South West Asia in AP AKA the Middle East Yet another region in WHAP How many more to go?

South West Asia in APAKA the Middle East

Yet another region in WHAPHow many more to go?

Middle East Free Response• 2002 DBQ Muslim and Christian attitudes of merchants, CCOT global trading patterns, COM

Industrialism of Ottoman to Russia or Japan• 2004 COMP effects of First World War: with East or South Asia• 2005 COMP state building in Islamic States with city-states or Khanates• 2007 CCOT Nationalism from WWI to present COMP Spanish or Russian to Ottoman• Could it be this year again?• Who is the Middle East and why can it be considered a ethnocentric term?

Civilization’s birth and…

The first simplified alphabet, containing only 22 letters, was created by the

A. MesopotamiansB. AssyriansC. HebrewsD. PhoeniciansE. Babylonians

D. The Phoenicians

• These carriers of civilization will be even more simplified by the Greeks. Origins of Alphabets can be traces in the Middle East from the Mesopotamian Cuneiform. Simplified for trading purposes, the Phoenicians will become known as the carriers of civilization connecting Middle Eastern culture to the Mediterranean

How ‘bout some social?

In Mesopotamia, prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals were the three main sources for

A. slavesB. indentured servantsC. dependent clientsD. mercenary soldiersE. indentured priests

‘Kay, that was easy

• A slaves were procured this way for most societies in the Middle East with the exception of the Roman Empire. Later, the Arab slave trade will continue through the 20th century. Coercive labor patterns are illustrated in many Middle Eastern text including the Code of Hammurabi, Mosaic laws, and Persian court rulings.

Core curriculum style

“If anyone steals from a temple or the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death. “If anyone buys from the son or the slave of another man, without witnesses or contract, silver or gold…he is considered a thief and shall be put to death.”~Code of Hammurabi, Babylon, circa 1780 B.C.E.

The laws cited above are evidence of which of the following in Babylonian society?A.Reliance on divine intervention to resolve legal disputesB. Social and economic equalityC. The protection of propertyD. Regularized coinage of precious metals.

C Protection of private property

• Even early on in Babylonian society, personal property was an important determinant of class, political position and emphasized heavily in the earliest code of laws.

Persia: From ancient to Classical

• All of the following are associated with Classical Persia EXCEPT:

• (A) the royal road• (B) Persepolis• (C) Zoroastrianism• (D) Upanishads

D: The Upanishads are earlier Hindu text

• The Royal roads connected the empire to its capital city (Persepolis) where its religious tolerance allowed its various adherents to interact with the state sponsored monotheistic religion known for inspiring other religion’s concept of good and evil (Zoroastrianism)

Pre-Islam Arabs

• . Prior to Muhammad’s revelations, the religion of the Bedouin was

• (A) Primarily Christian.• (B) Primarily Jewish.• (C) Based upon ancient poems.• (D) A mixture of animism and polytheism

D Mixture of Polytheism and animism

• Most nomadic pastoralist (the Arab bedouins were no different) were polytheist and/or animist. Many of their ways will remain (role of women, role of trade, role of competition through war) although Islam will nite them under the umma.

Time for Islam

The scene represents a central event of a (A) Muslim hijra(B) Commemoration of the Byzantine Empire in the Hagia Sophia(C) Muslim hajj(D) Celebration of the Christian victories of the First Crusade

C. Hajj, one of the 5 Pillars

• The Hajj is a religious pilgrimage to the birthplace of the last prophet Muhammad and must be attempted at least once in your life. It take place in Mecca where pilgrims walk around the Kaaba (pictured) 7 times for religious purification. Historical Hajj’s include Ibn Battuta and Mansa Musa

Dhimmi status

• Which groups were treated as “people of the book” in lands under Islamic rule?

• (A) Shiite and Sunni• (B) Hindus and Buddhists• (C) Persians and Greeks• (D) Christians and Jews•  

D Christians and Jews

• Not just for their monotheism (although that is essential) but because this book that is reffered is the narrative begun in the Torah’s 5 books (what Christians call the Old Testament) continuing through the story of Jesus and his disciples (new testament) and continuing through the story of the last prophet of Islam;Muhammad (the Koran). Theses “Abrahamic faiths” were respected in the Islamic world and granted tolerance (although had to pay the non-Muslim head tax called the Jizya)

Know your pillars

• All of the following are part of the Five Pillars of the Islamic Faith EXCEPT:

• (A) Observation of fasting during the month of Ramadan

• (B) Right thought and right action• (C) The pilgrimage, or hajj, to Mecca• (D) Prayer five times a day

B Right though, right action

• This one was part of the 8-fold path of Buddhism which dealt with the end of suffering. In short, the 5 pillars include the Hajj(you saw before) praying 5x a day facing Mecca, Fasting during Ramadan,monotheism (with Muhammad as the last prophet) and giving to the poor (Zakat)

Part of the first pillar

• Who is recognized by Muslims as the last prophet?

• Abraham• Ishmael• Abu Bakr• Muhammad• Moses

Muhammad

• The last prophet although Abraham, Noah, Moses, Jesus (even Adam) are in the Muslim Holy Book (Koran) more than even Muhammad’s name. The first pillar calls Muslim adherents to believe in the one God with Muhhamad being the last of the prophets (messengers of God)

An icon?

The type of wall decoration illustrated above would most commonly be found in a (A) Stupa(B) Mosque(C) Cathedral(D) Temple(E) Marketplace

B A mosque

• Although these Muslim houses of worship will differ from place to place (made of clay sand in Timbuktu), geometric patterns were frequent in the Middle East due to the fact that graven images of prophets and anges were considered idolotrous and therefore forbidden.

Religious Schism

• The split between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims occurred as a result of

A. Divergent interpretations of religious textsB. Conflict over the translation of liturgy into native languagesC. Disagreement over leadership succession issuesD. A rift between more fundamentalist and more liberal branches of Islam

C. Leadership succession

• Like Ashoka and Mansa Musa and Alexander the great, leadership succesion is important for stability. Shiites believe that the successor should come from the family line of Muhammad whist the Sunnis believe it should be though an election of the Muslim community.

Women in the Post-Classical World

• Which of the following groups of women saw their roles change most profoundly in the period between 600 and 1450?

• European women.• Islamic women.• Hindu women of India.• African women.• Latin American women

Islamic Women

• Although Islam will provide legal rights, property right and divorce rights, subsequent Muslim Caliphates will seclude certain women (harem) veil women and begin a pattern of restriction toward the end of the post-classical world.

We’ve seen this vocabulary word before

• The Islamic umma was• (A) The name given to the clergy of the new

faith.• (B) The name given to Muhammad’s flight

from Mecca to Medina.• (C) The holy book into which Muhammad’s

revelations were recorded.• (D) The concept of the community of the

faithful that transcended clan boundaries

D concept of community

• This transcended clan rivalries and helped unite first the Arabs, then all converts to the Muslim faith. The term Dar Al Islam translates the abode or house of the Islamic community and included Southern Spain, Northern Africa and the Middle East and India. Eventually it will cross into Sub-Saharan Africa and even China

Comparison

• From the founding of each religion, Christians and Muslims shared a belief in

• (A) the principle of separation of church and state

• (B) the legal equality of men and women• (C) equality of opportunity• (D) a single omnipotent deity

D Single Omnipotent Deity

• In other words, monotheism. Just look at the first pillar and first commandment and there you have it. It is the same God (athough there will be conflict including the reconquista, crusades and Moorish conquests) they really are pretty similar

Cross-cultural

• Which of the following accurate statement compares Islamic contacts with Europe to Islamic contacts with Sub-Saharan Africa during the post-Classical era?

• (A) Since the Islamic world had limited medical knowledge, it gained more from its contact with both places than it gave to either.

• (B) In both areas contact was initiated by the missionary efforts of the Sufis.

• (C) Contact was more likely to result in conversion to Islam in sub-Saharan Africa than it was in Europe.

• (D) In neither area did contact lead to significant change.•

C Contact led to conversion in Africa than in Europe

• Two reasons for this, one is that Dhimmi status was granted to Jews and Christians in Europe (Iberia) while the animist were generally not. Secondly, Islam came into Europe through conquest (remember Charles Martel defeating the moors?)whilst it made good business sense for merchants to convert in Africa for deals which were controlled by Sharia Muslim law)

While Greece, Rome, Persia and Early Byzantium controlled much of the Middle East, let’s skip to the Post-Classical period

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects a major difference between Arab expansion in the seventh century and Viking expansion in the ninth century?

a) Arab expansion relied most heavily on diplomacy, while Viking

expansion relied most heavily on military might.b) Viking expansion tended to occur in areas with few large urban

centers, while the Arab expansion occurred in areas with comparatively large urban centers.

c) Arab expansion was financed by religious tithing, while Viking expansion was financed by profit from the silk trade.

d) Viking expansion was limited to Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and Greenland, while Arab expansion was limited to the Arabian Peninsula and Persia.

c) Arab expansion relied heavily on the technology of the cannon, while Viking expansion relied heavily on dragon boats.

Oh, the Arabs were nomadic merchants (bedouin)

• B the Vikings and Arabs were both nomadic but Vikings rape pillaged and plundered rural feudal regions while the Arabs including areas that were urban centers of trade (Cairo, Medina, Cordova) while spreading Islam either peacefully or through aggressive military campaigns

Another comparison between Islam and the “West”

Renaissance Italy and the Islamic Middle East after the decline of the Abbasid Empire in the mid-tenth century are important examples of which of the following?

a) Political unity and cultural creativityb) Political fragmentation and cultural creativityc) Political unity and the decline of religiond) Political fragmentation and the decline of religione) Political unity and the rise of secularism

Key word decline of Abbasid

• B both areas were fragmented (city-states, sultanates) but through trade, religion and that wonderful ability to adopt and adapt, great advances were made in banking industries, architecture (they influenced each other) and science (medicine, astronomy and mathematics)

Avoid it like the…

Which of the following is true of the bubonic plague?

a) It followed established trade routes.b) It was a European phenomenon.c) It affected West Africa.d) It began in Europe and spread to China.e) It died out completely after the fourteenth

century.

Trade spreads disease

• A trade routes were responsible for such notable epidemics like the Periclean Plague(Athens) , Justinian’s Plague (Byzantine Empire), Great Dying (Small pox in the new world) and the Bubonic Plague (Cairo lost a million in 1347 alone). The Spanish influenza, however did not spread by trade. How did it?

Now onto the Ottomans

The millet system in the Islamic empires:

a) was especially effective in India.b) created cooperation among the ethnic groups

of the Ottoman Empire.c) was a system of slavery.d) interfered with religious sentiment.e) promoted nationalist sentiment within the

Ottoman Empire.

Millett- religious enclaves free to practice independent belief as long as jizya (non muslim

head tax) is paid• E. somehow will promote nationalist

sentiment. Perhaps this is because the Ottomans (and many others) were multi-ethnic and multi denominations empires whose salutory neglect facilitated a independent spirit which when they became the “sick man of Europe” enabled political fragmentation and divisions

Lucrative Spice Trade

Which of the following are states that dominated the Mediterranean trade during the sixteenth century?

a) Italian city-states and the Ottoman Empireb) The Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empirec) Spain and Portugald) The Hapsburg Empire and Francee) The Crusader states

It’s the Reason Iberian powers looked for new trade routes

• A- Italian city-states and Ottoman Empire maintained a monopoly on the Mediterranean Spice trade prompting Spain and Portugal to both look for alternative routes and then go to War: Battle of Lepanto 1571 marks a turning point with Spanish defeat of Ottomans same year as silver trade of Manilla Galeons

Ottomans get sickWhich of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914?

a) The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia, England and France

b) Russian, English and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.

c) The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English and French, sought to impede German unification.

d) The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to destabilize Europe.

e) The Ottomans and the French cooperated in colonizing North Africa.

Nationalism served as a dividing force

• B. The millett system, lack of aadoption of western technologies , embracing traditional conservative religious ideologies are just some of the reasons awhy the British and the French would pick apart the Ottomans occassionally supporting them against the Russian bear(Crimean War)

20th century nationalism

Anti-colonial movements like the Congress Party in India and the Young Turks agreed on which of the following?

a) Their emphasis on purely linguistic nationalismb) The desire to return their societies to an earlier pre-

industrial age.c) Their intent to engage in territorial expansion at the

expense of their weaker neighbors.d) The need for reform in order to resist European

imperialism. e) The need to persuade all anti-colonial movements to

cooperate with European socialist parties

reforms

• D. the young Turks sought to reform(Tanzimat) to make Turkey a secular sttae and catch up to the “West” . Led by the reform movements of Mustafa Kemal (Attaturk), Turkey would westernize and gain independence in 1922

Nationalism again

The Zionist movement primarily desired to

A) create a Jewish homeland in Palestine B) free Jerusalem from the Arabs C) stop the persecution of Jews in England D) fight against the Ottoman Turks E) destroy Germany

Balfour Declaration, you promised!!!

• A) Theodore Hertzl’s dream on creatin an independent Jewish state in Palestine became realized in 1948. Promulgated by resentment against the Jews in Western Europe, the Drefuss affair, years of blood libel and other forms of anti-Semitism, the dream came at a cost. 1967 6 day war, the Yom Kippur war, Palestinian intifada, 1973 Munich Olympics are just some of the issues concerning Israel and hey Arab neighbors