalI
athl etes.
I]NEI,IATICS OT THE STRIDE LEG IN PITCHING
L. Unoerwood' R' ShaPiro' -and G' Pash
Siomecha;ica'Laboratory, Universitv o{
F-entucky, Lex!ngton fY 40505
Investigatlons of basebail pitching focus on the action of the
upper trunk. sroulder i;;il; ;; ;tT' -1-l* stuoies have reportec
on stride lengih ano oiiection' Peference is maoe in some iexts to
the ieg acticn l" " titt""-i"l' trt" actual motion of the strice ieg
has not been rePorteo''^-iit-o'ipoie or-this studv t"as io exa:rr!ne
stride ieg kinenat!"='oui'iig i tiutu"ll pitch' six maior league
oitchers were ft t*"o alling'"itptiiiion' , liigh speed fi in reccrcs
?;#';;; =!li'ili''t;-;;;; util izeci to obtain kinenstic
paraneters. sotl', "uti"iiil"-"na i"=tballs ltere analvzeci' The
results indicate ""uttli-"itres of leg^action are uti!ized' Eaeh
D i tcher lras cons i ste"a- i"-r,i"-=ty r.. .- on.. Dattern vas character i zec
by a relatively long'=tiio"'-"nilh after heel contact was foiiollec
ov flexlon at the *""i.'r.Tin i'n"-["". angle relnaining constant
our tns the accelerati"t intlt-"i ine pltin' Pttchers exniblr!ng
this pattern "l"o it"o"o'""*"0-ti'nt tilxi.on' In the seconci pattern
ir:rttat f lexion ., ,i""'int" "is-iot tweo bv rapict extens!on at tll"
knee. Extension u"tociti""-""-nisrt "s 151 cres/sec, with
"he leg.zu-
short of full extension-ii o"rl ielease ltere observed' Horizonia:
velocitv of the "tntii"o?'niiuitv "t stride foot contact ransed
from zrv'sec to 3'5 ti:";: "li'iuitiiu velocities ranseci from 1'e
nr'sec to .6 ry'sec' .vltii"ti-"tiocity at release ranged tcor,' -'4
n'sec to 0 rL"sec' ';";;l;;i"t-t:":tir.Ivins the actL'ai acticns
observed during " pil"n' these data provide insight to iniuries
incrrred bt plichers io'tnt-fo"ut batk reslon and knee of the
str!de leg.
50 1
I
I
51
-JFl[r
-___
52
53 THE PREDTCTION ACCURACY OF VERTICAL JUHP DTSPLACEI.IENTFROIT FLIGHT TI}IE
E.L. Cannada. 8.S., H.S. O'Bryant, Ph.D. and R.L.Johnaon, Ph.D. KJ'ncs5'ology/Blonechanlcs Laborat'ory,Appalachlan State Unlveralty, Boone, NC 28604
The purpoae of thir atudy eas Lo d€ternina theaccuracy of, vertical dl.plac.nent predlct1on ehen uaingtJ'!€ ln the air (fllght tine) obLnined while perforrnr.ng avcrtical Junp. Twanty-one sub]ecLs !€rv€d aa their ouncont'rol8 ae they perforned rsxinal effort vertical Junps.V€rtlc6l. di.aplacernent uas d€tartnined by the Sargent cha.lktcgt qnd conparcd Lo coiputer calculated values ue1n9flight tine. The eublecta Sunped fron, and land€d oltr oet.it.ch rat' lnterf,aced sith a ricrosonputer. The cornputer3anpl€cl the flrght tine of Lhe 3unp cnd predicted theverti,cal displacenent j'n centl,neL€rs rrh€re: dleplacenent =1/2 gravity rultiplled by 1/2 fltght tlrne2. A pairedt-t€at .hoeed a algnifieant dlfference (E<.O5) bettreenthc corputer predlcted trcora and Lhe Sargent verLlcal lunpvaluca. Horever, the two procedurea rrere found to behighly correlat'ed (g=.93). A predlction equationg.nerated r,ith lin6ar regr.ssion revealed an lntercept' of11.801 and a slope of .6721? rhen predictlng vertical Jurpdlaplaccrent (SargenL ,unp procedure) fron lhe conput€rlzed.rritchnat, v.lu€s. Thia predlction €qurtl.on ylcldad a 13p.rcent .rror lJlth a devlation of !4.76 centl.r€terafor each tr1al. Tbage data augEests that erlor l'n vertlcal3unp dtrplaccncnt ehen prcdlcted fron fllght tlne qre no!con.lstent lnd th€refore rly not be renoved rathcnatlcsllyt,rthout taklng into account other lourcGs of vcriance.
RELATIONSHIP OF PUI|ICH VELOCITY IN AIIATEUR BOXINGDengel, D.R. Sports Science, US0C, Colorado Spgs, C0 80909
Fifty-seven amateur boxers trer€ studied to <jetermine therelationship betuBen punch velocity in the right (PVR) and left(PVL) hand and perfonnance. These boxers represented variouslevels of talent from l{orld Amateur Boxing Champions to unrankedboxers and a wide range of boxing experience (0.5 to l3 years).Means + SD for PVR and PVL were 8.23 + 1.54 and 8.02 + 1.62 m/sec,respecTively. Both PVR and PVL were 6-bserved to be i;'dependent ofage and ve ight. A boxerrs winning perentage (!{P) (total number ofwins divided by the tota'l number of boxing bouts) was found to besignificantly (p.O.Ot) re]ated to both PVR (0.54) and PVL (0.38).Boxing experience was also significant'ly (p<0.01) related to PVR(0.50) and PVL (0.40). The USA Amateur Boxing Federation rankingfor each boxer was observed to be significant'ly (p<0.0t) relatedto PVR (-0.59) and PVL (-O.qO). These results suggest that punchvelocity: a) is independent of a boxer's size, b)-is significanilyrelated to a boxer's performance in the ring and his ranking inamateur boxing, and c) incyeases with boxing experience.
I*"
I
54 1
THE ACCURACY OF A COI'IPUTERIZED-ASS.ESSITENT OF VERTTCAL
oscrLLATroN DuRTNG ;6ii ueurrnc. AND RUNNTNG
H.S. o'gryant, pr'lo'l i'lr' z"ttttulu€Fr B'S" and D'B'
CatnPbeIl, t{'5' it"ot Perfornance ConPlsx' Appalachian
;;;;; univeraity' Boone' NC 28608
The PurPose of thig atudy w:a t'o Gvaluate a
nicrocorPuutt atill"-r'l"a""tugofteare device usod to
nea.ure vertlcat "l"iii"li"n (vo) and conpare its accuracy
againat trigtr cpeef-"ii"t"tosraptry' Thirty fnnate subf,ecta
rerved aa th€lr ";"-;;;;"re ae thev rrarkcd and ran on o
treadnj'rl ot r"Jlv ;;";-;t;:::..u6 r'aa Greternined bv a
conPut'er assrated-aevice el'th srnull""tot" fllning aL 64
fpe. srand."a "r.*il;;;.il; and dlglt'izaslon Procedures
r.rere uged t.o cleterntne Vo 'n"" '"tgil drctri'uutron of aII
body segne,'tt '"J-""'ioJeffea' The nlan (SEtt) vo of nalkinE
oblarned uv ttottlt;;;;pni" analyaia and the aicroconpuLer
.inLerface rras 3'i;;-t-io'12> ana 8'3o cn (!o'17"
rotP€clivefv' p"lltg running the^rean (SEl{) vO obtained by
cinenaiosraPhi'c :;:iv;i; ;tZ z'eg.t" < ! o'22) and 9'06 cn
(! o.41) for the ;;llo.orp"t"r -interface Procadure' A
teo-uav ANovA .rt;-;;-;;tlott differeneca b3t.r6€n the
procedureg "t"tollo-Iig"i?itottt differtttt"s (e ='oool)
iurrng uoth *arxi;; :;:";;;;;;'g' .;;;;oi "s"-"ion-,ag uaed
to gredict vO troi-ttre nicroconPuLer interface yeilding
correlaLio"t rot-loi;;";- <E='7o., iil i"tt"i"g (E='s1) $ith
€rrors of 1g.3u and lf irt' reePtctittfy' It uae concluded
that lhe .orp,rt"ii=ed prototyp"-.'-ta in ttrre study ie in
need of further =;";:;"-;;J at"troptent f,or it to conPare
favorablv *rtn olllilea netnoan of Vo det€rtrinaclon'
SupporLed by a (URC) grant fron A'S'U'
Jt'
POSTER PRESENTATIONS GROUP III # 55 thrU 69
55HOW USEFUL IS A CW DOPPLER MEAST'RE AS AI.I INDICATOR OFEXERCISE.INDUCED CHANGES IN STROKE VOLUMS?
Reglnald t. McCraw, Donald R. Sebolt, and.Alan D.Moore, Jr.Exercise Science Prograrn, Virginia Tech,Blacksburg, vA. 24050
The purpose of this investj-gation was to determineif individual- chanqes in systollc velocity integral(SVI) are indicative of changes in cardiac strokevolume (Sv) durlng bicycle ergometer exercj.se.Eighteen healt.hy adul! malegr d9€ J.8-43 yr with neanVo2*-* of 42.3 ml.kg-t min-r performed at loads of 20,40-end 50? VO2*"* for 6 mj-n per stage. SVI, neasuredby using a 3.0 MHz continuous-!'rave DoppLer sltstem(Quinton Exerdop), beart rate, measured by EcG andcardiac output measured by CO2 rebreathing (Colliert"tethod), \.rere recorded for each stage. In order tomaximize Sv changes, each subject orally ingested 100mg Atenolol, a cardio-selective beta-blocker, 3 hrprior to-testing. The mean values for sVI and Sv a! 20
""a eOt ior-o* iere 12.7 cm, 13.2 cm, 121.1 ml bt-1 and.I52.4 ml b€*l^,respectively: Based upon evaluation ofwithin-subject response progression during the gradedexercise tests, it was determined that change in SvI(t) did not correlate (p > .05) with corresponcilngchanges in sv (t) (,r = .27 l. These data suggest thacuse of SVI to evaluate individual changes in SV durlnggraded exercise is not appropriate.
56 EFFECT 0F POa AND VARI0US FLUID REPLACEMENT REGIMEN 0N BLO
CARDIAC OUTPIJT (QC) AND ENDURANCE DURING BICYCLE EXERCISE'N. Hornmen, R. Cade, M. Privette, and J. Dippy. University of Florida,Gainesvi lle 32610
The effect of P04 loading and of various fluid replacement regimenon hemodynamic and metabolic changes during endurance exercise t{asstudied in 7 well conditioned subjects. Treatment variab'les were:1) POa preload-H20 replacement during exercise, 2) POq preload-Gatorade(GA) replacement; 3) No preload-H20 replacement' 4) No preload-GAreplacement, 5) l{o preload-no replacement. Each subiect was studiedunder a'll 5 conditions in random order. Qc and blood for chemicaldeterminations were obtained every 30 min for a maximum of 3 hourswhile lhe subiect pedaled a stati-onary bicycle at 65"l of estimated Vg, .max. Qc was estimated with a Beckman Metaboiic Chart; blood volume.(BV)change in Hgb, Hct, and total protein. BV declined 3% ($A & P0a-GA)'4% (H20 & P04-H20) and 6.8* NPO after 30 min_exercise. -Qs.!1greasedfrom 350 ml/min-pre-exercise to l4 l/rnin (Hz0),13.5 l/min (GA),13.1 l/min (POq-GA), .l2.5 l/min (P0+-HZ0) after 30 min exercise. After90 min exercisd BV was -t2% (NP0), -7%-(H20 & P04-H20) and 4%
(GA & P0q-GA). 0g reached a.peak for NP0l HeO & P0[-H20.at 90 min withHp} 15.2 1, P04-H!0 13.5 l, Q. in eA an( P04:Q[ increased progressivelyrEaching a-peali al 180 min. domparing Q. in nO4 preload both with H20
and with GA replacement blood flow was always significantly lower duringP04 preload experiments. l,.lith H20 replacemgnt experiments BV was -8%
with NP0-13.5%' and GA-4.5% after-I20 min. Q1 comparing 90 min with'120 min was -14% (HZO), -5% (P0a-H20), -?07" (NpO) and-+ 4%-(GA & POa-GA).During NPO rides mea-n duration ias-130 min, during H20 replacement l{lmin, F04-H20 165 min, and GA and P04-GA a'll s*biects rode 180 min- Qcwas lower it 30, 60, and 90 min during P04 preload experiryents because0z release by RBC was facilitated by increased 2'3-DPG. Q6 was main-tiined in GAreplacement experiments because GA ameliorated the volumedepletion resulting from sweating. Perceived effort was significantlylower during the first 90 min during P04 preload studies.
57RE SP 1 RATORY
C. Cortes 'Uandal awi,UniversitY
uax VE' l/ninuax $o2, l/ninuax i'r/fo2Max I,IKLD (kPn)
Trained
X t36.3 r 19.73*
x 3.69 r 1.40*
x 37 ! 4.80
x 1450
Untrained
x 102.7 ! 26.40*
x 3.ll I 0-40*
x 34 1 11.00
x I150
EFFICIENCY BETT{EEN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED I'IALES-i. xt.ider, U. Thompson, K' Johnson' S' A1-J. l".u.rth- r,"bot.tory of Applied Physiology
-
;; ;;;;;"tn Mississippi, Hattiesuurg' lls 39406
ventilatory equivalent tinl{o2) -is cons.ide'red -to' be an
index of t""pir"toiv "iii"iency' -a ttigtt"t-VE/vo2-1n1::ttt"
chac a larger.rof.rt! of air t,r"t be v--nt!Iaced Per unit volume
of oxygen corrs,rt.dl-"o"*'"t"try a row r?u/fo2 value r€presents
". i"i,i".red effici.r,"y. The purpose of the study was co
derermine if training resulted in an altered te/itO2 ' fen
trained.nd untt.i''"[ ""tjt"ts perfcrmed anaximal bicycle test
withworkloadsincreasingbyl50kpnseverytwooinutesun!ilexhaustion. Respit"itty-l"a'netaboiic data sere collected each
minute. Dars ,"r"';;;ii""i-uy an independenr r-!es!-. Results
denonstra!ed no "a,ti"'tit"f.iifferenc!s in nrax vE/vo2 ' but
uraxirral oxygel "on"utption(toZ.max) and maximal expired
ventilation (vE ';;t-;ti" "t"ti"ti"tiii silniricanl-.at thc (P<
0.05) level or signirifince. Alrhough the trained group had higher vo2
l"I'is'".ir";-";-;-;i;;;r-rorr.ii"a, ih",ir,"'"."" in te/i'o2 seened to be
nrinirnized due to . grE"a". involvuent of the respiratory musculature.
* denotes (P<o.05)
58PL^SMALACTATEANDVENTILATIoNTHRESHoLDSINUNTRAI$EDANDTRAINE0NON-CYCLISTS
XDJohnson,lvRThonpson,JGLanberth'SAl-lrlandalawi'RBKreider'CTCortes' Laboratory of Applfea Physiology' Unlversity of Southern
Misslssippi. llattiesburg, lls 39406-5034'
Ten tralned (T) and ten untrained (UT) subiects perfoned a ^
""*i"ui-"V"fe iest (CT) to exhaustlon to deternine the effect of
tratntng on plasna fu"iui" (Pt) and ventilation (irx) threshold levels'PL sanples (arterialized venous blood) were drawn at rest and at tido
ninute- intervals throughout the cT' Supernatant vlas analyzed
"pl"i"opttotometrically to deternine PL-values' PL ras plotted against
time to-deternine thc lactate threshold (LT)' Paraneters used- to
deternine ventilation ihlesnotd (VT) included: ventilatlon (vE),
ventilatory eguivalent ltgZi'o2), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
at 1.00. LT and vr nere ia"niiff"a by three different independent
oU"u"rr""". LT and vT for the T group rere deternined to occur
sinultaneously, rhlle LT occurred nuch sooner than vT ln the UT group'
Vs nax, I.nin-1. 136.30Pi nax, rnol'l-' 9.39LT, tio2 raxVT. *VOZ nax -lio2 nax l'min ' 3'64
These results lndicate tbat ln UT subject3, LT occurred before-vT'possibly indlcating a delayed ventllatory respons€ to lncreased PL
accunulation for the UT group'
TUT(119.?{) 102.e0 (:25'?0)
(+2.61) 9.?r (13.r?)76x 581?6X 1915
1+.34) 3.11 (1.39)
P<.01>.05<.01> .05<.01
n
59
60 A PHYSIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF BENSON'S RELAXATION RESPONSE DURINGSUBI4AXII'IAL AEROBIC EXERCISE
T. Boone and J.A. DeHeese. Laboratory of Applied Physiolo-oy,University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, t4S 39406
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Benson'srelaxation response when practiced during submaxima]' steady-stateexercise on the treadmill, Nine sedentary female volunteers were taughthow to elicit the relaxation response at rest during eight 30-ninuterelaxation sessions. Each subject then engaged in three consecutivel0-minute exercise bouts of which only the data from the last five minutesof each bout were averaged and compared to each other. During theTreatment period, which was positioned between the first and the third'10-minute exercise bouts, each subject exercised while sjmultaneouslyeliciting the relaxation response. Statistical analysis revealed thatthe practice of Benson's relaxation response during submaximal aerobicexercise resulted in significant decreases in frequency of breaths,expired ventilation, systo]ic blood pressure, and double product. Tidalvo1ume, alveolar vent'ilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide produced'respiratory quatient, heart rate, and diastolic blood pressure did notchange significantly. These results suggest that Benson's relaxationresponse during subr:raxinal exercise on the treadmi'll may enhance exercisetol erance.
TRAINI}G EFFECIE ODI SERI,!,T IJPIM CN BIJND SCIrcL CIIII,DRn{D. L. Blessilg, C. Gaig. R. E. tGiti, H. N. Wil-liford,D. l'{ccftrrrlcnDept. of HPER, Auhrrn unirnristy' AutDrn, 4L 35849
TfE effects of 16 rd< er<ercise trajnirrg dr sierun lipids ardIipoproteirc rrere studied in 30 blind/visually ineaired (B) boysard girls ages 7-18 1a. A @ntrol gro-p onsistecl of rnrmallysighted (ltrS) students wtp attendecl regular physical eahrcatictn classes.llairrirg in\roh/ed trea&ril1 waUcing and staticrary cycllrrg 30 nlb/dfor 3 cl eactr wk. Fasting blood sanples vrele assayed for totalclpl.esterol (TC) r triglycerides (IG), hi$ d€nsity lipoproteinclplesteroL (IDI-C) ard 1o"' clensity lipoprotein eholesterol (IDIrt).A sutrra><fua1 rycle ergcneter test to 858 of ApMllR lras used to assessIiR respmse to trainirg. Body coqosition was determjned frcn tlesun of 4 skinfolds (SSP ). bst-te.st analyse,s jndicated thal trairrjnqdid rpt alter rc or IG irt B, ilfii1e llDlr{ rose significantly (P .05)and tte rc/HDl-C and lDIrc deoeased significantly (P .05). HR at85t of APMIIR ard SSr4 also deoeased significarrtly (P .05) for B.l,to significant differernes rrere fomd for tte @rtrol gncsup. Theresults irriicate that blird/visual-ly fupaired sctml children canrot orly srressfully ccrplete an errlr;rance t:lajJring prrcgran, tutmay al-so favorably roalify tlreir p*rysiological ard bl@d lipidprofiles.
S4portea bv tfre Office of l€seardr in Htration of the Barriical4rcl,U. S. Departrrent of Dihratiqr
-=-.
61
62CtlPliRfSON OF IID \IRSUS IIIRE DlgS Pm, WE( OF RESISIAN@BAINI}IG
R. I{. Ealtb, J. E. Qla\tes, U. IJ. bltclr, EACSITI, S. Ieggett,D. Caesrter arrl A. 6lvirr. eni:er for Drercjse Scieie,IJntttersity of Flcida, Gaireville, ffJ 32611.
the p:rpose of ttris eiedlz ms to evaluate tlre effectiveress ofreslstinG tr:airdry perforied either 2 d.wk-t (2 DE+4 or 3 d.wk-l(3 DE{d). rntqftlrce Eale (2qt5 yr.s) ard 25 fe$tale(2415 y!s) eeaentary volunteens rere rardcrrly assigned to cne cfttte ttro tratnjry gEcnps <rr a oolrt::ol qEilp. Dainiry qrsistedof a Eirigle set of variable rcsistare bilateral lre extensims;rreforncd to volitiqral failrue ulth a rreigfit load that allcned 7to I0 repetltiqts. Eic to (Tl) ard fnneabtefy foltorirgtriainfug (T2), isdric Etrsrqth ras evallrated at 70, 85, 1oo,I15, I30,-1re5, 160 ard 171 OeSt€es of lse e:<tensicn tdth aNautllus'u tdne extgrslqr teidfcneter. bliablltty @fficlentsfor re4natd. wayrgrEnts of isretric etr€ngth at TL ant t2 !F.rehlgh (Fo.es to 0.98, p<o.ol).ft?inirg r€s[brse6 lEre ar foUcrls (wluee are urits of torque):
Et W t CftaryeEak isonetrlc s*rcngtnN'rn) ffiJ3l 378 391 2.2*3DPWr 2DP!{ > c (p<0.01) 2 DEfi 368 445 20.9*+3ElPld > 2 DFld (p<O.05) 3 IEW 389 494 28.4*+We wrchrde tlnt :resistarpe trailritq 2DFvV elgnlflcantly lprcnrcsruEcuLar strcr€th, bc*ever, tn€ la4itrrde of sbmrgtn grab isgllcat€r rhen b:ainirg 1r perfdd 3DFd.
Sryortea tDr $:arts fisn Nautilns spofts^ledicaf lrd.ard Uede*@ry.
It
NESPObISE TO XNEE EKIBISION RESIS1IhNCE EI,AINING IN I!\I.ES AND FEI'!\LES
J. E. 6a\tes ant fi{. L. Follod<. effier fc Drelcise Scierrce'Univa:sity of Elorida, GajlEstdlle' EL 32611
1|o cclltr)ate stlength tl3intg rcspcnses betlferr uales (l{) ardfqales ir), zs n [age=ze.e ];:8; trt=rze cnt $b?6.4 hgt t rat=16'2)ard 3L F'(iie=26.3 lnrst ht=t65 @t rdtF€9-3 lqt t Fat=26.6)ocrpleted'l5 vks ofvariable 1gsi-Etate bilatetal lg'ee e:<tensiqttra'infug. six l.t ard 9 F ser:v€d as ccrrtTols ard djd rrt tJ.ain'Diainiry sessicrrs errzed 2 tD 3 d'wk-r ard involved I s€t of 7 toro Epe[lttqts to volitiqral failure. t€ak jscs€tric EtJcngth (IM)arA tiralninl rrcigfrt (I}I) for l{ ard F befo:e (T1) ald after. (T2)
-tr:ainirg ar; presentil is afsofute rralues-(ABs) a+ per unit bodyreit'rt 5na tai free rlei$tt (FF!l): !t \ls F rp5o.os, *P5l.-o,r
ABs ABS n aBs/F5w
T1ru g2A
T1${ T2
AtA
t{F}tFuF315.4 197.4+ 4.r 3.4+ 4.9 4.5356.9 23L.7+ 4.6 4.Ol 5.6 5.341.5 34.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
ta t3.3 18.7t40.o 93.6+ x.8 1.6k 2.2 2.L206.1 133.&1 2.7 2.3't 3-2 3.166.1 40.21 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.047.3 44.9
rrU trainirg resFdtses rlerc eignificant (pS0.91). gp-data shot''tbat tse eitensic6 strength eipE€ssed per uit FF!{ ard relatiyetnainirg respcnses fc U ald p 61s 5imi]er. 1$ese data arcqr.fstirrt witrt tfr" tleorv that nrst of the dlffercrpe in strcnqthbetrperr Ii{ ard F en be asrrted for. try diffelcres ill rusc}e nass.
63,TRAINING PATTERNS AND BODY COMPOSITION OF COMPETITIVE I.IALE
BODYBU I LDERSS.ll. Kleiner, L. Calabrese, J.Grogan, D. KirkendallCase !,lestern Reserve University and Cleveland ClinicFoundation, Cleveland, 0H 44]06
The training patterns, drug-use, diet and body composition of26 competitive male bodybuilders were studied for approximatelyl2 weeks. Eleven subjects self-administered large doses ofanabolic steroids (S; age=29.5), l5 were non-steroid users (NS;age=25.6). S were stud'ied once at a baseline drug-free state(e 6 mos.) and again at the peak of their steroid cyc1e. NS
were studied at similar times. S had been weight traininglonger (9.5 yrs vs. 6.6 yrs; pz' .05) and competitive longer(2.5 yrs vs. 0.8 yrs; pz. .0'l), but years bodybui'lding weresimilir (g=5.4; llS=4.0). Present training regimens weresimilar. No difference in diet, baseline weight (5=87.2 t 9.5k9;NS=89 t 10.9) or %fat by densitometry (5=13.1 x 2.82 NS=13.9 t4.2) were found between groups. 0n1y body weight of S changedafter steroid administration (+4.119, p z' .04), with the mostsignificant body profile changes in chest girth and hipcircumference. llo other changes were observed. Percent fatcalculations from densitometry were consistently greater thanthose from skinfold neasures (skinfold estirnate: S=9.8 t 3.5,tlS=10.8 t 4.1; p z .03 between methods). These data suggest thatsince densitometric estimates were significantly greater thanestimated body fat via skinfolds' new population-based regressionequations be developed for estimating body fat of competitivebody buiIders.
64 PI,ASilA CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE CIIANGES IN RESPONSE TO A HIGH FIBN,DIET. B. A. Faile, l{.P. Bartoli, R.G. Sargent and J.L. Durstine.Exercise Biochemistry l,aboratory. Univ. of South Carolina,Colunrbia, SC 28208.
The purpose of this study was to detersrlne the effects of a hlgh oatfiber diet on blood liptds in conjunction $ith a veight reductiohproglan. In order to determine the contributlon of the oat diet inalterlng blood lipids e crossover design using tno I week segnents naslnplenented during a 16 week period. 29 subJects were divided intothree groups. Group I (GI, n=g) served as a control group during theentlre 16 seek period and received no dietary intervention. Group II(GII, n-10) received a dietary supplernent high tn oat fiber content(182 of the diet) for the first eight neeks, and then oaintained anormal diet without the oat supplement for the remaining 8 weeks.6roup fII (GIU, n=11) consumed a normal diet for elght reeks and thenreceived a dietary supplenent (18 Z of the diet) high in oat contentfor the renaining 8 weeks. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride veredeternined before the start of the study, at the time of crossover (8neeks) and at the end of the 16 week period. Total cholesterol did notdiffer betseen the three groups at the initial evaluation: (CI, 166 +10), (crr, 176 + 11) and (crrr, f77 t 11). Triglyceride arso did notdiffer at the initial evaluation: (GI, 126 + l0), (GII, 163 ! 25) and(GIII, 159 + 28). Although some reductions in cholesterol wereobserved in the trro treatment groups, no significant differences rerefound for either cholesterol or triglycerlde after the 16 week period.l{hen the tvo treatment groups nete divided into those subjects havingcholesterol levels belon,and above 175, the data indicate no change inthe low cholesterol group uhile a trend for lovering cholesterol rrasfound ln the high cholesterol group. fherefore, a diet high in fibercontent may exelt its effects in groups that have cholesterol Levelshigher than 175.
BEWAREoFTHEcoRRELATloNcoEFFlclENTlLLUsloNlD.A.Shirley,R.N.Goclsen'"';d;. ilr..rtnr.in., college ol charleston' charleston' sc 29424
Thei'npressiononegetslromleadingpopularmeasurementbooks(Scon,Kirkendall)isthat the conelation coettici'e"i iil it"ine. Tgst.jmp.ortanl
component ol a reliabilitv
determination. lndeed, it i. .olnt""'n'in"aice in th€ literature to slate reliability in terms ol the
corretarion coefiicienr ""0'i'iiiri'"ipiyiinore.rte standard error ol estimate (sEE)'
Apparentty, tho adhors "r."r, ri"i'"'r,bn-n aru a lofl sEE go together. This may not be
the case in view ot rn" ,",iiio"nrnTpi"iil.rn ir,..sEE and lhe sum ol squares partition'
since the sEE is cterived rr#iiir rlr or squareslor enor, a small sEE is the besl indicatol
ol crnsistency tn "
t.,t-'"t"'i itii'iiity-*"j'g'ration' lt can be shown thal a constant SEE
and a variabte R are nor i";il;;i.,bt; -irtiJi.
easily ellecied by varying lhe range of the
deDendent variable; thus, it tJ-JiSiiiJi" r'"" "
t'iglt R and a relalivelv high sEE at the same
rime. The converse i, "rro
i,ilr]iii, il;i ;;; ;"ducred ro serve as a rierd 'iilusrrarion ol
thatphenomenon. r,ro.rrrin-"i'rr,inriJir.t""(TE=lrained, lOyearsolexperience;Tl=
rrained, 2 months "rp.n"rr.ri".Jr"o- ".
irupa!. First. their lest-retest reliabililies were
compared on a comrnon #iliN:Gi1"l i:t:lP:ti*lv' TE was lhe rnost reliable lester'
Nexl, gach was giu.n " ,"tilt oi la su$eas lrom a patent poputation' The samples were
biased 60 rhar rEs ,"ng. J"".-tr;,iiiiiiJii.i"r ri was rirde. Each then perlormed a
test-relest reliabilitv cfieck o; il;il;;;J t;ttere' r1q eule cleaitrom lhe table below that the
two subiecrs perlormeo iusr alft;ffi.-ili lr, iittio a high R and a relativelv high sEE;
TESTER SAI{PLE
TE CommonTI CommonTb Bhsed' small rangeii Btased' large ran€l€
R SEE VARIABLE
ese ??t $Hsf Sffisl$36:;i, i:65 Sum of sktnfolds6:5; a:es sum of Sktnfolds
TEhadarelativelylowRendalowSEE.ThEseresultsillustratethalitisprudenttoemploy6ome caution when interpreti-ng'Lir"Eiion *.fihients and standard errors of estimate'
i.*it" of rn" conelation coellicient illusionl
65
66DIURNALI'ACTATEvARlATloNoURlNGRESTANDEXERclsE.R.Godsen,M.Stone'G.
WilsonandD.Blessing,CollegeolCharleslon'Charleston,sc29424,andAuburnUniversitY, Auburn, Al 36849'
The purpose of lhis study was lo d€term!1.:-th" extenl lo which dirunal blood lactale
variations are afiected b;;#r'fiy1,g{.corrdi$on inJ ""tility
.t"trt. .Twenty-trvo healthy
males [8 trained (D, 7 ;;i;;€i tul' 7 cont;ls (eil v&umeered lo-Pa'ticipale via
tntormsd @nsenr. Eighr bil;;;rpr"r "iiq tiakenJrom each subiect via venepunclure over
a 36-hour period. Two "ffi; ;-*i;; F,UT) had " "',goiort
weiitrt'training. workout during
rhe moniroring perioO. fne'J#pfJr *"," inalyzed ii real *melia a Model 23'L (Ye*ow
Springs lnstruments)La"r"il ii"itr"r "rni"tt
tt"i lreouentlv calibrated during the analyses'
Because ot homogene*y ol variance.violatiorrs, til-O"fi *"t" analyzed via lamilies of
Kruskal-wallis tests. lt ii clear ffom lhe "ut "w'l-"ro'" itt"t tnt ladate variabte is likely
to show considerable iniiujo-u} oirrnar uariation, but-anatysis ol the.grou'e-d data showed
them to be reasonably "il;iltig;iticant changes' excluding exercise) over time'
DATA SUMMARY ( MeanstSD, in mMoUliter)
I PRE-EXERCISE I t.- PGTDGRCiSE I
cfiCI.|' 8PM sT;"-'-loii" l1AM ^p*
sPM 8PM 8AM
T o.e2b4 0'5e!'3 0'80L4 9.312 I'Ot.4 0.94i3 0'98t'3 0'&{1'{
UT l.2ot.5 O'76t'5 O'a3:L2 9'/U3 l'5t'6 O'79t'4 l'l lt's o'zeLg
C l.l7:t'4 t 'O8t'6 l '36d'9 0.6*.3 0.7i3 t-3r!5 l'20n'3 l'l7t'4
vioorousexercisedidnotresultinanextendedelevationolbloodlactate.Aslhesedatagiveno-tint ot a predicrabr" oirri"r'""ti"tion, rr*ouro^ap:pl"i in"t tm€ ol day is not a criticsl
racror ro consider *n"" #i'lll'16'i:'::*'ill::f*"''"'T::1?""1i5ior condition'
A:ii":,ffinff;:lil f#$;.#;'*;ih; *;rusion of visoous erercise'
t''
67
68
A COI{PARTSON OF RUNNING AND IJEIGHT TRAITIING ONALTERATIONS OF BLOOD LIPOPROTEINS IN YOUNG ADULT UALES
T.G. Orren, B.S., H.S. O,Bryant. Ph.D., V.K. Chrretrqn,Ed.D.. and !t,J. Sedrvec, Ph.D., Huran PerfornqnceConplcx, Appalachian St.t€ Unrv€rsity, Boone, NC 2a6OA
Sixtcen ralee, aged 18 to 2{ yrs, p.rtlcrplt.d in aetudy that cxanined the €f,fect.s of a eoj.ght tr.inj.ng andrunning progran on changqs in blood eho.legterol andtriglycerides. The sublectr eer. randonly divided lntot'rro groups and t'rained 6 ueeks, for 3 daye par week.One group (n=8) t,aa plac€d on a traditionalperiodizatlon rreight trainlng progran. The other Eroup(n=g) trained for 25 to 40 ninuteB a aeasl'on, running ator above 7Or. of their naxinal oxygen uptake. BtoodI ipid anaJ.ysee included Lotsl cholsgterol,HDl.-cholestcrol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. Data were€xqninBd usi.ng (ANOVA) with rep€ated rel5ur€s. trrhileboth the rr€ight training and running groups showedcj,gnif,leant increae€a in HDL-C fron pre to poet trainingof 5.62 and 10.AS ngldl, rsapectively (p<.05), tharceere no betueen group diff€rGncee (p>.OS) ln HDL-C bloodLevele. Neither group produced aiEnj'ficant rcductl'onain total b.l.ood cholest'erol or triglycaridea (p>.05).Dietary cholegterol renqined Et.rtj'atically unchangedduring the atudy (p>.OS). This 3tudy auggeatB !hat,independent of dictary changes, anaerobrc activity canproduce poartlve ehan9ee In HDL-C blood Ievelg rlniltlrto a6robic actt,vity.
Supported by a <GSAS) grqnt fror ASU.
ArclJR}CY OF PTIISE o)CI',IEIER, IO ESEIiIdIE HEAFC RAIE TX,,RING E(MCISEG. Iandry, iI. I-awler, B. Baker, S. Fo,ers, ard S. Dodd. AFpliedPhysiologry Iaboratory, Sch@l of HPERD, Iouisiana State tlrliversity,Batqr Rouge, IA 70803
Rrlse oxineters ar€ often used as a nEans of estinating heart rate (HR)
at rest a'd drrirg exercise. Ho€ver, at present tlere ane littLe datato evah:ate t}le validity of ti-is practie. IiIe evaluateil the accuracy ofa prlse oxirEt€r (Ohneda 3700) to estimate I{R duriltg incr.srental o(ercisefy oparing tle o<i-nreter estjnates of HR to silrultaneous EX(G I{R trEasurenents. Data were ollected on 25 nale subjects (284 IR neasurenEnts)during gnaded qfcle ergcriEter er<ercise to volitional fatigue. Analysis [tlinear regression r€rteald an r = .91 (SE = 14.4) for HR orer tlte entirerange of nEasurerrprts (i.e. Iight rrDrk to naxirnal exercise). A corparisotof lrEan tlR (10 bea" intenrals) bettcen t]e trG neasurslent and the o:cfueterestirnte !$,re rDt significantly different (P>0.05) for HR belsvr 160beats.nirr-r. llo.rver, tlre pplse oxireter significantly (P<0.05) wder-estirnated HR >150 beats,min-r. Vde onch.rde tlat t}le oMa 3700 pulseo:<jneter provides accurate estinrates,of HR dr.uing c)rcle ergcneter s(erciser.tren heart rat€s afe <160 beats.min-r hrt offers qrrrious estjrnates atIIR >160 beats.mirr*1. Tlrerefore, 5u1se ocineter esiinetes of HR stpuld beinterpreted wit}t caution during heaqg er<ercise.
69PERCENT BODY FATNESS IS A PREDICTOR OF PERFORMANCE
NIIOHC QUASI-VEGETARIAN AND NOII'VEGETARIANTRTATHLETES----i:n. crehan and T.L. Bazzarre. university ofNorth Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, Nc 27403
Ninety-eight male triathletes uho participatedin the tiPJ nignpoint youth Unlinited Triathlonwere studied to -evaluate the relationship betueenvegetarian food practices, percent body fatness andtriathlon performance. fraining histories andnutrition practices were evaluated for allsubJects. nody fat was estinated fron the sum ofbic6ps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiacst<in?oia neasurLnents. Because there rtere only sixsubjects in the vegetarian. grouP a grasi-vege_tariangroup was forned frorn triathletes who rarely at9ied ireat. The quasi-vegetarian sanple consisted of27 subjects ana there were ?L non-vegetariansubJecti. There were no significant differences inoercent bodv fatness betr,teen the tlto groupsip=O.105). i significant positive relationship vasi6und betueen percent body fatness and totalperfornance time (r=O'45, p=0'ooo1) for the totallanple. significant differences were observedbetireen guasi:vegetarian and non-vegetarianrs totalperfor;nance tinre (p=0.032) and the tirne to conpleteLne run (p=o.o5o). The results indicate thatquasi-vegetlrian practices and percent body. fatnessiffect iotal peiforrnance tirne in a triathlon.Further research is planned to deternine lrowvegetarian practices affect variables used totneasure physical Perforrnance.
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